Basic Principles of African Internationalismapscuhuru
This document outlines the key points of African Internationalism, a political theory that calls for the reunification and liberation of Africa led by the African working class. It argues that capitalism was built on the enslavement and colonization of African people, and that imperialism continues to exploit Africa's resources and people. It presents the African People's Socialist Party and African Socialist International as the revolutionary organizations necessary to overthrow imperialism and neocolonialism and achieve self-determination for Africa and African people worldwide.
This document discusses domains, trends, distribution, types, cost and mapping of conflicts. It summarizes that conflicts can occur at different levels from interpersonal to international. Conflict resolution focuses on actual or potentially violent conflicts. There are typically five stages of conflict escalation from peaceful situations to high intensity conflicts. Conflict trends in the 1990s involved challenges to state authority and risks of state fragmentation. Conflict distribution and types vary regionally. The heavy costs of conflicts include loss of human lives, reduced economic growth, and environmental damage. Conflict mapping and tracking are important first steps to understand conflicts and identify resolution approaches.
The document provides an overview of several major genocides that occurred in the 20th century. It begins by defining genocide and discussing Winston Churchill's description of brutality by German forces in Russia in 1941. It then outlines several genocides including the Herero Genocide in Namibia from 1904-1905, the Armenian Genocide from 1915-1923, the Ukrainian Famine from 1932-1933, the Nanking Massacre from 1937-1938, the Holocaust from 1942-1945, the Cambodian Genocide from 1975-1979, and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. For each genocide, it provides brief details about the events and death tolls.
The document discusses the youth movements in the Arab Spring uprisings and Occupy Wall Street protests. It notes that both movements were driven by citizens coming together to protest issues like political corruption, unemployment, corporate greed, and economic recession. While the Arab Spring targeted authoritarian regimes and their repression, Occupy Wall Street protested the influence of corporations on politics and growing economic inequality. The movements both utilized social media and saw a range of responses from authorities, from violent crackdowns to the eventual overthrow of leaders in some Arab countries.
Ludo Martens
Workers Party Belgium (PTB-PVDA), 2001
Contribution to the International Communist Seminar
"The world socialist revolution in the conditions of imperialist globalisation"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2001
- The political ecology of understanding the creation of
the international order!
- Social movements and the challenge to existing orders!
- Linking the body and spaces of resistance
Civil resistance movements in several countries successfully overthrew dictatorships in nonviolent ways. In Portugal in 1974, a nonviolent popular uprising and general strike supported by the army overthrew the authoritarian regime. In Uruguay from 1983-1984, a small nonviolent human rights group organized strikes and demonstrations that eventually led to free elections and the end of the dictatorship. In Tunisia in 2010-2011, mass nonviolent protests in response to economic and political issues grew large enough that the army eventually refused to support the regime, leading the dictator to flee and free elections.
Basic Principles of African Internationalismapscuhuru
This document outlines the key points of African Internationalism, a political theory that calls for the reunification and liberation of Africa led by the African working class. It argues that capitalism was built on the enslavement and colonization of African people, and that imperialism continues to exploit Africa's resources and people. It presents the African People's Socialist Party and African Socialist International as the revolutionary organizations necessary to overthrow imperialism and neocolonialism and achieve self-determination for Africa and African people worldwide.
This document discusses domains, trends, distribution, types, cost and mapping of conflicts. It summarizes that conflicts can occur at different levels from interpersonal to international. Conflict resolution focuses on actual or potentially violent conflicts. There are typically five stages of conflict escalation from peaceful situations to high intensity conflicts. Conflict trends in the 1990s involved challenges to state authority and risks of state fragmentation. Conflict distribution and types vary regionally. The heavy costs of conflicts include loss of human lives, reduced economic growth, and environmental damage. Conflict mapping and tracking are important first steps to understand conflicts and identify resolution approaches.
The document provides an overview of several major genocides that occurred in the 20th century. It begins by defining genocide and discussing Winston Churchill's description of brutality by German forces in Russia in 1941. It then outlines several genocides including the Herero Genocide in Namibia from 1904-1905, the Armenian Genocide from 1915-1923, the Ukrainian Famine from 1932-1933, the Nanking Massacre from 1937-1938, the Holocaust from 1942-1945, the Cambodian Genocide from 1975-1979, and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. For each genocide, it provides brief details about the events and death tolls.
The document discusses the youth movements in the Arab Spring uprisings and Occupy Wall Street protests. It notes that both movements were driven by citizens coming together to protest issues like political corruption, unemployment, corporate greed, and economic recession. While the Arab Spring targeted authoritarian regimes and their repression, Occupy Wall Street protested the influence of corporations on politics and growing economic inequality. The movements both utilized social media and saw a range of responses from authorities, from violent crackdowns to the eventual overthrow of leaders in some Arab countries.
Ludo Martens
Workers Party Belgium (PTB-PVDA), 2001
Contribution to the International Communist Seminar
"The world socialist revolution in the conditions of imperialist globalisation"
Brussels, 2-4 May 2001
- The political ecology of understanding the creation of
the international order!
- Social movements and the challenge to existing orders!
- Linking the body and spaces of resistance
Civil resistance movements in several countries successfully overthrew dictatorships in nonviolent ways. In Portugal in 1974, a nonviolent popular uprising and general strike supported by the army overthrew the authoritarian regime. In Uruguay from 1983-1984, a small nonviolent human rights group organized strikes and demonstrations that eventually led to free elections and the end of the dictatorship. In Tunisia in 2010-2011, mass nonviolent protests in response to economic and political issues grew large enough that the army eventually refused to support the regime, leading the dictator to flee and free elections.
This document discusses the relationship between national liberation movements and decolonization. It argues that national liberation movements often represent temporary alliances between conflicting social forces. Colonial powers aimed to strengthen conservative elements and weaken radicals within these movements. As a result, independence often perpetuated existing social and economic relations rather than enabling true social transformation. The experiences of Kenya, Ireland, and South Africa are discussed to illustrate how colonial powers manipulated divisions within nationalist movements to ensure independence benefited existing elites. The importance of independent working class organization to push for deeper social change is emphasized.
“ Naturally the common people don\'t want war: Neither in Russia, nor in England, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship. ... Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the peacemakers for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same in any country”.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document defines a dictatorship as a form of autocratic government ruled by a single individual or small group who hold total power through force or inheritance. It discusses several historical dictators from the 20th century, including Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, Gaddafi of Libya, Milosevic of Serbia, Kim Jong-il of North Korea, Hussein of Iraq, Franco of Spain, Pol Pot of Cambodia, Mussolini of Italy, Hitler of Germany, and Stalin of the Soviet Union. These dictators are described as establishing absolute rule through oppression, human rights violations, genocide, war, and being responsible for millions of deaths.
Review of Franz Fanon's argument on violence Wai Lap Michael
The document discusses the causes and justifications of revolutions in third world countries. It examines several theories on what causes revolutions, including economic exploitation, psychological factors like relative deprivation, and weaknesses in state structures. It also analyzes Frantz Fanon's view that violence is necessary and justified in anti-colonial revolutions to remedy the psychological effects of colonization and dehumanization when non-violent options are not available. However, some critiques argue that Fanon's view assumes violence is the only means and does not consider the potential negative consequences of an escalating conflict. There is no clear consensus on whether democracy can emerge from a violent revolution.
This document discusses different forms of political violence throughout modern history. It examines state-initiated violence like revolutionary terror during the French Revolution as well as violence against the state, such as terrorism. Revolutionary terror during the French Revolution involved public executions and mass arrests to intimidate the population. The Bolsheviks also used terror against internal and external enemies after their revolution. Terrorism has taken on new forms in modernity due to new ideologies, technologies, and political causes. However, interpretations of violence and terrorism differ, with some viewing it as a rational political strategy and others seeing terrorists as criminals.
While Modi claims demonetization has helped the common man, opponents see it as an opportunity to gain in upcoming state elections. The move has caused economic disruption and hardship. Experts argue the lack of preparation and assessment of consequences has led to problems. Rural areas have been hit hard as farmers need cash for inputs just as the crisis arose. Manual scavenging continues despite being illegal, denying dignity to workers. Environmental concerns are ignored in the name of development. Cybercrime losses are rising globally and in India. The Supreme Court dismissed a petition to lift the Jallikattu ban, showing compassion.
This chapter discusses the economic boom and social changes in the United States during the 1950s. The postwar period saw unprecedented economic growth, fueled by government spending, a surge in births known as the "baby boom", and suburban expansion. Science and technology also advanced rapidly, with breakthroughs in medicine, electronics, computing, weapons development, and the space program. However, not all shared in the new-found prosperity as poverty persisted in rural areas and inner cities. The civil rights movement also gained momentum during this transformative decade.
This chapter discusses the expansion of liberal policies under Kennedy and Johnson through programs like the Great Society, as well as the battles for civil rights and increasing unrest over the Vietnam War during this time period. It covers major events like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Vietnam War escalating due to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. However, the assassinations of MLK and RFK in 1968, along with the Tet Offensive, eroded support for the war and liberal policies, leading to Nixon's election that year on a more conservative platform.
Alex thomson an introduction to african politics-routledge (2000)Abdirahman Salah
This textbook provides an introduction to the politics of post-colonial Africa. It identifies key recurring themes that have dominated the continent since independence, such as the relationship between African states, civil society, and external interests. The book is organized thematically with chapters exploring issues like colonialism, ethnicity, ideology, social class, legitimacy, military intervention, sovereignty, and democracy. Each chapter uses case studies and concludes with definitions, discussion questions, and suggestions for further reading to help students grasp the complex theories and events that characterize African politics. The second edition updates some content to reflect recent political changes in countries and regions, as well as developments in issues like the African debt crisis, structural adjustment programs, and the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Aim for the sky: Scrutinizing ecological intervention through ethical, cultur...Nifemi Madarikan
This document provides historical context on bird hunting traditions in Malta. It discusses how bird hunting began as a subsistence activity but became a recreational sport for elites in the 1800s. In the late 1900s, economic growth led to a surge in hunting licenses as more people took up the hobby. However, the document notes that excessive and indiscriminate killing of birds has become problematic, threatening populations of many vulnerable species that use Malta as a migratory stopover point. It analyzes tensions between conservation groups and hunters, and examines the macho culture that has developed among some modern hunters in Malta.
The document summarizes four failures of the United Nations (UNO):
1) The Rwandan genocide in 1994 where over 800,000 Tutsi were killed by Hutus despite the UN being aware of the risks. The UN failed to stop the genocide.
2) The UN's inability to resolve the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over 70 years later, failing to implement its own resolution calling for a referendum in the region.
3) Allegations in 2005 of UN peacekeepers sexually abusing locals in the Congo and other countries, which senior UN officials tried to ignore to preserve peacekeeping forces.
4) Corruption in the UN's Oil-for-Food program in Iraq,
The document discusses genocide, providing definitions and examples throughout history. It defines genocide as a form of mass killing intended to destroy an ethnic, racial, or religious group. Several genocides of the 20th century are outlined, including the Armenian Genocide which took up to 1.5 million lives and the Holocaust which killed 6 million Jews and others. More recent genocides discussed include those in Rwanda, Cambodia, and ongoing conflicts in Darfur and the Congo.
This article aims to denounce the barbarism in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era and to strive for its end in defense of the principles of civilization.
Presentation about the possible causes and explanations of the European refugee crisis of 2015. The immigration pattern is compared to that of the Californian Gold Rush.
This document is a writing sample from Jae Hwa Shin for an international trafficking course. It is a 25-page research paper about the use of child soldiers in modern warfare and its ethical implications. The summary analyzes the history of child soldiering, noting that traditionally wars were fought by adults, but now over 300,000 children under 18 participate in conflicts. It also outlines the strengthening of international laws around child soldiering over the past few decades, including treaties that prohibit recruitment of those under 15 and define a child as under 18.
paper no: 8 cultural studies,: Post colonial studiesArti Vadher
Hello readers here i am sharing my presentation of paper no 8 cultural studies. These presentation is part of my acedemic work. If you are interested to see than please watch it and give your feedback andd also gave some suggestions. Thank you.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
warlike violence; XXth century bloddbath; dictatorships, massacrs and genocides; violence of an economic system; human sacrifices, crusades, slavery, torture, wars of religion, duel, conquests, racial segregation, etc.
Human rights, international tribunals, responsability to protect,
HANGING FIREThe trend among death row convicts to get their execution delayed through appeals and curative petitions is a major talking point in legal circles with even the CJI saying it is extremely important in such cases to have some finality
This document discusses several topics related to language, politics, and imperialism:
- It examines how language can shape and corrupt thought, and how politicians use euphemisms and vagueness to obscure unpleasant realities.
- It also discusses how nationalism emerged from imperialism, as oppressed groups wanted independence. However, some nationalists believed their ethnicity made them superior to others.
- Additionally, it analyzes how word choice and connotation can influence perceptions of political situations, like using "civil war" versus "genocide" to describe the Syrian conflict.
Russian populism emerged in response to the disappointment of intellectuals with the conservative reforms that followed the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Populist intellectuals believed that the oppressed Russian peasants maintained a tradition of communal self-governance that could be harnessed to counteract the autocratic tsarist state. However, the "Going to the People" movement of 1874 that saw intellectuals try to educate and rouse peasants to revolution failed, as peasants were suspicious of the urban intellectuals and not receptive to radical ideas.
Victory Day on 8 or 9 May should be celebrated throughout the world as one of the great events of human history because it meant the crushing of the Nazi-fascist "serpent" that flourished in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. This event should be remembered as highly important in the history of humanity not only because it prevented the escalation of Nazi-fascism throughout the world, but also to act in the contemporary era as an important instrument of public awareness to act in the fight against Nazi-fascism, especially in the present conjuncture that is characterized by the advance of fascism in Europe, the United States and, also, in Brazil.
This document discusses the relationship between national liberation movements and decolonization. It argues that national liberation movements often represent temporary alliances between conflicting social forces. Colonial powers aimed to strengthen conservative elements and weaken radicals within these movements. As a result, independence often perpetuated existing social and economic relations rather than enabling true social transformation. The experiences of Kenya, Ireland, and South Africa are discussed to illustrate how colonial powers manipulated divisions within nationalist movements to ensure independence benefited existing elites. The importance of independent working class organization to push for deeper social change is emphasized.
“ Naturally the common people don\'t want war: Neither in Russia, nor in England, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship. ... Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the peacemakers for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same in any country”.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document defines a dictatorship as a form of autocratic government ruled by a single individual or small group who hold total power through force or inheritance. It discusses several historical dictators from the 20th century, including Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, Gaddafi of Libya, Milosevic of Serbia, Kim Jong-il of North Korea, Hussein of Iraq, Franco of Spain, Pol Pot of Cambodia, Mussolini of Italy, Hitler of Germany, and Stalin of the Soviet Union. These dictators are described as establishing absolute rule through oppression, human rights violations, genocide, war, and being responsible for millions of deaths.
Review of Franz Fanon's argument on violence Wai Lap Michael
The document discusses the causes and justifications of revolutions in third world countries. It examines several theories on what causes revolutions, including economic exploitation, psychological factors like relative deprivation, and weaknesses in state structures. It also analyzes Frantz Fanon's view that violence is necessary and justified in anti-colonial revolutions to remedy the psychological effects of colonization and dehumanization when non-violent options are not available. However, some critiques argue that Fanon's view assumes violence is the only means and does not consider the potential negative consequences of an escalating conflict. There is no clear consensus on whether democracy can emerge from a violent revolution.
This document discusses different forms of political violence throughout modern history. It examines state-initiated violence like revolutionary terror during the French Revolution as well as violence against the state, such as terrorism. Revolutionary terror during the French Revolution involved public executions and mass arrests to intimidate the population. The Bolsheviks also used terror against internal and external enemies after their revolution. Terrorism has taken on new forms in modernity due to new ideologies, technologies, and political causes. However, interpretations of violence and terrorism differ, with some viewing it as a rational political strategy and others seeing terrorists as criminals.
While Modi claims demonetization has helped the common man, opponents see it as an opportunity to gain in upcoming state elections. The move has caused economic disruption and hardship. Experts argue the lack of preparation and assessment of consequences has led to problems. Rural areas have been hit hard as farmers need cash for inputs just as the crisis arose. Manual scavenging continues despite being illegal, denying dignity to workers. Environmental concerns are ignored in the name of development. Cybercrime losses are rising globally and in India. The Supreme Court dismissed a petition to lift the Jallikattu ban, showing compassion.
This chapter discusses the economic boom and social changes in the United States during the 1950s. The postwar period saw unprecedented economic growth, fueled by government spending, a surge in births known as the "baby boom", and suburban expansion. Science and technology also advanced rapidly, with breakthroughs in medicine, electronics, computing, weapons development, and the space program. However, not all shared in the new-found prosperity as poverty persisted in rural areas and inner cities. The civil rights movement also gained momentum during this transformative decade.
This chapter discusses the expansion of liberal policies under Kennedy and Johnson through programs like the Great Society, as well as the battles for civil rights and increasing unrest over the Vietnam War during this time period. It covers major events like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Vietnam War escalating due to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. However, the assassinations of MLK and RFK in 1968, along with the Tet Offensive, eroded support for the war and liberal policies, leading to Nixon's election that year on a more conservative platform.
Alex thomson an introduction to african politics-routledge (2000)Abdirahman Salah
This textbook provides an introduction to the politics of post-colonial Africa. It identifies key recurring themes that have dominated the continent since independence, such as the relationship between African states, civil society, and external interests. The book is organized thematically with chapters exploring issues like colonialism, ethnicity, ideology, social class, legitimacy, military intervention, sovereignty, and democracy. Each chapter uses case studies and concludes with definitions, discussion questions, and suggestions for further reading to help students grasp the complex theories and events that characterize African politics. The second edition updates some content to reflect recent political changes in countries and regions, as well as developments in issues like the African debt crisis, structural adjustment programs, and the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Aim for the sky: Scrutinizing ecological intervention through ethical, cultur...Nifemi Madarikan
This document provides historical context on bird hunting traditions in Malta. It discusses how bird hunting began as a subsistence activity but became a recreational sport for elites in the 1800s. In the late 1900s, economic growth led to a surge in hunting licenses as more people took up the hobby. However, the document notes that excessive and indiscriminate killing of birds has become problematic, threatening populations of many vulnerable species that use Malta as a migratory stopover point. It analyzes tensions between conservation groups and hunters, and examines the macho culture that has developed among some modern hunters in Malta.
The document summarizes four failures of the United Nations (UNO):
1) The Rwandan genocide in 1994 where over 800,000 Tutsi were killed by Hutus despite the UN being aware of the risks. The UN failed to stop the genocide.
2) The UN's inability to resolve the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over 70 years later, failing to implement its own resolution calling for a referendum in the region.
3) Allegations in 2005 of UN peacekeepers sexually abusing locals in the Congo and other countries, which senior UN officials tried to ignore to preserve peacekeeping forces.
4) Corruption in the UN's Oil-for-Food program in Iraq,
The document discusses genocide, providing definitions and examples throughout history. It defines genocide as a form of mass killing intended to destroy an ethnic, racial, or religious group. Several genocides of the 20th century are outlined, including the Armenian Genocide which took up to 1.5 million lives and the Holocaust which killed 6 million Jews and others. More recent genocides discussed include those in Rwanda, Cambodia, and ongoing conflicts in Darfur and the Congo.
This article aims to denounce the barbarism in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era and to strive for its end in defense of the principles of civilization.
Presentation about the possible causes and explanations of the European refugee crisis of 2015. The immigration pattern is compared to that of the Californian Gold Rush.
This document is a writing sample from Jae Hwa Shin for an international trafficking course. It is a 25-page research paper about the use of child soldiers in modern warfare and its ethical implications. The summary analyzes the history of child soldiering, noting that traditionally wars were fought by adults, but now over 300,000 children under 18 participate in conflicts. It also outlines the strengthening of international laws around child soldiering over the past few decades, including treaties that prohibit recruitment of those under 15 and define a child as under 18.
paper no: 8 cultural studies,: Post colonial studiesArti Vadher
Hello readers here i am sharing my presentation of paper no 8 cultural studies. These presentation is part of my acedemic work. If you are interested to see than please watch it and give your feedback andd also gave some suggestions. Thank you.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
warlike violence; XXth century bloddbath; dictatorships, massacrs and genocides; violence of an economic system; human sacrifices, crusades, slavery, torture, wars of religion, duel, conquests, racial segregation, etc.
Human rights, international tribunals, responsability to protect,
HANGING FIREThe trend among death row convicts to get their execution delayed through appeals and curative petitions is a major talking point in legal circles with even the CJI saying it is extremely important in such cases to have some finality
This document discusses several topics related to language, politics, and imperialism:
- It examines how language can shape and corrupt thought, and how politicians use euphemisms and vagueness to obscure unpleasant realities.
- It also discusses how nationalism emerged from imperialism, as oppressed groups wanted independence. However, some nationalists believed their ethnicity made them superior to others.
- Additionally, it analyzes how word choice and connotation can influence perceptions of political situations, like using "civil war" versus "genocide" to describe the Syrian conflict.
Russian populism emerged in response to the disappointment of intellectuals with the conservative reforms that followed the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Populist intellectuals believed that the oppressed Russian peasants maintained a tradition of communal self-governance that could be harnessed to counteract the autocratic tsarist state. However, the "Going to the People" movement of 1874 that saw intellectuals try to educate and rouse peasants to revolution failed, as peasants were suspicious of the urban intellectuals and not receptive to radical ideas.
Victory Day on 8 or 9 May should be celebrated throughout the world as one of the great events of human history because it meant the crushing of the Nazi-fascist "serpent" that flourished in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. This event should be remembered as highly important in the history of humanity not only because it prevented the escalation of Nazi-fascism throughout the world, but also to act in the contemporary era as an important instrument of public awareness to act in the fight against Nazi-fascism, especially in the present conjuncture that is characterized by the advance of fascism in Europe, the United States and, also, in Brazil.
The document discusses the Rwandan genocide of 1994, where between 800,000 to 1 million people were killed in just 100 days. It began after the president's plane was shot down, which led the Hutu majority to launch a genocide against the Tutsi minority and moderate Hutus. The genocide was enabled by a lack of intervention from international powers, despite warnings, and some countries like France supported the genocidal Hutu government. Rebuilding after the genocide has been difficult but Rwanda has made progress, in part due to the influential role of women in reconstruction efforts.
Essay On Civil War. Civil War Essay Essay on Civil War for Students and Chil...Bridget Zhao
Civil War Essay | Essay on Civil War for Students and Children in .... American Civil War Essay | American Civil War | William Tecumseh Sherman. The Civil War Eportfolio With Reflection Essay | American Civil War .... Causes of Civil War essay | American Civil War. American Civil War Essay Comparing the North and South | Modern History .... Causes of the Civil War Argumentative Essay (with Rubric) | TpT. The Civil War Was The Deadliest - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Civil War Essay - International Baccalaureate History - Marked by .... History Essay (Civil War) - GCSE History - Marked by Teachers.com. Causes of the Civil War Essay | Essay on Causes of the Civil War Essay .... History Essay: Cause of the civil war essay. Civil War Essay | PDF | Abolitionism In The United States | Slavery. The American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Essay on States Right in American Civil War | Modern History - Year 11 .... American Civil War (1861-1865). - A-Level History - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay websites: The american civil war essay. Essay On Civil War. C
Essay 1 400 – 700 wordsOn July 27, 1936, President Franklin Roo.docxelbanglis
Essay 1: 400 – 700 words
On July 27, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt accepted his re-nomination as the Democratic Party’s presidential choice. He would go on to win re-election that year, again in 1940, and again in 1944, dying in office in April of 1945 just as the war in Europe ended. Below is an excerpt from his 1936 acceptance speech. Using the material provided in this class and your ability to analyze primary sources, please explain the context for the speech.
When Roosevelt spoke of a “rendezvous with destiny,” what did he mean?
To successfully answer this question, you need to address three other queries related to the text and the material. What framework would the audience have from previous events? What values is he asking the audience to embrace? What events of the next decade is FDR foreshadowing?
.... That very word freedom, in itself and of necessity, suggests freedom from some restraining power ... man’s inventive genius released new forces in our land which reordered the lives of our people. The age of machinery, of railroads; of steam and electricity; the telegraph and the radio; mass production, mass distribution—all of these combined to bring forward a new civilization and with it a new problem for those who sought to remain free.
For out of this modern civilization economic royalists carved new dynasties. New kingdoms were built upon concentration of control over material things. Through new uses of corporations, banks and securities, new machinery of industry and agriculture, of labor and capital—all undreamed of by the fathers—the whole structure of modern life was impressed into this royal service.
There was no place among this royalty for our many thousands of small businessmen and merchants who sought to make a worthy use of the American system of initiative and profit. They were no more free than the worker or the farmer. Even honest and progressive-minded men of wealth, aware of their obligation to their generation, could never know just where they fitted into this dynastic scheme of things.
For too many of us the political equality we once had won was meaningless in the face of economic inequality. A small group had concentrated into their own hands an almost complete control over other people’s property, other people’s money, other people’s labor—other people’s lives. For too many of us life was no longer free; liberty no longer real; men could no longer follow the pursuit of happiness.
Today we stand committed to the proposition that freedom is no half-and-half affair. If the average citizen is guaranteed equal opportunity in the polling place, he must have equal opportunity in the market place.
Governments can err, Presidents do make mistakes, but the immortal Dante tells us that divine justice weighs the sins of the cold-blooded and the sins of the warm-hearted in different scales.
Better the occasional faults of a Government that lives in a spirit of charity than the consistent omissions of a Govern ...
Essay 1 400 – 700 wordsOn July 27, 1936, President Franklin Roo.docxrusselldayna
Essay 1: 400 – 700 words
On July 27, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt accepted his re-nomination as the Democratic Party’s presidential choice. He would go on to win re-election that year, again in 1940, and again in 1944, dying in office in April of 1945 just as the war in Europe ended. Below is an excerpt from his 1936 acceptance speech. Using the material provided in this class and your ability to analyze primary sources, please explain the context for the speech.
When Roosevelt spoke of a “rendezvous with destiny,” what did he mean?
To successfully answer this question, you need to address three other queries related to the text and the material. What framework would the audience have from previous events? What values is he asking the audience to embrace? What events of the next decade is FDR foreshadowing?
.... That very word freedom, in itself and of necessity, suggests freedom from some restraining power ... man’s inventive genius released new forces in our land which reordered the lives of our people. The age of machinery, of railroads; of steam and electricity; the telegraph and the radio; mass production, mass distribution—all of these combined to bring forward a new civilization and with it a new problem for those who sought to remain free.
For out of this modern civilization economic royalists carved new dynasties. New kingdoms were built upon concentration of control over material things. Through new uses of corporations, banks and securities, new machinery of industry and agriculture, of labor and capital—all undreamed of by the fathers—the whole structure of modern life was impressed into this royal service.
There was no place among this royalty for our many thousands of small businessmen and merchants who sought to make a worthy use of the American system of initiative and profit. They were no more free than the worker or the farmer. Even honest and progressive-minded men of wealth, aware of their obligation to their generation, could never know just where they fitted into this dynastic scheme of things.
For too many of us the political equality we once had won was meaningless in the face of economic inequality. A small group had concentrated into their own hands an almost complete control over other people’s property, other people’s money, other people’s labor—other people’s lives. For too many of us life was no longer free; liberty no longer real; men could no longer follow the pursuit of happiness.
Today we stand committed to the proposition that freedom is no half-and-half affair. If the average citizen is guaranteed equal opportunity in the polling place, he must have equal opportunity in the market place.
Governments can err, Presidents do make mistakes, but the immortal Dante tells us that divine justice weighs the sins of the cold-blooded and the sins of the warm-hearted in different scales.
Better the occasional faults of a Government that lives in a spirit of charity than the consistent omissions of a Govern.
The Rwandan genocide of 1994 resulted in the deaths of over 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu people. Tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups had been exacerbated by colonial policies that favored the Tutsi minority. After Rwanda gained independence in 1962, Hutu extremists took power and discrimination against Tutsi increased. The assassination of the Hutu president in 1994 triggered the genocide, as Hutu militias and civilians began systematically killing Tutsi civilians. The UN and international community failed to intervene to stop the killings despite warnings, resulting in one of the fastest and largest mass killings of the 20th century over the span of around 100 days. The genocide had devastating impacts on Rwandan society and
This document discusses the rise of Mussolini's fascism in Italy following World War 1. It notes that returning veterans were drawn to fascism due to Mussolini's camaraderie with them and the role veterans played in the movement. It also discusses the poor state of Italy's economy after the war, leaving many Italians desperate for solutions amid rising communism. This created an environment receptive to Mussolini's fascist ideology among veterans and workers.
This document discusses the concepts of patriotism, humanism, and nationalism and their relationship to children's education in India. It argues that true patriotism is best allied with humanism, which emphasizes individual liberty, equality, and dignity. Nationalism, when not tied to humanism, can threaten individual rights and promote intolerance. The document examines how humanism and patriotism influenced India's independence movement but warns that some religious nationalistic groups now promote intolerance. It stresses the importance of developing humanist patriotism in children to promote national unity and harmony in India's diverse society.
Transformation of farmers agitation 2021 in IndiaShantanu Basu
This movement began as a protest against controversial farm acts by farmers, but has expanded into a broader challenge and alliance against the government by 90% of India's population. It represents common people challenging the privileged elite and seeking to replace the existing political system that perpetuates inequalities. The movement signals dissatisfaction with a system skewed in favor of upper castes and brings together various disadvantaged groups including farmers, laborers, and the unemployed from across different states. It seeks equitable policies for both buyers and sellers in the agricultural sector and other reforms benefiting farmers and rural communities.
- War clouds are gathering as Russia threatens to invade Ukraine and China flexes its muscles on the Indian border. Both countries have rebuilt their economies and militaries while Western powers have aging equipment.
- China and Russia want to show strength domestically and see Western treaties as having truncated their nations. They have penetrated infrastructure overseas and tested new weapons.
- The global power balance has shifted eastward as Western nations ceded manufacturing and technology to Asia. A future world war would likely be in Asia between East and West. India would struggle to fight on multiple fronts against China and Pakistan.
Red challenges to Biden's blue presidencyShantanu Basu
Biden faces formidable challenges as President from Republican opposition in the Senate and from Trump supporters across America. His agenda will likely be stalled as the Senate is evenly split, requiring Vice President Kamala Harris's vote. The US economy also presents challenges as it relies on high debt and deficits. Biden will face stiff opposition to providing further COVID relief, returning to Obama-era policies, and replacing Trump administration officials. Relations with China may continue as both countries rely on trade, but Biden will face pressure over issues like India from Republicans portraying him as soft. As the first Democratic president in decades, Biden will have to navigate tensions over race, business interests, and personal freedoms to achieve his reform agenda.
- War clouds are gathering as Russia threatens to invade Ukraine and China flexes its muscles on the India-China border. Both countries have rebuilt their economies and militaries while Western powers have aging equipment.
- China and Russia want to show strength domestically and see Western treaties as having truncated their nations. They have penetrated Western systems through cyber and economic means.
- The global power balance has shifted eastward as Western nations ceded manufacturing and technology to Asia. A future world war would likely be in Asia between East and West. India would struggle to fight on multiple fronts against China and Pakistan.
Red challenges to biden's blue presidencyShantanu Basu
Biden faces significant challenges as President from Republican opposition in the Senate and from conservative Americans who supported Trump. His agenda faces obstacles to passing legislation due to the even Senate split, and he may be forced to compromise on issues like abortion, immigration, and healthcare to appease conservatives. Biden also inherits an economy weakened by the pandemic and trade wars, high debt levels, and social divisions exacerbated by Trump. His ability to enact his agenda and make progress on issues like racial justice and climate change will depend on his ability to navigate these political and economic challenges from his opponents on the right.
The document summarizes India's fiscal deficit and gross liabilities for the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. It states that India's GDP in 2019-20 was approximately Rs. 250 lakh crore, with a fiscal deficit of Rs. 8.75 lakh crore or 3.5% of GDP. However, additional liabilities not provided for in the budget estimate totaled Rs. 38.75 lakh crore, bringing the real fiscal deficit to 15.5% of GDP. For 2020-21, GDP declined by 23.9% to approximately Rs. 190 lakh crore, while additional liabilities above the budget estimate of Rs. 35 lakh crore total Rs. 70 lakh
1. The document discusses the political and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, originating from China. It argues that while the Chinese government is culpable for initially suppressing information about the outbreak, blaming the Chinese people is unfair.
2. It describes how China's economic reforms and opening up led to massive growth and wealth creation, but also political ambitions and social tensions. The pandemic may cause countries to bring manufacturing back and reconsider their dependence on China.
3. India is positioned to benefit if it replicates China's economic model to attract investment and jobs, but it faces major challenges around infrastructure, bureaucracy, and corruption. Overall, the pandemic could spur manufacturing growth in multiple countries and regions.
1. The author argues that nationalism in India is often propagated by politicians to distract from domestic issues and consolidate power, rather than unite people. True nationalism respects India's diversity and ensures prosperity for all.
2. Many contributors to India's freedom struggle and cultural heritage are unknown or forgotten. Figures from all religions, genders, and social groups made sacrifices but a narrow version of nationalism promotes only certain identities.
3. India still faces significant issues of poverty, hunger, and inequality despite recent economic growth. True nationalism requires upholding democracy and rule of law to protect all citizens' rights and development.
India's Public Finances are in ShamblesShantanu Basu
The finances of the Government of India (GOI) are in dire straits. As of January 2020, the fiscal deficit was estimated at Rs. 9.85 lakh crore, which is about a third of total budgeted expenditures. With disastrous tax revenue in the first three quarters of the fiscal year and the impact of COVID-19, the actual deficit could exceed 45-50% of expenditures. Adding additional off-budget borrowing, the deficit could jump to 45% of revenues. To fill this large shortfall, GOI will need to take on substantial new borrowing, further increasing debt levels and interest payments in the coming years. The financial condition of GOI is weak, limiting its ability to provide further fiscal support
The document discusses India's debate around issuing sovereign bonds. It notes that India's high levels of domestic debt could amount to 45-50% of the government's budget annually. Issuing sovereign bonds in US dollars also presents risks like currency fluctuations, inflation risks, and lower credit ratings increasing interest rates. While sovereign bonds could raise large funds, there are doubts around India's ability to repay its obligations without impacting domestic debt payments or leading to a debt crisis. Alternative domestic funding options that avoid sovereign bond risks need more exploration.
The author argues that a lockdown in India would be misplaced and ineffective at stopping the spread of Covid-19 due to several factors unique to India. First, high population densities in urban and rural areas would make social distancing and quarantine impossible. Second, many migrant workers have returned from overseas and are traveling within India, negating the impact of a lockdown. Third, daily necessities are purchased from dense markets and small shops, and shutting these down would cause food shortages and panic. The author provides several alternative suggestions to address the virus, such as increased testing, protective equipment for frontline workers, and enlisting private industry to help produce medical supplies.
This document summarizes the debate around India issuing sovereign bonds for the first time. It notes that India already has high levels of domestic debt totaling Rs. 350-400 lakh crore. Issuing dollar-denominated sovereign bonds would expose India to currency and inflation risks given its lower-medium credit rating. While sovereign bonds could raise large funds, India may struggle to find projects that generate enough return to pay the estimated 6-7% coupon rate required due to these risks. The document argues for reforms like reducing government ministries, increasing foreign portfolio investment limits, and privatizing some state projects before relying too heavily on sovereign bonds.
Revocation of Art. 370 - The Ultimate Victory?Shantanu Basu
The document discusses corruption among politicians in Kashmir and the siphoning of public funds. It argues that revoking Article 370 is not an end in itself and that more needs to be done to address corruption. Statistics are provided showing large expenditures and grants to Kashmir compared to low revenues and poor development outcomes. The author urges the government to take exemplary action against corrupt politicians, scrutinize financial records, improve governance and economic opportunities in Kashmir, and handle the situation with care and fairness to avoid further conflict.
Dance of democracy or descent into mockocracyShantanu Basu
Briefly discusses the role of small parties that do not participate in elections in India but are errand boys of the larger ones in criminality like cash and drugs distribution during elections in India.
1. The author argues that excessive nationalism propagated by politicians is often used to mask internal flaws and promote superiority over others. However, true nationalism accepts diversity and is inclusive.
2. The author notes that India's rich cultural heritage and history of national heroes is often unknown or forgotten. Many contributions to India's freedom struggle came from a diverse range of individuals across religions and social groups.
3. While India has become one of the largest economies, there remains significant hunger and poverty that true nationalism should aim to address. Crony capitalism has benefited the privileged more than addressing issues facing the masses. The rule of law and democracy are also threatened when different rules apply to different groups.
Briefly registers my protest against the proposed implementation of NYAYA by the Indian National Congress. It opposes the very idea of unsustainable cash handouts to the indigent.
Ten takeaways from india state assembly elections 2018Shantanu Basu
1. The document provides 10 takeaways from the 2018 Indian state assembly elections. Key issues included voters rejecting both the BJP's majoritarian religious politics and the INC's weak religious appeals. Development was prioritized over allegations of corruption.
2. Voters rejected negative campaigning and were not swayed by promises or incentives but cared most about issues like jobs, farm loans, prices, and wages. Narrow victory margins showed that politicians must deliver or face backlash.
3. Caste and religious loyalties mattered less while educated leaders were preferred. Social media was a double-edged sword that allowed debates to influence remote voters. A silent voter revolution occurred as voters rejected empty promises and arrogance.
Telecom Revolution, Governnace and Elections in IndiaShantanu Basu
Briefly discusses the telecom and media revolutions in India. The article concludes that a large part of voting in India's next General Election in 2019 would be decided from homes and that such choices would make voters much more conscious of seeking accountability of their elected representatives.
Briefly discusses the proposal to laterally induct officers from outside government of India as Joint Secretary. The article analyses the debate and concludes that such lateral recruitments ignore the reality of a crying need for reform of India's colonial civil service
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Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Redefining Nationalism
1. 1
The Myth of an anti-national India
Shantanu Basu
The current virulent propagation of nationalism in the wake of the Pulwama incident reminds me
of Arthur Schopenhauer’s (Essays and Aphorisms) prophetic words, “Every miserable fool who
has nothing at all of which he can be proud, adopts as a last resource pride in the nation to which
he belongs; he is ready and happy to defend all its faults and follies tooth and nail, thus
reimbursing himself for his own inferiority.” Why do I recall Schopenhauer?
Nationalism in its widest sense creates an unreal vision of oneness of religion, language and
literature, indeed culture, caste, creed and territorial definition of a geographical area; those that
do not comply are outliers, fit for extermination. By its inherent machismo, nationalism is
misogynist, brazenly racist and sectarian and often fatally violent (remember the Jews,
Armenians, etc.) in final conclusion. There is nothing wrong in possessing a sense of national
pride. Indeed, the Peace of Westphalia (1645) was the starting point of nationalism that
witnessed the emergence of the modern nation-state in Italy and Germany, for instance, over two
centuries later. Nationalism then presupposes that the unification of a people within a defined
territorial jurisdiction, a people proud of their achievements in all walks of life. A belief they
believe, or are made to believe by manipulative politicians, that ought to be propagated within
and without a nation’s domestic frontiers. National self-respect, as defined by avaricious
politicians, is but continuation of this inherent belief in ‘superiority’ that holds alternatives in
utter contempt. Violation of national boundaries of nation-states certainly merits the strongest
defensive reaction. However, when that is imbued by politicians with undue nationalistic fervor,
it is projected as a national obsession. Dovetailing of domestic compulsions with foreign policy
is often a cyanide-laden cocktail, as Germany, Italy and Japan disastrously consumed in World
War II. Yet these nations rose from the ashes like the Phoenix in the next 75 years, about the
same as India’s independent existence.
Recall Hermann Goering’s remarks, “We have slowly begun to create unity from the chaos of
parties. Today these old parties play only a comic role………………Now that the Reich once
more firmly controls the individual provinces, the German people must be forged into a similar
unity. ………...they (national parties) had become too dulled to worry about the nation’s fate.
There was no point to it. Everything was too dismal, too tragic, the desperation was too great.
And then, suddenly, the movement came, tearing through the clouds, suddenly there was light
again, the sun shone. Hundreds of thousands, even millions, of people suddenly woke up. The
scales fell from their eyes and they saw something wonderful. They suddenly saw how a
movement that had been insulted, outlawed, estranged, took the light in its hands. They were
happy to see a new spring coming that would change everything. There was new joy, new hope.
A faith that had been buried, that had been soiled, came alive……confidence, loyalty, discipline,
faith, and hope: These are the pillars on which this movement must rest, because this movement
has become the bearer of this powerful idea.” (“Nationalismus und Sozialismus: Rede auf der
NSBO in Berliner Sportpalast am 9. April 1933). Germany and Japan’s war efforts, their
quantum advances in military and scientific technology, education, health, employment,
industrial production, etc. justifiably created the aura of an invincible nationalism. For a decent
job, a roof over the head and a better life, personal liberty and economic fortunes could be
2. 2
momentarily mortgaged. Nazi Germany fulfilled nearly all their promises in just six years, i.e.
1933-39. However, what of India?
How many ‘nationalists’ have heard of Ram Mohan Roy’s successful efforts to ban Sati and
child marriage (in tandem with the British Governor General William Bentinck), remember
Bhagat Singh but forget Savitribai Phule or Pritilata Wadedar, that it was Germans and British
Indologists like William Jones, James Prinsep and Max Mueller that broadcast India’s rich
cultural heritage to the world and whose sterling contributions remain firmly etched in world
history and institutions like the Asiatic Society and the Indian Museum? Likewise, how many of
us are able to recite Bankim Chatterjee’s Bande Mataram with its Sanskrit intonations, or know
that only the first verse of Tagore’s Jana Gana Mana was adopted for our National Anthem or
that the first design of our national flag was designed by a Mumbai-based Parsi woman called
Madam Cama in 1907 (the Parsis originated in Persia)? Just how many of us have heard of
Dwijendralal Roy, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Saadat Hassan Manto, and a myriad other littérateurs
whose songs and books rallied nationalistic support against a the oppressive colonizer? Or of
John Mortimer Wheeler had Indian assistants like Rakhal Das Bannerjee that discovered
Harappa and Mohenjodaro in 1921-23? Similarly, how many have heard of Anandibai Gopalrao
Joshi and Kadambini Ganguly, India’s first female doctors in the late 19th century? Or the
Boroline that we use even today is a product of the freedom movement? Or the facts of our rich
cultural and political heritage (dating back to the mahajanapadas in c. 600 BCE) that have acted
as the greatest unifying glue (e.g. the Sufi movement)? Or that our animal slaughterers are
Muslim, tanners Hindu and traders Gujarati Hindus? The list of India’s unknown heroes and
heroines whose cumulative sacrifices won our freedom from colonial yoke is worn by each
Indian on his/her sleeve. Being Hindu is one thing; to imbibe and propagate the inclusivity of
Hinduism (as distinct from an aberrant Hindutva) and economic and social progress are the
unique and stellar tests of nationalism, as much as it is the constitutional duty of a government to
assure India’s cosmopolitan view of life.
Has prosperity reached our shores that should fire our existing nationalism, indeed our national
pride? The Global Hunger Report, 2017, gives India a score of 31.4, neighboring Bangladesh
scoring higher at 26.40 and Nepal at 22. In absolute terms 189.70 million Indians (71% of South
Asia) were estimated to be hungry while per capita food consumption (KCAL per capita per day)
for India was 2354 against a developing country average of 2683 and 3439 for developed
countries in 2010. Hunger had its invariable fallout on labor productivity. In 1990, India’s land
productivity at 719 was higher than China’s 457 while the figures for labor productivity were
624 and 472 respectively. India retained its land productivity till 2013 but its labor productivity
was bested by China with a figure of 1128 against India’s 951. Overall, India ranked 97/118 in
the Global Hunger Index, abomination for one of the world’s largest economies. With rising
imports of several agricultural commodities, expenditure on agriculture to agricultural GDP in
2014 was a negligible 5.94% when compared to China’s 23.56%. Even Bangladesh spent
11.08%. China also spent 0.62% on agriculture as a percentage of agricultural GDP against
India’s abysmal 0.31% on agricultural R&D. India overtaking France to emerge as the world’s
sixth largest economy recently only reflects the successes of crony capitalism and consolidation
of oligarchies, via their networks, not a squarer meal for an indigent Indian. Nor is Purchasing
Power Parity a lesser evil since three Washington apples for a French family at breakfast are not
the same as rice and wild root soup, onion, green chilies and salt for a hungry Indian family,
vacant space being filled with untreated water.
3. 3
Where the Rule of Law becomes dysfunctional, different sets of laws apply to the privileged and
the unprivileged; the life, liberty and property of citizens are insecure; the distinction between a
vendor and the State vanishes; poverty mitigation creates billionaires while the indigent masses
remain deprived; and the crassest opportunism, corruption and nepotism become alibis for
elections and governance, democracy ceases to exist. The lines of distinction between the Left,
the Right and the Socialist-Liberals are obliterated by their grossest individual and collective
political opportunism. The minuscule clutches of conscience that tenaciously survive are
decimated and reduced to irrelevance in opportunistic games of thrones. All proclamations of
democracy become the grossest falsities, yet remain the most potent camouflaged instrument for
oppression of unquestioning Indians. That is when democracy transmutes into mockocracy. The
third stanza of TS Eliot’s The Hollow Men aptly portrays the Indian landscape:
This is the dead land/This is cactus land/Here the stone images/Are raised, here
they receive/The supplication of a dead man's hand/Under the twinkle of a fading
star.
Indians are justifiably proud of their rich heritage and remain fiercely loyal to India, lest any
political dispensation makes us believe otherwise; outliers remain an exception in all political
systems. We won our democracy after a 200-year struggle and losing several million lives,
probably not far inferior to the combined body count for the two world wars. Yet few remember
or are even aware of our sacrifices. The preservation of a democratic and inclusive nation is not
something that is negotiable for us Indians against ‘nationalistic’ and cowardice-ridden politics
of corrupt self-aggrandizement that is the surest sign of being anti-national, harking back to
Schopenhauer’s prophetic words. (1495 words)
The author is a public policy analyst and commentator