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Models of-public-policy-formulation
Public policy is formulated to address problems that jeopardize societal well-being. Once a policy problem is identified, the objectives of the policy are established to reduce the problem in a way that is acceptable to both policy administrators and those affected. There are many forces that influence public policy formulation, including societal groups and state-centered actors, and policies go through stages from agenda-setting to implementation and evaluation. Successful policies require adequate resources and personnel as well as cultural acceptance to achieve their objectives through implementation.
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Models of-public-policy-formulation
- 1. • Why publicpolicy formulated. • Problem identification: A set of conditions that is perceived to jeopardize the general well being of society. • Once policy problems is identified the objectives of the policy are established, usually expressed in terms of ends which are desirable. • Generally public policy is aimed at reducing problem, the objective must be acceptable to both those administering the policy and those affected by it. public policy formulation
- 2. Prediction And prescription Policymaker Policy ChoiceImplementation Policy outcome Societal Centered Forces • Classes • Interest Groups • Parties & Voters State Centered Forces • Technocrats • Bureaucrats • State Interests Source: Meier 1991
- 3. On Agenda Not onAgenda Agenda Phase Issues Decision for Reform Decision Against reform Decision Phase Successful Implementation Unsuccessful Implementation Implementation Phase Source: Grindle & Thomas
- 4. • Technocrats • Bureaucrats •Interest Groups • Politicians • Donors • Knowledge • Institution • Representation • Power • Influence ACTOR ROLE Source: Walt and Gilson, 1994
- 5. Policy Terminology Ist stage problem formation 2nd stage Policy Agenda 3rd stage Policy formulation 4th stage Policy adoption 5th stage Policy implementation 6th stage Policy Evaluation Formal Definition Reliefis sought from a situation that produces a human need, deprivation, or dissatisfactio n Problems among many, that receive the governments serious attention Development of pertinent and acceptable proposed courses of action for dealing with public problems. Development of support for a specific proposal such that the policy legitimized or authorized. Application of the policy by the government’s bureaucratic machinery to the problem Attempt by the govt. to determine whether or not the policy has been effective Common sense Getting the govt. to see the problem Getting the govt. to begin to act on the problem The govt.’s proposed solution to the problem Getting the govt. to accept a particular solution to the problem Applying the govt.’s policy to the problem Did the policy work Source: Public Policy and Politics in America by James E. Anderson etal
- 6. – Mostly policiessuffer at this stage due to reasons: 1.Insufficient number of well trained personnel and inadequate resources. ►In other words for the successful implementation of the policy there should be equilibrium between the objectives and resources. 1.Cultural dichotomy between traditional and modern forces. • Evaluation
- 7. A problems perceived Aset of policy objective established The consequences of Alternative Strategies are estimated The preferred Strategy of Plan implemented The consequences of the implemented Plan are investigated EvaluationofStrategies Formative Summative Evaluationofperformance Alternative strategies to attain The objectives are identified
- 8. A problems perceived A setof policy objective established The consequences of Alternative Strategies are estimated The preferred Strategy of Plan implemented The consequences of the implemented Plan are investigated Evaluationof Strategies Formative Summative Evaluationofperformance Alternative strategies to attain The objectives are identified Empirical Analysis of the nature/Extent /Magnitude of the problems A range of potential policy Objective is outlined Formative Evaluationof Strategies Summative Evaluationofperformance
- 9. • Environmental factors: –Policy making can’t be adequately understood without understanding environmental factors. – These are: • Political Culture • Public Opinion • Social System • Economic system.
- 10. • Political culture: –Political culture refers to the set of political beliefs and values that sustain any political system. And it is the political system that determines the decision making. – In political culture, goodness, badness, desirability and undesirability of good action or bad action. – Sociologist Robin Williams has described “major value orientation” in America society such as individual freedom, equity, progress and efficiency. These values and other such as democracy, individualism, humanitarianism and material achievements have significance for policy making.
- 11. – Political culturesdiffers from society to society due to patterns of development, environmental conditions and historical factors. – It is political culture within which decision making occurs. – In democratic culture official are hold accountable – Old adage “People have right to be heard and official have a duty to hear. – Such conditions contribute towards the existence of “participatory culture”
- 12. • Public opinionrefers to the expression of public attitudes or beliefs about current social, economic and political issues. • The articulation of opinion depends on the type of political culture. • The articulation of public opinion is determined by the public interest which in most cases is not applied equally. • While examining the impact of public opinion on policy making V.O Key observes: “Many, if not most, policy decisions by legislatures and by other authorities exercising broad discretion are made under circumstances in which extremely small proportions of the general public have any awareness of the particular issue, much less any understanding of the consequences of the decision.
- 13. • Societies arenot generally homogenous, rather consist of groups social groups with varying degree of social, political and economic influence. • In pluralist society such groups can mount heavy pressure on the political system. • And serve as major source of demands for policy making.
- 14. • Economic activitiesvaries from society to society. Some society have very simple economic system but some have very complex one such as US. • Economic activities are major source of conflict in modern societies. • And those possess economic means control political power. • In most of the societies the policy making is the elite activity and policies are fashioned in way that reflects elite aspiration.
- 15. • Micropolitics – Refersto the attempts made by particular companies or communities to secure favorable govt. action for their own. – Micropolitics involves groups or communities at grassroots level • Macropolitics – It involves the community as whole and the leaders of the govt. in the formation of public policy. – The participants in the macropolitical arena include president, executive departments , MP’s and communication and media persons.
- 16. • Governmental – Executive –Legislature – Judiciary • Non-governmental – Civil Society and NGO • International – Countries and International Institutions such as UN, IMF, World Bank and etc.
- 17.