The document provides guidance on conducting a psychiatric history for patients. It discusses the importance of understanding a patient's life history and outlines key components to cover, including identification data, chief complaints, history of present illness, past medical/psychiatric history, family history, and personal history. Personal history should explore areas like childhood, education, relationships, and pre-illness personality. The goal is to understand the patient's experiences and diagnose and treat effectively.
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mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
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mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Basic principles, interview style, various components and their significance, how to take history of present illness, past history,family and personal history, substance history, premorbid personality
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
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Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
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Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
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Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
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Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2. IntroductIon
Psychiatry History Taking :
It is the record of the Patient‘s life
It allows to understand
o who the patient is
o where the patient has come from
o where the patient is likely to go in the future.
3. Definition
The psychiatry history is the record of the
patient’s life; it allows a psychiatrist to
understand who the patient is ,where
the patient has come from ,and where
the patient is likely to go in the future.
4. IMPORTANCE
• Obtaining a comprehensive history from a
patient and if necessary from, from informed
sources are essential to make a correct
diagnosis and formulating a specific and
effective treatment plan.
5. PurPose :-
To describe adaptive and maladaptive behavior.
To formulate priorities.
To identify problems.
To predict probable responses to potential
interventions.
To analyze the client’s perceptions.
Helps to develop nursing care plan.
6. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY TAKING
• Introduce yourself
• Explain the purpose and approx how long it will
take
• Ask Open Ended Questions
• Allow the patient to Explain Things In his/her
Own Words
7. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY TAKING
•Encourage the patient to Elaborate and explain
• Avoid Interrupting
• Guide the Interview As Necessary
• Avoid Asking “Why?” Questions
• Listen and Observe For Cues
• You might need an informant
8. Components
1. Identification data
2. Informants
3. Chief complaints
4. H/o Present Illness
5. Treatment history
6. Past history of illness
a) Medical/surgical illness:
b) Past psychiatric history :
7 Family history:
9. Components
8. Personal history
a. Perinatal history
b. Childhood history
c. Educational history
d. Play history
e. Emotional problems during adolescence
f. Puberty
g. Obstetrical history
h. Occupational history
i. Sexual and marital history
j. Premorbid personality
11. IdentIfIcatIon data:
Name :
Age :
Sex :
Marital status:
Religion:
Education:
Occupation :
Income
Address:
Date of admission:
Hospital No :
Psychiatric ward :
♣marital status♣
13. II Informants:
The sources of the information:
Informant’s name
The reliability of the sources
• Relation to Patient:
• Intimacy with the patient
• Interest of the patient’
• Does the Informant live with the patient?
• Duration of stay with the patient
• Intellectual and observational ability
14. III CHIEF COMPLAINTS ON ADMISSION
Presenting complaints and/or reasons for
consultation should be recorded.
Both the patient’s and the informant’s version
should be recorded separately
it should be recorded even if the patient is
unable to speak and the patient explanation
regardless of how bizarre or irrelevant
15. Chief complaints on admission
Patient's problem or reason for the visit
Recorded as the patient's own words
Ask leading questions such as
-"What brings you here today?“
-How can I help you?”
16. • Examples:
• ”am having thoughts of wanting to harm
myself”
• “peoples are trying to drive me insane”
• “I feel am going mad”
• “am angry all the time “
18. 4. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
Provides a comprehensive and chronological
picture of the events.
Probably the most helpful in making an accurate
diagnosis.
19. History of present illness
Duration- Weeks/months/years
Mode of onset-Abrupt/acute/subacute/Insidious
Course-( continuous / episodic/ fluctuating/
deteriorating/ improving/ unclear)
Precipitating factors (death/ separation/ loss/
frightening experience/ any other)
Aggravating and relieving factors, if any.
20.
21. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
When the patient was well the last time should be
noted.
The time of onset
When the symptoms are first noticed by the patient or
by the relatives.
The symptoms of the illness from the earliest time at
which a change was noticed until the present time
should be narrated chronolo-gically, in a coherent
manner.
22. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
The presenting chief complaints should be expanded.
Any disturbances in the physiological functions like
sleep, appetite, and sexual functioning
Always enquire about suicidal ideation
Important negative history should be recorded(eg. no
h/o head injury)
Life chrt-valuable display of course of illness
27. VI. PAST HISTORY OF ILLNESS
a) Past medical/surgical illness:
b)Past psychiatric history
28. Past medical/surgical illness:
History of chronic medical illness and details of
medication received and the duration of
illness
Hospitalization
Medical/neurological/surgical illness
Head injury/ convulsion/ Unconsciousness
Accidents/surgical procedure
DM/HTN/CAD/Visceral/ HIV +ve
30. Past psychiatric history
–Had the patient suffered from any mental
illness and undergone psychiatric treatment
–Has the patient been hospitalized earlier for
the treatment of mental illness
–What was the nature of treatment she or
he had been getting; drugs or ECT
–Did the patient improve with the treatment
31. ?
• Any similar or other psychiatric problems
in the past?
• Have you ever been admitted to a
psychiatric hospital?
• What treatments have you had?
• Has there ever been a time that you felt
completely well?
33. VII FAMILY HISTORY
a. Family structure
b. Family history of illness
o Psychiatric illness- similar/other
o Major medical illness
o Alcohol/drug dependence/suicidal
attempt
34. c. Current social situation
o Home circumstances
o Per capita income
o Socioeconomic status
o Head of the family-nominal & functional
o Current attitude of the family members
towards the patient’s illness
o Communication pattern in the family
o Cultural &religious values
o Social support system available
35. S NO NAME AGE SEX RELATIONSHIP
WITH PATEINT
AGE/ MODE OF
DEATH
Description of family members
36.
37.
38.
39. ?
• Are your parents still living? Are they
well?
• Do you mind me asking how they died?
• What did your parents do?
• Do you have any brothers or sisters? Are
you close to them?
• As far as you know, has anyone in your
family ever had problems with their
mental health?
42. PERSONAL HISTORY
a. Perinatal history
Antinatal
Any febrile illness
Physical/Psychiatric illness
Medications/drugs/alcohol use
Trauma to abdomen
Immunization
Birth
-Full term/premature/postmature
Wanted/unwanted
44. b. Childhood history
Primary care giver
Whether the patient was brought up by
mother/some one else
Feeding
Breast feed/artificial
Age at weaning
Developmental milestones
Normal/delayed
Age & ease of toilet training
45. Behavioural and emotional problems
Thumb – sucking
temper tantrums
tics, head-banging
night terror
fears
bed-wetting
nail-biting.
Stuttering/stammering
Enuresis/ encopresis
Somnambulism
46. ?
• Where were you born?
• Where did you grow up?
• As far as you know, was your mother’s
pregnancy and delivery normal?
• If not, were there any problems around the
time of your birth?
• Did you have any serious illnesses as a young
child?
• Were you walking and talking at the correct
times?
47. c. Educational history
Age at begining&finishing formal education
Academic and extra curricular achievements- if any
Relationship with peers &teachers
School phobia
Truancy, non-attendance
Learning disabilities
Reason for termination of studies(if occures
prematurely)
48. ?• Which school/s did you go to?
• Did you enjoy school?
• Any lasting memories of school?
• Did you have many friends at school? Still in
contact?
• When did you finish school ? Qualifications?
• Were you ever in trouble at school? ever
expelled or suspended? Bullied?
49. d. Play history
Games played
At what age &with whom
Relationships with playmates
50. e. Emotional problems during adolescence
Running away from home
delinquency
smoking
drug use
anyother
51. f. Puberty
• Age at appearance of secondary sexual
characteristics
• Anxiety related to puberty changes
• Age at menarche
• Reaction to menarche
• Regularities of cycle & duration of flow
• Abnormalities if any(menorragia/dysmenorrea)
52. g. Obstetrical history
LMP
Any abnormalities associated with pregnancy/
delivery/ puerperium
Number of children
Termination of pregnancy
Reaction to menopause
53. h. Occupational history
Age at starting work
Jobs held in chronological order
Reasons for change, if any
Current job satisfaction (including relationship
with authorities ,peers and if applicable
,subordinates).
Whether job is appropriate to client’s back
ground
54. i. Sexual and marital history
• Type of marriage: self choice/ arranged
• Duration of marriage
• Interpersonal relationship with in-laws:
satisfactory/ unsatisfactory
• Details of spouse and children
55. J. Premorbid personality
a.Interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationship with family members,
friends, work-mates and superiors
Introverted/extraverted
ease of making and keeping social relations.
a.Use of leisure time
o Hobbies
o Interests
o Intellectual activities
o energetic/sedentary.
56. a. Predominant mood
o Optimistic/pessimistic
o Stable/prone to anxiety
o Cheerful/despondent
o Reaction to stressful life events.
a. Attitude to self & others
o Self-confidence level
o self-criticism & self-consciousness
o selfish/thoughtful of others
o self-appraisal of abilities,
o achievements and failures.
o General attitude towards others
57. a. Attitude to work and responsibilities
b. Decision making
c. acceptance of responsibility
d. flexibility
e. foresight.
f. Religious beliefs and moral attitudes
g. Fantasy life
Day dreams –frequency and contents
58. a. Habits
• Eating pattern: regular/ irregular
• Elimination: regular/ irregular
• Sleep: regular/ irregular
• Use of drugs/alcohol/tobacco