Emotions are feelings that have physiological and cognitive elements and influence behavior. They prepare us for action, shape future behavior, and help us interact effectively with others. There are several theories about the roots of emotions, including the James-Lange theory that emotions are reactions to bodily events, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological arousal and emotions occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that emotions are determined by physiological arousal and environmental cues. The amygdala plays a role in linking emotion-producing stimuli to later recall. While facial expressions of emotion may be universal, display rules govern appropriate emotional expression. The six primary emotions are happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, and fear.

1. Understanding Emotional Experiences

2. Emotions Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior. Increase in blood pressure and heart rate More rapid respiration Dilation of the pupil of the eye Increase in perspiration Decrease in motility of the gastrointestinal tract Raising of the skin hairs

3. Functions of Emotions Preparing us for action. Shaping our future behavior. Helping us interact more effectively with others.

4. Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings Love Infatuation Joy Bliss Pride Anger Annoyance Hostility Jealousy Sadness Agony Grief Loneliness Fear Horror Worry

5. Roots of Emotions

6. James-Lange Theory The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation. For every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological or gut reaction of internal organs – called a visceral experience Visceral experience and emotional experience “ I feel sad because I am crying.”

7. Cannon-Bard Theory The belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.

8. Schachter-Singer Theory The belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues. When the source of physiological arousal is unclear, we may look to our surroundings to determine just what we are experiencing.

9. Neuroscience of Emotions Amygdala – provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later

10. Do people in all cultures express emotion similarly? Facial-affect program – activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression Display rules – guidelines that govern the appropriateness of showing emotion nonverbally Facial-feedback hypothesis – the hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions

11. Six Primary Emotions Happiness Anger Sadness Surprise Disgust Fear

12. Love Styles (John Lee) Eros is love of appearance. They express frequent appreciation to their beloved of those ideal qualities. Storge (Stor-gay) is a slowly developing affection. Love builds with time together. There is little evidence of passion or romance. Ludus is love as play or game. They seek many interesting relationships. They have no experience of jealousy and can openly love several partners over the same period of time.

13. Mania is intense love. Manic lovers are obsessed with their lovers and feel intense jealousy at the threat of loss. Pragma is practical love style. A compatible lover is sought, one who is similar in attitudes, interests and beliefs. Agape is one-direction, altruistic love. It is a selfless and giving love style, a duty to love even when there are no returns.

14. Components of Love (Robert Sternberg) Intimacy – close, warm feelings Passion – primarily sexual urge or drive to love Decision-commitment – is the short-term decision to love and the long-term commitment to maintain the love

15. Love Types (Sternberg) Liking is having only intimacy, without decision-commitment or passion (true friendship) Infatuation comes from having passion without intimacy or decision/commitment. It appears quickly and disappears almost as fast. It is typically not reciprocal. Empty love is label for holding the decision/commitment component without intimacy or passion.

16. Romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion. There is both liking and physical desire. Companionate love combines the decision/commitment and intimacy components. Passion has faded. Fatuous love lacks intimacy but has sufficient passion and decision/commitment. Passion is the primary basis for a marriage. Consummate love combines all three components. It is the society’s ideal of a love relationship. Absence of the three components is called nonlove.