This document provides a summary of key concepts from chapters 6-10 of a psychology exam review. It defines important terms like neurons, the central nervous system, hormones, sleep stages, perception, classical conditioning, memory storage and the three stages of memory (sensory, short term, long term). Examples are given of experiments like Little Albert that demonstrated classical conditioning principles.

1. Psychology Exam Review December 2007

2. Chapter 6 Synapse- is the gap that exists between individual nerve cells. Spinal cord- are the nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and the brain

3. Chapter 6 Neurons- are the long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain. Genes- are basic units of heredity.

4. Chapter 6 Hormones- are chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood Central nervous system- the brain and spinal cord

5. Chapter 6 Pituitary gland- the center of control of the endocrine system that secretes a large number of hormones. Endocrine system- a chemical communication system, using hormones, by which messages are sent through the bloodstream

6. Chapter 6 Myelin sheath- is a white, fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon for some neurons. Hyperthyroidism- too much thyroxine Hypothyroidism- to little thyroxine

7. Chapter 6 Four lobes of the brain Occipital Parietal Temporal Frontal

8. Chapter 6 Left side of the brain controls The right side of the body Mathematical ability, calculation, and logic

9. Chapter 7 Insomnia- is the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day. Sleep apnea- is a disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while sleeping.

10. Chapter 7 Narcolepsy- is a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day. Posthypnotic suggestion- are suggested things for their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over.

11. Chapter 7 Consciousness- is a state of awareness Three types of meditation Entertainment Therapeutic medical

12. Chapter 7 Three types of meditation Transcendental Mindfulness Breath

13. Chapter 7 Stages of sleep Stage 1 Pulse slows and muscles relax and breathing becomes uneven and brain waves grow irregular. Stage 2 Eyes roll slowly from side to side Stage 3 Characterized by large-amplitude delta waves begin to sweep your brain almost every second

14. Chapter 7 Stages of Sleep Stage 4 Deepest sleep of all and very difficult to awaken sleeper REM sleep Is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming

15. Chapter 8 Vision is the most studied senses. 8% of men have color deficiency

16. Chapter 8 Vance Packard wrote the book The Hidden Persuaders . It focused on subliminal messages in advertising

17. Chapter 8 Sensation- is the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the brain. Perception- is the organization and interpretation of sensory information into meaningful experiences.

18. Chapter 8 Subliminal messages- are brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold so that their chance of perception is less than 50 percent. Illusions- are perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli.

19. Chapter 9 Conditioned response- is the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. Conditioned stimulus- is a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has bee paired with and unconditioned stimulus

20. Chapter 9 Classical conditioning- is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Secondary reinforcer- stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer.

21. Chapter 9 Token economy- conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards.

22. Chapter 9 Two negatives to punishment: People learn to avoid the person delivering the consequences Can produce unwanted side effects such as rage, fear, and agression

23. Chapter 9 Little Albert Psychologists put Little Albert in a cage with rats. He played with the rats until a buzzer or siren scared him. He associated the sound with the rats and he was afraid to play with them anymore.

24. Chapter 10 Storage- is the process by which information is maintained over a period of time. Memory- is the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.

25. Chapter 10 Encoding- is the transforming of information so that the nervous system can process it

26. Chapter 10 The three stages of memory Sensory Short Term Long Term