Mod 5 dual processing, sleep, & dreams
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The document discusses different states of consciousness including waking consciousness and sleep. It describes how waking consciousness involves selective attention and can involve inattentional and change blindness. It discusses the circadian rhythm and how biological clocks influence sleep cycles, which go through different sleep stages over 90 minute periods, including REM sleep. Sleep is hypothesized to protect organisms from harm and allow the body and brain to recuperate. Sleep deprivation can impair functioning and increase health risks.
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2) The stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs and non-REM sleep with 4 stages. Sleep cycles through the stages approximately every 90 minutes.
3) Various sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as theories about the functions and causes of sleep. Drug use and types of drugs are also summarized.
Sleep And Fatigue
Sleep is essential for normal functioning and survival. It helps the body and brain restore and repair. There are different sleep stages that provide different benefits. Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night, though individual needs vary. Lack of sufficient sleep can seriously impair performance and health, increasing risks of accidents, illness, and mental health issues.
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Mod 31 contemporary perspectives on personality
The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a 44-item questionnaire used to assess an individual across five broad dimensions of personality: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Respondents indicate the extent to which they agree with statements describing various traits and behaviors associated with the Big Five factors on a 5-point scale. The BFI aims to provide a comprehensive yet concise measure of an individual's standing on the major dimensions of personality.
Mod 30 classic perspectives on personality
This document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on personality. It discusses key concepts in Freud's theory such as the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages of development, and defense mechanisms. The document also examines Freud's model of the mind as consisting of the id, ego, and superego. Additionally, it evaluates some of the criticisms of Freud's psychosexual stages theory and discusses how his concepts relate to statements in a survey about personality.
Mod 19 learning by observation
Observational learning is an important way that humans and other animals learn new behaviors and skills. Key points:
1) Studies by Bandura and others showed that children imitate behaviors they observe in others, whether prosocial or antisocial behaviors.
2) Mirror neurons in the brain help explain how observational learning works on a neural level.
3) Research also links viewing media violence with increased aggression in children, though parental monitoring can reduce these harmful effects.
Mod 18 Operant conditioning
Skinner's experiments with operant conditioning extended Thorndike's law of effect. Using an operant chamber (Skinner box), Skinner studied how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Reinforcers like food increase behaviors, while punishers decrease them. Schedules of reinforcement also impact behaviors. Operant conditioning involves cognition, as rats in mazes seem to develop cognitive maps. Skinner's work influenced understanding of learning but also received some criticism for not acknowledging cognition and inner mental processes fully. His research legacy advanced the field of psychology.
Mod 17 Classical Conditioning
Pavlov's classic experiments on classical conditioning demonstrated that organisms can learn to associate neutral stimuli with biologically significant stimuli, as when his dogs learned to salivate to a tone that predicted food. Later research expanded on Pavlov's work to show the importance of cognitive processes and biological predispositions in conditioning, and that conditioning principles can help explain diverse phenomena like drug addiction, immune responses, phobias, and advertising effectiveness. Pavlov's work established classical conditioning as a fundamental form of learning and influenced the development of behaviorism.
Mod 15 the other senses
This document provides an overview of the other human senses beyond sight: hearing, touch, pain, taste, smell, and body position/movement. It describes the key components and mechanisms of each sense, including sound waves and the ear for hearing, pressure receptors and nerve fibers for touch, the gate control theory of pain, the four basic tastes detected by taste buds, odor molecules and receptors for smell, and sensors in muscles and joints and the inner ear for balance and body awareness. The relationships between senses are also discussed, such as how smell can strongly influence memories and flavor is a combination of taste, smell, and texture.
Module 12 adolescence
The document discusses several key aspects of adolescent development including:
1) Physical changes during puberty include development of primary and secondary sex characteristics as well as attainment of reproductive maturity.
2) Cognitive development involves improvements in abstract thinking, reasoning, and perspective taking abilities due to frontal lobe maturation, though teenage behavior can still be impulsive due to relatively slower limbic system development.
3) Social and identity development involves distancing from parents and exploring different social roles and identities in order to establish a sense of self and independence. Forming close relationships also becomes an important task of late adolescence.
Mod 7 drugs
The document discusses psychoactive drugs and their effects on consciousness and addiction. It describes how continued drug use can lead to dependence and addiction through tolerance. Withdrawal from addictive drugs causes undesirable symptoms like discomfort and distress. Dependence involves physical and psychological cravings when absence from the drug. The document categorizes major psychoactive drugs into depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens; and provides examples and effects of drugs from each category like alcohol, cocaine, LSD. Biological, psychological and social-cultural factors influence drug use.
Mod 6 hypnosis
Hypnosis is a social interaction where a hypnotist suggests perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors to a subject. While hypnosis does not block sensory input, it can help reduce pain by dissociating the pain sensation from conscious awareness or focusing attention elsewhere. Theories on hypnosis include the social influence theory, which views subjects as role players influenced by social expectations, and the divided consciousness theory, where hypnosis creates a split in consciousness. Both theories may contribute to explaining hypnosis.
Module 4 the brain
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the main parts of the human brain. It discusses older brain structures like the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system. It also describes the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions. The document then summarizes research on split brain patients which revealed new insights about how the left and right hemispheres process information independently.
Module 3 neural and hormonal systems
This document provides an overview of the nervous system and neural communication. It discusses that neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, transmitting information through the body. There are sensory neurons that receive information and send it to the central nervous system, motor neurons that carry signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands, and interneurons that communicate within the CNS. The document outlines the structure and function of neurons, neural pathways, and neurotransmitters.
Module 2 research strategies how psychologists ask and answer questions
The document discusses various aspects of the scientific method used by psychologists to study behavior and mental processes. It explains that intuition and common sense can be inaccurate, while a scientific approach using steps like asking questions, constructing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and communication of results can provide more reliable insights. Some examples discussed include how hindsight bias and overconfidence can affect perceptions, and the importance of objectively observing and describing behavior systematically through methods like case studies, surveys and naturalistic observation.
Module 1 the history and scope of psychology
The document provides an overview of the history and scope of psychology. It discusses how psychology originated from the work of philosophers like Wilhelm Wundt in the late 1800s. It then describes some of the major developments in psychology's evolution including behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. The document also outlines psychology's main levels of analysis using a biopsychosocial approach and lists some of psychology's main subfields including clinical, cognitive, and social psychology.
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Mod 5 dual processing, sleep, & dreams
- 18. Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cycles/second) . A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
- 19. Sleep Stages 1-2 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps) . A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Theta Waves
- 20. Sleep Stages 3-4 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps) .
- 21. Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.
- 22. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.
- 25. Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, immune function and concentration deteriorates and the risk of accidents increases. We need sleep to thrive appropriately. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis
- 27. Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
- 35. Manifest Content and Latent Content The Nightmare , Henry Fuseli (1791) Manifest content of a dream includes the actual images, thoughts and content contained within the dream; the elements of the dream that we remember upon awakening. Sigmund Freud suggested that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment and manifest content serves to disguise the latent content Latent content of a dream is the hidden psychological meaning; Freud believed that latent content is suppressed and hidden by the subconscious mind in order to protect the individual from thoughts and feelings that are hard to cope with. By uncovering the hidden meaning, Freud believed that people could better understand their problems and resolve issues that create difficulties in their lives.
- 40. Dream Theories Summary Show tripp clip if time allows
Editor's Notes
- Preview Question 1: What is consciousness, and how does it function?
- Preview Question 2: How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams?
- Preview Question 3: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?
- Preview Question 4: How does sleep loss affect us? What is sleep’s function?
- Preview Question 5: What are the major sleep disorders?
- Preview Question 6: What do we dream?
- Preview Question 7: What is the function of dreams?