Psychology
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Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Its goals are to describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. It has many subfields including clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Important figures in its history include Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychology lab, and William James, who brought experimental psychology to the US. Other influential psychologists include Freud, Pavlov, Piaget, and Skinner.
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Emotions are feelings that have physiological and cognitive elements and influence behavior. They prepare us for action, shape future behavior, and help us interact effectively with others. There are several theories about the roots of emotions, including the James-Lange theory that emotions are reactions to bodily events, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that emotions are determined by physiological arousal and environmental cues. The amygdala plays a role in linking emotion-producing stimuli to later recall. While facial expressions of emotion may be universal, display rules govern appropriate emotional expression. The six primary emotions are happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, and fear.
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This document discusses different approaches to defining and assessing intelligence, including fluid and crystallized intelligence, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, and emotional and practical intelligence. It describes the biological basis of intelligence in the lateral prefrontal cortex and how intelligence tests are used to quantify a person's intelligence level through metrics like IQ, mental age, and standardized tests. The document also covers reliability and validity in testing, norms, scoring better on tests, categories of mental retardation, and causes and educational programs for students with mental retardation or intellectual giftedness.
Sensory system
The document discusses the human senses and how they work. It explains that there are more than eight senses that detect various forms of energy like sound, light, heat, pressure, and chemicals through specialized receptor cells. The stimuli are converted into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain for perception. Thresholds refer to the minimum amount of stimuli needed to activate a sense. The document then focuses on the anatomy and functions of the eye and ear in more detail.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system helps regulate the body's functions through glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Major glands include the pituitary gland, which controls other glands; the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism; and the adrenal and gonadal glands, which regulate other processes like stress response and reproduction. Disorders can result from too much or too little hormone production and can affect growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions.
Background of psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Its goals are to describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. It has many subfields including clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Important figures in its history include Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychology lab, and William James, who brought experimental psychology to the US. Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning.
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Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Its goals are to describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. It has many subfields including clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Important figures in its history include Wilhelm Wundt, who founded the first psychology lab, and William James, who brought experimental psychology to the US. Major perspectives include biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic approaches.
Nervous system
The nervous system has three main functions: receiving information, interpreting information, and making the body respond. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body). The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles and skin sensation) and autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary functions like heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions). Neurons are the basic functional units and transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. Common nervous system ailments include multiple sclerosis, polio, brain tumors, meningitis, rabies, stroke, and encephalitis.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system helps regulate the body's functions through glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" and controls other glands by producing tropic hormones. Hormones regulate critical functions like growth, metabolism, fluid balance, mood, and reproduction. Disorders can result from too much or too little hormone production and impact one's health, development, and quality of life.
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Psychology
- 1. Psychology
- 9. Date Event 5,000 BC Trephining used to allow the escape of evil spirits. 1637 Descartes described animal spirits. Knowledge was inborn in humans. 1690 John Locke introduced the idea of tabula rasa. 1807 Franz Josef Gall proposed phrenology. 1879 Wilhelm Wundt inaugurated first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
- 10. Date Event 1890 Principles of Psychology published by William James. 1895 Functionalist model formulated. 1900 Sigmund Freud developed the psychodynamic perspective. 1904 Ivan Pavlov won Nobel Prize for work on digestion that led to fundamental principles of learning. 1905 Mary Calkins worked on memory.
- 11. Date Event 1915 Strong emphasis on intelligence testing. 1920 Gestalt psychology became the most influential. 1924 John B. Watson, an early behaviorist, published Behaviorism. 1951 Carl Rogers published Client-Centered Therapy, helping to establish the humanistic perspective. 1953 B. F. Skinner published Science and Human Behavior advocating the behavioral perspective.
- 12. Date Event 1954 Abraham Maslow published Motivation and Personality, developing the concept of self-actualization. 1980 Jean Piaget, influential developmental psychologist died. 1985 Increasing emphasis on cognitive perspective. 2000 New subfields developed such as clinical neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology.