1. Europe covers 1.9 million square miles and has a long jagged coastline that has facilitated trade by sea. Mountains like the Alps and Pyrenees cover central and southern Europe, while fertile plains and rivers provide key trade links. 2. The climate is generally mild due to ocean currents, though northern Europe has colder winters. Agriculture is very productive, while industry and services like banking and tourism are also important to the economy. 3. With a population of 520 million that mostly lives in urban areas, Europe has a long history stretching back to ancient Greece and Rome with key events like the Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, and post-WWII division and reunification.

1. Unit 4 Europe

2. The Land Covers 1.9 million square miles Seas and Coasts Long jagged coast line (many peninsulas and offshore islands) Being close to the sea has made it easy for most of Europe to trade Sea is a source of food for many Europeans

3. Mountains Europe is covered mostly by mountains The Pyrenees- rugged and form the border between France and Spain The Alps- are located across the southern and central parts of Europe Carpathians- chain of mountains that are located over eastern Europe

4. Plains and Rivers Fertile plains curve around the mountains Farms and cities are located throughout the plains Rivers provide trade links between inland areas The Rhine flows through NW Europe Danube River flows eastward from central Europe to the Black Sea

5. Climate and Vegetation A mild climate Most countries enjoy a mild climate year round (due to the warm Atlantic current) Northern Europe has colder longer winters and short and cool summers Vegetation Northern Europe- mosses and small shrubs NW and Eastern- forests and grasslands Air pollution has harmed many woodlands

6. The Economy Agriculture Very productive farmland Use modern equipment to produce maximum yields of grains, fruits, and vegetables Raise cattle and sheep Industry Industrial centers developed around major mineral deposits Manufacturing centers (cars, textiles, steel) Service industries (banking, insurance, tourism)

7. The People Population- 520 million people Mostly live in urban areas History Ancient Greeks and Romans laid the foundation for European government 500-1500- Christianity shaped Europe 1400s-1500s- The Renaissance (learning and arts advancement) 1700s- The Industrial Revolution occurs

8. The People Europeans explored, settled, and conquered other lands Competition for land led to two world wars After WWII, Europe split, one side communist, the other side non-communist 1980s- communism fell bringing countries’ governments and economies together