The document summarizes several psychodynamic theories of depression: 1) Freud and others theorized that depression stems from disturbances in early relationships and object loss, and results from turning anger inward. 2) Cognitive theories view depression as arising from negative cognitive schemas and distortions regarding the self, world, and future. Therapy aims to modify these distortions. 3) Learned helplessness theory links depression to feelings of lack of control after uncontrollable events, with improvement dependent on regaining a sense of control and mastery.

1. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF
DEPRESSION

3. 1- Psychodynamic
• The psychodynamic understanding of
depression defined by Sigmund Freud and
expanded by Karl Abraham is known as the
classic view of depression
• Loss of love object>projective identification
and introjection>ambivalence>anger and
turning against self>depression

4. • That theory involves four key points:
• (1) disturbances in the infant mother relationship
during the early oral – late anal predispose to
subsequent vulnerability to depression
• (2) depression can be linked to real or imagined object
loss
• (3) introjection of the departed objects is a defense
mechanism invoked to deal with the distress connected
with the object's loss
• (4) because the lost object is regarded with a mixture
of love and hate, feelings of anger are directed inward
at the self.

5. • Melanie Klein understood depression as
involving the expression of aggression toward
loved ones, much as Freud did
• Bibring regarded depression sets in when a
person becomes aware of the discrepancy
between high ideals and the inability to meet
those goals
• Jacobson saw the state of depression as similar to
a powerless, helpless child victimized by a
punishing parent.

6. • Silvano Arieti observed that many depressed
people have lived their lives for someone else
rather than for themselves.
• Depression sets in when patients realize that
the person or ideal for which they have been
living is never going to respond in a manner
that will meet their expectations.

7. • Heinz Kohut's
• Self psychology
• the developing self has specific needs that
must be met by parents to give the child a
positive sense of self-esteem . When others
do not meet these needs, there is a massive
loss of self-esteem that presents as depression

8. • Bowlby
• believed that damaged early attachments and
traumatic separation in childhood predispose
to depression.
• Adult losses are said to revive the traumatic
childhood loss and so precipitate adult
depressive episodes.

9. 2- Cognitive Theory
• According to cognitive theory, depression results
from specific cognitive distortions present in
persons susceptible to depression.
• Those distortions, referred to as depressogenic
schemata, are cognitive templates that perceive
both internal and external data in ways that are
altered by early experiences.
• Aaron Beck postulated a cognitive triad of
depression that consists of negative views of self,
world and future.
• Therapy consists of modifying these distortions.

10. 3- Learned Helplessness(Seligman)
• connects depressive phenomena to the
experience of uncontrollable events.
• internal causal explanations are thought to
produce a loss of self-esteem after adverse
external events.
• Behaviorists who subscribe to the theory
stress that improvement of depression is
contingent on the patient's learning a sense of
control and mastery of the environment.

11. 4-Social model ( brown and harris)