Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
The slides discuss the basic idea about public policy, types of policies, nature of public policy, forms of policies and models/ approaches of the public policies.
Defines the policy,lists the main features of a policy , the step by step process of policy formulation and implementation,describes the criteria to judge the efficacy and chances of success of policy and lastly the weaknesses of policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
William N. Dunn Associate Dean and Professor University of Pittsburg
Dr. Dunn is a scholar, educator, and academic administrator. His most well-known publication is Public Policy Analysis, 4th ed.,which is one of the most widely cited books on the methodology of policy research and analysis in print.
The slides discuss the basic idea about public policy, types of policies, nature of public policy, forms of policies and models/ approaches of the public policies.
Defines the policy,lists the main features of a policy , the step by step process of policy formulation and implementation,describes the criteria to judge the efficacy and chances of success of policy and lastly the weaknesses of policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
William N. Dunn Associate Dean and Professor University of Pittsburg
Dr. Dunn is a scholar, educator, and academic administrator. His most well-known publication is Public Policy Analysis, 4th ed.,which is one of the most widely cited books on the methodology of policy research and analysis in print.
International Economic Policy Analysis for Africa and developing countries.pptxGeorgeKabongah2
This course provides the theoretical, historical, institutional and technical background for effective advocacy of international economic policy.
The focus is on the political economy of international trade, foreign direct investment, exchange rates, portfolio capital flows and the balance of payments, industrial policy and international labor migration.
It is not a course on economics and students are not expected to have any background in the study of economics though some economic concepts will be employed and discussed.
The field of program evaluation presents a diversity of images a.docxcherry686017
The field of program evaluation presents a diversity of images and claims about the nature and role of evaluation that confounds any attempt to construct a coher- ent account of its methods or confidently identify important new developments. We take the view that the overarching goal of the program evaluation enterprise is to contribute to the improvement of social conditions by providing scientifically credible information and balanced judgment to legitimate social agents about the effectiveness of interventions intended to produce social benefits. Because of its centrality in this perspective, this review focuses on outcome evaluation, that is, the assessment of the effects of interventions upon the populations they are intended to benefit. The coverage of this topic is concentrated on literature published within the last decade with particular attention to the period subsequent to the related reviews by Cook and Shadish (1994) on social experiments and Sechrest & Figueredo (1993) on program evaluation.
The word ‘evaluation’ has become increasingly used in the language of community, health and social services and programs. The growth of talk and practice of evaluation in these fields has often been promoted and encouraged by funders and commissioners of services and programs. Following the interest of funders, has been a growth in the study and practice of evaluation by community, health and social service practitioners and academics. When we consider why this move in evaluative thinking and practice has occurred, we can assume the position of the funder and simply answer, ‘...because we want to know if this program or service works’. Practitioners, specialists and academics in these fields have been called upon by governments and philanthropists to aid the development of effective evaluation. Over time, they have led their own thinking and practice independently. Evaluation in its simplest form is about understanding the effect and impact of a program, service, or indeed a whole organization. Evaluation as a practice is not so simple however, largely because in order to assess impact, we need to be very clear at the beginning what effect or difference we are trying to achieve.
The literature review begins with an overview of qualitative and quantitative research methods, followed by a description of key forms of evaluation. Health promotion evaluation and advocacy and policy evaluation will then be explored as two specific domains. These domains are not evaluation methodologies, but forms of evaluation that present unique requirements for effective community development evaluation. Following this discussion, the review will explore eight key evaluation methodologies: appreciative enquiry, empowerment evaluation, social capital,
social return on investment, outcomes based evaluation, performance dashboards and scorecards and developmental evaluation. Each of these sections will include specific methods, the values base of each methodo ...
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The failure of researchers to link evidence to policy and practice produces evidence that no one uses, impedes innovation, and leads to mediocre or even detrimental development policies. To help improve the definition, design, and implementation of policy research, researchers should adopt a strategic outcome-oriented approach.
1
Stakeholder Involvement In Evaluation Planning
Student Name
Institution Name
Course Number
Due Date
Faculty Name
Topic: Stakeholder Involvement In evaluation Planning
Stakeholders are the people that are at stake on the evaluation. They are individuals that have interest in or are impacted by evaluation and its results. I would consider involving stakeholders in health program planning. Stakeholders have the ability to provide ideas and aidin the creation of potential solutions (Ferreira,et al., 2020). In most cases stakeholders are from various backgrounds; they therefore look at issues from various perspectives.this allows opposing viewpoints to be expressed and also discussed. Engaging stakeholders from the planning stage, maximizes the chance of project success through the final execution. They may as well aid in preventing unforeseen problems (Michnej, & Zwolinski, 2018). They have a great influence on the community of animal lovers, thus it is imperative to have an advocate instead of an adversary.
I would consider facilitating stakeholder’s involvement through maintaining open communication. The stakeholders need to be updated on the organization’s core purpose. It is essential to be consistent in the messages, and use them to show employees how they fit in the plan as well as how their contributions have aided in shaping the decisions made (Smith, 2017). Individuals that know what is expected as well as how they contribute tend to be more engaged and committed in comparison to those that do not. It is essential to ensure that the stakeholders know where they fit in. engaging employees in the planning process aids in building ownership in the firm.
References
Ferreira, V., Barreira, A. P., Loures, L., Antunes, D., & Panagopoulos, T. (2020). Stakeholders’ engagement on nature-based solutions: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(2), 640.
Michnej, M., & Zwoliński, T. (2018). The role and responsibility of stakeholders in the planning process of the sustainable urban mobility in the city Krakow. Transport Economics and Logistics, 80, 159-167.
Smith, P. A. (2017). Stakeholder engagement framework. Information & Security, 38, 35-45.
TOPIC: Strategies and Ethics
As the director of the local public health department, you are preparing to conduct a town hall presentation. In it you will communicate the direction of the strategic plan. Your audience will include collaborative partners (invested stakeholders) such as academicians, health professionals, state health department staff, representatives from affected communities, and representatives from nongovernmental organizations.
Recall that your Stakeholder Involvement in Evaluation Planning discussion in Unit 5 reviewed the planning and evaluation cycle (Figure 11-1 in your textbook). In addition, in that discussion you explained where in the cycle and how you would seek stakeholder involvement in evaluation planning. The town hall presentation is on ...
400238 Power, Policy & Politics in Health Care ProvisionAssi.docxalinainglis
400238 Power, Policy & Politics in Health Care Provision
Assignment 2 Guidelines
This assessment requires you to demonstrate your understanding of how health care policies are (or should be) developed and constructed.
You are required to analyse the process of policy development with reference to ONE health care policy or one component of a policy within the Australian health care system. The policy could be one that has been developed for the Health Care System in general or you may choose a policy that has been developed specifically for your immediate work context. This policy may be one that has been developed to support the implementation of a government policy.
The required readings and learning activities in the Study Guides for Module 1 and Module 2 provide detailed information about the policy development process and make suggestion for how best to approach and conduct a policy analysis and critique.
· This is a highly structured assignment where you are encouraged to use headings throughout
· All materials / documents / authors referred to in your essay must be:
· appropriately acknowledged in-text using the APA Style Manual guidelines
· have a corresponding citation in the reference list irrespective of whether they are peer reviewed
· All documents sourced via the internet must be able to be located from your reference list web link
· You may load a copy of your chosen policy into the Turnitin assignment folder with your assignment
Choosing a policy for critique and discussion
Choose a policy that interests you and that provides you with enough detail to enable you to incorporate into your critique and discussion at least some of the relevant processes and topic areas identified in:
· Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2013, pp. 37- 40) Australian Policy Cycle
· Althaus et al. (2013, pp. 76-85) Frameworks in the Analyst’s Toolkit (also in Table 1 below).
· You may also find Table 2 helpful to your critique because it provides a list of questions you could ask of your chosen policy. Table 2 has a health services planning and policy toolkit developed by the World Health Organization (2005).
· Look at section 2.3 on pages 28 and 29 of the learning modules as this relates to the analysis of policy
It is a mistake to choose a policy that you have not read completely and/or that you have not fully understood. At least some understanding of the policy background is required in order to respond appropriately to the framework assessment.
No matter how the assessment is approached, it is critical that the criteria on pages 19-21 of the Learning Guide are addressed as this is our marking guideline. This is also available on page 4 of this document.
Table 1
Frameworks and associated areas for Policy analysis.
You’ll find these frameworks explained under the title The Analyst’s Toolkit in Althaus, Bridgman and Davis (2013, pp. 76-85)
Economic
· Cost-benefit
· Cost-effectiveness
· Opportunity costs
· Market competitiveness.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
2. OUTLINE :
Definition of policy analysis
Importance of policy analysis
Policy analysis process
Approaches of policy analysis
Policy analysis models
Indicators and Outcomes
Evaluation and Adaptation: Population
Indicators
References
3. Policy analysis
Policy analysis is comprised of a technique or
process used to determine what a policy will
achieve or has achieved relevant to an
aspiration or purpose.
Policy analysis consists of a systematic
evaluation of the technical and political
implications of alternatives proposed to solve
public problems.
4. Policy analysis can be:
descriptive : when the analysis is used in
explain existing policy and its development.
Prescriptive : when the analysis is used in
formulating new policies and proposals.
5. Policies that have been developed and implemented
should be analyzed periodically.
Policy analysis refers to both the process of
assessing policies or programs and the product of
that analysis using qualitative and quantitative data.
Analysis can be done during all phases of
policymaking from agenda setting to policy
formulation to
implementation
Policy analysis
6. Importance of polices analysis:
To assess the situation.
To seek general acceptance and consistency
with the current political environment and
social and healthcare issues.
Provide the opportunity for modifications.
Results of analysis can facilitate discussion.
Provide evidence for decision-making.
Provide evidence for adaptations.
7. Policies analysis process
through interpretative analysis of the policy and an
evaluation of the historical context of the policy.
This process may produce details regarding the
association between current policy along with past
and present political, social, and healthcare
contexts.
If there is a disconnect between current policy and
the present context, either a further in-depth policy
evaluation may be warranted. The initial policy
analysis could simply lead to a recommendation
for policy modification.
8. According to Porche (2012), there
are two foci for policy analysis:
• Analysis of policy
• Analysis for policy
9. Analysis of policy
can be viewed as a retrospective process that
explores the purpose of the policy and what
comprised and established the policy. This
analysis of policy studies how policy evolved
onto the policy agenda and the process of
formulation of the policy
10. analysis for policy
o is prospective and explores potential
outcomes if a specific policy is developed and
implemented.
11. Policy analysis dependent on:
o Upon access to data sources such as valid
and reliable documents, interviews, focus
groups, and government or agency reports.
13. policy is based on anecdotal
evidence rather than scientific
policy analysis.
provides easily
understood
stories
Evidence may
contrast with
anecdotes or
“common wisdom
Anecdotal
evidence
policy
analysis based on factual
data and scientific
findings.
Scientific
policy
analysis
unpopular
14. Feedback policy analysis
Policy feedback theory proposes to assess
how policies affect decisive aspects of
governance, such as whether policy promotes
public and citizen participation or deters it,
whether policy promotes development of
powerful interest groups, and how they affect
governing capacity.
This approach attempts to clarify the impact of
policies and assist in avoiding unintended
consequences.
15. Policy Analysis Models
Process Model
Substantive Model
Eightfold Path
Logical-Positivist Model
Participatory Policy Analysis (PPA)
16. Process Model
identifies policymaking stages and analyzes
the factors associated with each of the stages
including stakeholders and policymakers.
The person(s) conducting the analysis uses
any policymaking model as the framework to
conduct the policy analysis.
This model is flexible when considering its use
but has been critiqued as being too simplistic,
failing to take into account the multiple factors
that influence the policy process.
17. Substantive Model
analyzes the policy from the perspective of the
policy issue.
Policy content experts typically conduct the
analysis and must be familiar not only with the
content but with political bodies and identified
strategies used in policymaking.
18. Eightfold Path
This problem-solving process is used to clarify the policy issue
and determine policy solutions.
The eight steps in this model are:
• Defining the problem
• Collecting the data
• Constructing policy options
• Selecting the criteria for a policy alternative
• Projecting the outcomes: anticipated and unanticipated
• Come to terms with any points of negotiation or compromise
• Deciding among the various options
• Communicating the narrative: redefining the issue, reconsidering
the criteria, rethinking the outcomes.
19. Logical-Positivist Model
This model is also identified as the behavioral
or scientific approach.
The logical-positivist model starts with a
theory or theoretical framework using
deductive reasoning to guide the policy
analysis process.
Data is collected and analyzed using either
comparative or correlative measures resulting
in a final report.
20. Participatory Policy Analysis (PPA)
This model seeks input from additional
participants to ensure that principles valued by
the public are included in the formulation of
policy alternatives.
aims to directly engage citizens of the country
or locale in the policymaking and analysis
processes.
21. Indicators and Outcomes
Indicators provide evidence that a certain condition exists or
certain results have or have not been achieved and therefore
can enable decision-makers to assess progress toward the
achievement of intended outcomes, goals, and objectives.
Outcome indicators associated with healthcare tend to
measure the broader results achieved through the provision
of services.
These indicators can exist at various levels: population,
agency, and program.
An aspect of policy evaluation is to measure the overall
effectiveness and extent to which a policy has achieved its
objectives, paying attention to impact and outcome.
22. Indicators and Outcomes
Indicators are most often seen as quantitative
measures that express the status and trends
of complex phenomena based on monitoring
data and that resonate with the interests of
relevant audiences.
23. Indicators and Outcomes
Consider the following assumptions (Hezri 2003):
• Indicators will provide clear answers to questions
about environmental change and sustainability
• Indicators will help to explain how decisions and
decision outcomes are linked
• Having the right indicators will result in better
decisions.
24. Indicators and Outcomes
These assumptions tend to be widely accepted;
however, examination and review of the use of
indicators reveal that these assumptions cannot
be taken for granted.
Ideally, indicators should inform decision-making
by helping to understand an issue and to make a
direct relationship between indicators and
decision outcomes.
For example, indicators can be used to measure
the impact of specific decisions or to measure
effectiveness.
25. Indicators and Outcomes
indicators are often used for ulterior motives
such as (Hezri 2003):
• To support a predetermined position
• To give Performa assurance about appropriate
decisions
• As a delaying tactic or substitute for action by
stating a decision can be taken once there are
demonstrated indicators
26. Evaluation and Adaptation:
Population Indicators
Population-level indicators measure
changes in the condition or well-being of
children , families, or communities (i.e., teen
pregnancy rate, infant mortality rate).
Changes in population-level indicators are
often long-term results of the efforts of a
number of different programs, agencies, and
initiatives.
27. Evaluation and Adaptation:
Population Indicators
In some cases, rather than providing information
about the results achieved by interventions
population-level indicators may provide
information about the context in or assumptions
under which these interventions operate.
For example, the overall level of unemployment
provides important contextual information for job
placement programs. In this case, monitoring the
unemployment rate allows stakeholders to
correctly interpret program results.
28. Agency- and program-level
outcome indicators
Agency-level indicators measure results for
which an agency is responsible.
program-level indicators measure the results
for which a program or subprogram is
responsible.
Agency- and program-level outcome
indicators are often defined more narrowly
than those pertaining to the population as a
whole.
29. Agency- and program-level
outcome indicators
for example, they may measure pregnancy
rates among teenage girls in a given county or
among girls receiving a given set of services.
Identification of appropriate indicator levels
ensures that expectations are not set
unrealistically high
30. Determining the Correct
Path to Follow
the need for nurses and proponents of advanced
nursing practice to develop an interactive process
between knowledge conducive to policymaking
and the policy process. This emphasis includes:
• Developing a shared understanding of what
questions to ask
• How to go about answering them
• How best to interpret responses
31. Determining the Correct Path
to Follow
Defining, selecting, and promoting knowledge
relevant to the policy process and strategic
thinking are highly variable, based as much on
matters of politics and power as with rational
discussion and problem-solving.
The complex nature of interactions between
decision-makers will depend on the nature and
timing of interventions by various
stakeholders, “creating windows of opportunity
or tipping points”
32. Determining the Correct Path
to Follow
The challenge when nurses trying to identify the
correct path for developing policy is to:
1) Think pragmatically about theoretical principles in
light of what can be gained to promote better
understanding as it relates to policy and
developing strategies for ANP.
2) Think about The ability to do this requires
3) Think systematically about the context in which
they work.
33. Determining the Correct Path
to Follow
4) Think about The dynamics of the processes they
face.
5) Think about the array of decision-makers who
influence policy
6) Think about how any of the issues are currently
being addressed (or not).
7) Think about the strategies that might be linked
more effectively to the policy processes.