This document contains 60 questions and answers about various topics in psychology, including psychological disorders, abnormal behaviors, anxiety disorders, and more. Some key points addressed include:
- The four criteria used to indicate the presence of a psychological disorder.
- Examples of maladaptive behaviors like drug/alcohol addiction and depression.
- The difference between normal and abnormal anxiety, and examples of different anxiety disorders.
- Descriptions of specific disorders like social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
- Explanations of psychological and biological views that interpret anxiety disorders.
- Differences between post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices are a group or individually administered tests that non-verbally assesses intelligence in children and adults through abstract reasoning.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices are a group or individually administered tests that non-verbally assesses intelligence in children and adults through abstract reasoning.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Originally Eysenck characterized an individual's personality on two scales. Introversion - extraversion and stable - unstable. A person may thus be
Introverted and Stable,
Introverted and Unstable,
Extraverted and Stable or
Extraverted and Unstable.
The scale, stable - unstable, measures an increasing level of neuroticism. Eysenck's term "neuroticism" does not mean that the persons actually have neurosis, only that they are more inclined to get one.
They are continuous scales, so one can of course also score in the middle, for example, only 50% unstable and only 50% introverted. Later in his career he added Psychoticism.
Originally Eysenck characterized an individual's personality on two scales. Introversion - extraversion and stable - unstable. A person may thus be
Introverted and Stable,
Introverted and Unstable,
Extraverted and Stable or
Extraverted and Unstable.
The scale, stable - unstable, measures an increasing level of neuroticism. Eysenck's term "neuroticism" does not mean that the persons actually have neurosis, only that they are more inclined to get one.
They are continuous scales, so one can of course also score in the middle, for example, only 50% unstable and only 50% introverted. Later in his career he added Psychoticism.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Questions (1-10)
1- What are psychological Disorders?
2- Why is the diagnosis of a psychological disorder of feelings, thoughts and behaviors always
difficult?
3- How do people identify a normal from an abnormal behavior? Is that equation correct?
4- How do people with psychological disorders differ from normal people? Give Examples.
5- What are the 4 criteria that indicate the presence of a psychological disorder?
6- Are Scientific and artistic geniuses typical of other people? Are they abnormal?
7- What is a maladaptivity? Or what is a maladaptive behavior?
8- Give examples for maladaptive behaviors.
9- Why is alcohol abuse considered as maladaptive behavior?
10- Why are people who commit crimes considered free from psychological disorders?
4. • 1. Psychological Disorders are behavior patterns or mental processes that cause suffering
and inability to cope with everyday life.
• 2. Because it is based on different Criteria
• 3. What is normal is equated with what the majority do. Therefore deviation from the
majority is the abnormality. No, it isn’t correct Equation.
• 4. People with psychological abnormalities do not differ much from normal people but
they differ only in exaggeration of certain behaviors and mental processes.
• 5. Typicality (how much the behavior or the mental process is close to those of the
average majority and this would be considered normal) / Maladaptivity (a change in
behavior or mental processes that leads to tor inability to proceed with the normal functions
that a person used to do before) / Emotional Discomfort (It is a bad feelings that stops a
person's life and stop him from enjoying it or feeling happy.)/ Socially unacceptable behavior
(depends basically on the cultural text or background of the society)
• 6. No, because if the behavior or the mental process is away from the majority, does not
mean that the person is abnormal
• 7. It means a change in behavior or mental processes that leads to tor inability to proceed
with the normal functions that a person used to do before
• 8. Drug and alcohol addiction, stress , depression
• 9. Because it is often has strong Negative effects that affects the drinkers health, work,
and family
• 10. Because criminals knows his actions are illegally and he is full aware of it
5. Questions (11-20)
• 11- Are people with psychological disorders violent and dangerous?
• 12- What are the psychological disorders that cause emotional discomfort?
• 13- What are the cardinal symptoms of depression?
• 14- What kind of a behavior is considered socially unacceptable?
• 15- What is the main factor that decides whether the behavior is socially acceptable or not?
• 16- What are culture – Bound syndromes? (Clusters of symptoms that are considered as normal
consequences of possession of the body by an evil spirit while in other cultures, it is diagnosed as
a psychological disorder and even believing in it is considered a superstition and a psychological
disease in itself)
• 17- List the culture- Bound syndromes.
• 18- What are the signs of Latah?
• 19- What are the signs of Zara?
• 20- What are the signs of Ghost Sickness?
7. 11. No, Even those who have severe disorder are not violent
12. It is when feelings of sadness, helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt,
and withdrawal predominate a person's life and stop him from enjoying it or feeling
happy.
13. A behavior may be well accepted as normal by the average majority of a culture
according to its own beliefs but considered as a psychological abnormality according to
another culture's beliefs
14. It depends basically on the cultural text or background of the society
15. It means a group of symptoms diagnostic of a psychological disorder by a
psychologist whereas people of that culture give it a different interpretation according
to their own cultural beliefs and will never admit that it is a psychological disorder.
16. Latah , Zar, Ghost Sickness, Hwa Bung , Susto, Mal de ojo
17. Hypersensitivity to sudden fright often with nonsense mimicking of others
18. Shouting, laughing, head banging are thought to be due to possession of spirit
19. Bad dreams, hallucination, Fainting, believed to be preoccupation with death
20. Panic / Depression believed to be due to the suppression of anger
8. Questions (21-30)
• 21- What are the signs of Haw- Byung?
• 22- What are the signs of Susto?
• 23- What are the signs of “Mal de Ojo “?
• 24- What is anxiety?
• 25- What is the difference between anxiety and fear?
• 26- What are the signs and symptoms of anxiety?
• 27- Give examples for normal cases of anxiety.
• 28- When is anxiety considered abnormal?
• 29- List the five different types of Anxiety Disorders.
• 30- What is phobia?
10. • 21. Panic / Depression believed to be due to the suppression of anger
• 22. Unhappiness and illness is believed to be due to the soul leaving the body
• 23. Sufferers are believed to be under the influence of an evil eye
• 24. Anxiety refers to a general state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a
vague or imagined danger.
• 25. Fear is different from anxiety in that it is a response to a real kind of danger not an
imagined one
• 26. Nervousness / inability to relax / concern about losing control / trembling / sweating
/ rapid heart rate / shortness of breath / high blood pressure / flushed face / faintness /
light headedness
• 27. It is quite normal to feel anxious in some situations like tests and sports games or
when there is a TV and you don’t hear while your studying
• 28. People who feel anxious for no good reason and this feeling continues for a long time
like all and most of the time
• 29. Phobic Disorders / Panic Disorder / Generalized Anxiety Disorder ( GAD) / Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder( OCD) / Stress Disorders
• 30. A simple phobia means fear that is persistent and excessive OR irrational and illogical
that leads to avoidance behavior that interferes with the person's life and leads to
maladaptivity.
11. Question (31-40)
• 31- What is the most important condition in diagnosing phobia? (Avoidance of
the situation that leads to the phobia thus interfering with normal life)
• 32- List the different kinds of phobias.
• 33- What is a social phobia?
• 34- How do people with social phobias behave?
• 35- What do people with panic disorder have?
• 36- What is a panic attack?
• 37- What are the symptoms of a panic attack?
• 38- What is the duration of a panic attack?
• 39- What do people with panic attacks believe in?
• 40- What is the cause of panic attacks?
13. • 31. Avoidance of the situation that leads to the phobia thus interfering with
normal life
• 32. Zoophobia of animals / claustrophobia of closed places / acrophobia of heights
/ agoraphobia of open and crowded places / arachnophobia of arachnids /
hematophobia of blood
• 33. It is when a person has continuous fear of any situation that puts him / her
under the close inspection or examination of other
• 34. People resort to avoidance behavior and so they refrain from social occasions
as parties, eating in public, or dating. If they can’t avoid, they suffer strong anxiety.
• 35. People with panic disorder have recurring and unexpected panic attacks
• 36. It is a relativity short period of intense fear or discomfort
• 37. Shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, trembling, sweating, choking, nausea,
dizziness.
• 38. It may last from a few minutes to a few hours
• 39. They feel the sense of impending death
• 40. These attacks have no clear cause.
14. Questions (41-50)
• 41- What is Agoraphobia?
• 42- What happens when people with agoraphobia cannot avoid the
situation they fear?
• 43- What do panic attacks and agoraphobia lead to? (Avoidance behavior)
• 44- What is GAD?
• 45- What is the main condition for diagnosing GAD?
• 46- What are the GAD worries about?
• 47- What is the difference between GAD and the normal daily worries?
• 48- What are obsessions?
• 49- What are compulsions?
• 50-Why do people with obsessions resort to compulsions?
16. • 41. It is a fear of being in places or situation in which escape may be difficult or
impossible
• 42. They encounter panic attacks
• 43. Avoidance Behavior
• 44. It is an excessive or unrealistic worry about daily hassles that overwhelms a
person
• 45. The worries must be present during most of the time
• 46. These worries are related to work , finance , personal problems
• 47. It differs only in the duration and intensity
• 48. They are hateful , unwanted , and unjustified , senseless , repulsive , and
recurrent ideas , thoughts and mental images
• 49. They are repetitive ritual behaviors or procedures tending to relieve the
discomfort caused by the obsession
• 50. Because they think that it reduces their anxiety produced with obsessions
17. Questions (51-60)
• 51- Give examples for obsessions and compulsions.
• 52- What is the difference between obsessions and delusions?
• 53- What is the disadvantage of compulsions?
• 54- What are the two main differences between Post traumatic Stress Disorder
and Acute Stress Disorder?
• 55- What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
• 56- What are the kinds of trauma that lead to post traumatic stress disorder?
• 57- What are the symptoms of PTSD?
• 58- What are the symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)?
• 59 – Explain the psychological views that interpret Anxiety Disorders. (Very
important
• 60-Explain the biological views that interpret Anxiety Disorders? (Very important)
19. • 51. a woman believes that everything she touches conveys germs and keeps washing her hands like
500 times a day
• 52. There is a difference between obsessions and delusions in that in obsessions the patient is aware
that his / her hateful ideas are unjustified while in delusions the patient is living a dream or an
imagination believing and convinced that it is a fact or a reality.
• 53. Time consuming and create additional life interference with life
• 54. ASD (onset: immediately after trauma) / (Duration: Short Lasting) PTSD: (Onset: Six months after
trauma) / (Duration: Long Lasting)
• 55. Refers to intense, Persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by an experience so traumatic that
it would produce stress in almost anyone
• 56. rape , car crash , airplane crash , abuse , severe accident , war atrocities , assaults
• 57. Flashbacks of the trauma, nightmares, numbness of feelings, avoidance of stimuli reminiscent of
the trauma, increased tension, sleep disorders, irritability, and poor concentration.
• 58. The same as PSTD
• 59. Psychological: (Repression of forbidden urges and drives) / (Phobias are conditioned or learned in
childhood when the child experiences a traumatic event) / (People reduce their anxiety by trying to
avoid its cause leading to this avoidance behavior)
• 60. Biological views refer anxiety to genetic factors and heredity based on examination of identical
twins.
20. Questions (61-70)
• 61- Explain the interaction of factors in Anxiety Disorders. (Very important)
• 62- What is dissociation?
• 63- Give examples of some cases in which dissociation is considered
normal?
• 64- What are the different types of Dissociative Disorders?
• 65- What is Dissociative Amnesia?
• 66- What do people with Dissociative Amnesia forget?
• 67- How long does Dissociative Amnesia last?
• 68- Dissociative Amnesia is psychogenic. Explain.
• 69 – What is Dissociative Fugue?
• 70- What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
22. • 61. Psychologists believe that people are genetically inclined to fears and that this genetic tendency
makes people afraid of wild animals and other dangers and therefore helps them to survive. Fear makes
people cautious and helps them in avoiding danger and protecting their lives. In panic attacks, the initial
physical symptoms of dyspnea and rapid heart rate cause these people to react with fear because they
have the gene for that and this fear worsens the symptoms and they might think they are having a heart
attack. The genetic tendency for fear will also make them afraid of getting another panic attack and
itself becomes a stressful psychological disorder which makes you live afraid and expecting a bad thing
to recur whereas it might not .
• 62. Dissociation means separation of certain personality components or mental processes from
conscious awareness and thought.
• 63. Reading , repairing something , watching TV, watching the road while driving , daydreaming
• 64. Dissociative Amnesia / Dissociative Fugue / Dissociative Identity Disorder / Depersonalization
Disorder
• 65. It is characterized by sudden loss of memory usually following a severe traumatic event.
• 66. The person cannot remember the events that happened in the time lapse before , during , and
after the stressful traumatic event
• 67. It may last for just a few hours or it may persist for years.
• 68. It means that the cause is only psychological and there are no biological causes to it such as a
head trauma or a stroke.
• 69. It is not only characterized by loss of all personal or past memory but also of escaping and
relocating from home and work and taking a new identity
• 70. It involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single person that take their turns
in controlling the patient’s behavior
23. Questions (71-80)
• 71- In what ways do the multiple personalities of Dissociative Identity Disorder differ
from each other?
• 72- What are the causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder?
• 73- What are the psychological views that explain Dissociative Disorders? (Very
important)
• 74- What is “Somatization “?
• 75 – What is the difference between somatoform disorders and malingering?
• 76- What are the two most common types of Somatoform Disorders?
• 77- What is the Conversion Disorder?
• 78- What is Hypochondriasis?
• 79- Explain the Psychological theory that interprets Somatoform Disorders? (Very
important)
• 80- When are people diagnosed as having a “Mood Disorder “?
25. • 71. Each of these personalities is different from the others in physical traits such as the voice tone , the facial
expressions , the self-perceived age , the gender , the physical characteristics and appearance
• 72. Repression of undesirable urges. / Expressing undesirable urges through dissociation into a new identity /
Going outside oneself to avoid the inner turmoil (depersonalization) / when a person dissociates, he or she not
only forgets the trauma but also reduces the anxiety related to that trauma and this itself encourages him / her to
remain dissociated.
• 73. In dissociative amnesia or fugue, the person forgets the disturbing urges. In dissociative Identity, the person
expresses undesirable urges by developing other personalities that can take responsibility for them. In
Depersonalization, the person goes outside the self, away from the turmoil within
• 74. Expression of psychological Distress through Physical symptoms which are inexplicable on medical basis.
• 75. It differs from “malingering “in which the person intentionally and consciously fakes disease or pretends to
be ill so as to avoid work, school or responsibility. While Somatoform disorder are not faking the symptoms.
• 76. Conversion Disorder / Hypochondriasis
• 77. It involves a change or a partial or total loss in the function of a certain part of the body
• 78. It is the person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts that he or she has a serious disorder. They
become annoyed and exaggerate minor physical symptoms and are convinced that there is a serious illness
despite assurance by doctors that there is nothing wrong
• 79. Suggests that these Somatoform Disorders happen when forbidden urges and emotions are repressed and
are expressed as physical illness. These Somatoform Disorders represent the balance between the subconscious
desires and the need to express them against the fear of actually expressing them.
• 80. It is the Changes that seem inappropriate or inconsistent with the situation such as feeling sad when things
are going well or feeling elated for no apparent reason
26. Questions (81-85)
• 81- What are the two main categories of “Mood Disorders “
• 82- What do people with depression feel?
• 83- What does the ‘Bipolar Disorder ‘mean?
• 84- What are the nine main symptoms of Major Depression?
• 85- How many of the nine symptoms are essential for the Diagnosis of
major Depression
28. • 81. Depression and Bipolar Disorder
• 82. They feel of hopelessness , helplessness , worthlessness , guilt and great
sadness
• 83. It involves a cycle of mood changes from depression to wild elation and
back again
• 84. Persistent depressed mood for most of the day. / Loss of interest in
activities that were previously enjoyed. / Weight loss or weight gain due to
either anorexia or polyphagia. / Sleeping Disorders / Fatigue and loss of energy.
/ Speeding up or slowing down of physical and emotional reactions. / Feelings
of worthlessness or guilt. / Reduced ability to concentrate or make good
decisions. / Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
• 85. at least five of the nine symptoms but these five symptoms must include
either persistent depressed mood for most of the day or loss of interest or
pleasure in all or almost all activities that a person used to enjoy before