The document discusses several theories of child psychology and development. It describes Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory including the psychosexual stages of development from oral to genital. It also covers Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory and the stages from trust vs mistrust to integrity vs despair. Additionally, it summarizes Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory and the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
It is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child.
It explains the dental application of child's behavior in during treatment.
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development proposed that personality forms from negotiations of psychosexual stages - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Erik Erikson expanded on this, proposing 8 psychosocial stages from infancy to late adulthood. The first stage, trust vs mistrust, involves infants developing trust if caregivers meet needs consistently. The second, autonomy vs shame and doubt, sees toddlers developing independence if given opportunities to do so with support. The third, initiative vs guilt, involves preschoolers initiating activities if successes are supported versus feeling guilt from failures.
This document provides an overview of child psychology presented by Dr. Shivani S. Singh. It defines key terms like child psychology, emotion, and behavior. It discusses the importance of understanding child psychology for dental care. Several theories of child development are explained, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, classical conditioning theory, and social learning theory. The document focuses on Freud's psychodynamic theories including the psychic model of id, ego, and superego.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect. It defines different types of abuse, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse/neglect. It discusses characteristics of abusers and abused children. The document presents statistics on the prevalence of different types of abuse from studies in the US and India. It also outlines signs, symptoms and evidence of different types of physical abuse like fractures, shaken baby syndrome, and battered baby syndrome. The conclusion discusses several studies that have examined injuries in abused children, with many finding injuries to the head and face.
Child Psychology - Sigmund freud theory Ishani Sharma
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of child development proposes that personality forms from the psychosexual stages that children progress through from birth to adolescence. His theory includes three components: the topographic model of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds; the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; and the psychic apparatus of the id, ego, and superego. Successful completion of each stage supports healthy development, while fixation can result from unresolved conflicts. Freud's theory emphasizes the role of sexuality compared to other theories which focus more on cognitive or social factors.
Genetics- Principles & Disoreders in Paediatric DentistryDrSusmita Shah
The document discusses genetics principles and disorders relevant to pediatric dentistry. It begins with an overview of the history of genetics including discoveries by Mendel, Watson, Crick and others. It then covers basic genetics terminology, DNA structure, karyotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, inheritance patterns, genetic disorders and genetic counseling. Specific topics discussed in more depth include trisomies, Klinefelter syndrome, chromosomal deletions, duplications and other structural abnormalities. The document provides foundational information on genetics and inheritance patterns important for pediatric dentistry.
The document discusses child psychology and behavior management in dentistry. It covers several theories of child development including psychoanalytic theory by Freud, cognitive theory by Piaget, classical and operant conditioning. Factors affecting a child's behavior are discussed like the dental environment, past experiences, and home life. Behavior management techniques aim to develop positive dental attitudes in children through communication, behavior shaping, and reinforcement using rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli.
It is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child.
It explains the dental application of child's behavior in during treatment.
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development proposed that personality forms from negotiations of psychosexual stages - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Erik Erikson expanded on this, proposing 8 psychosocial stages from infancy to late adulthood. The first stage, trust vs mistrust, involves infants developing trust if caregivers meet needs consistently. The second, autonomy vs shame and doubt, sees toddlers developing independence if given opportunities to do so with support. The third, initiative vs guilt, involves preschoolers initiating activities if successes are supported versus feeling guilt from failures.
This document provides an overview of child psychology presented by Dr. Shivani S. Singh. It defines key terms like child psychology, emotion, and behavior. It discusses the importance of understanding child psychology for dental care. Several theories of child development are explained, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, classical conditioning theory, and social learning theory. The document focuses on Freud's psychodynamic theories including the psychic model of id, ego, and superego.
This document provides an overview of child abuse and neglect. It defines different types of abuse, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse/neglect. It discusses characteristics of abusers and abused children. The document presents statistics on the prevalence of different types of abuse from studies in the US and India. It also outlines signs, symptoms and evidence of different types of physical abuse like fractures, shaken baby syndrome, and battered baby syndrome. The conclusion discusses several studies that have examined injuries in abused children, with many finding injuries to the head and face.
Child Psychology - Sigmund freud theory Ishani Sharma
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of child development proposes that personality forms from the psychosexual stages that children progress through from birth to adolescence. His theory includes three components: the topographic model of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds; the psychosexual stages of oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; and the psychic apparatus of the id, ego, and superego. Successful completion of each stage supports healthy development, while fixation can result from unresolved conflicts. Freud's theory emphasizes the role of sexuality compared to other theories which focus more on cognitive or social factors.
Genetics- Principles & Disoreders in Paediatric DentistryDrSusmita Shah
The document discusses genetics principles and disorders relevant to pediatric dentistry. It begins with an overview of the history of genetics including discoveries by Mendel, Watson, Crick and others. It then covers basic genetics terminology, DNA structure, karyotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, inheritance patterns, genetic disorders and genetic counseling. Specific topics discussed in more depth include trisomies, Klinefelter syndrome, chromosomal deletions, duplications and other structural abnormalities. The document provides foundational information on genetics and inheritance patterns important for pediatric dentistry.
The document discusses child psychology and behavior management in dentistry. It covers several theories of child development including psychoanalytic theory by Freud, cognitive theory by Piaget, classical and operant conditioning. Factors affecting a child's behavior are discussed like the dental environment, past experiences, and home life. Behavior management techniques aim to develop positive dental attitudes in children through communication, behavior shaping, and reinforcement using rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli.
This seminar contains a brief introduction followed by objectives of bahavior management,various definitions,classification,pedodontic triangle,parenting types,Non-pharmacological methods of behavior management in detail with modifications followed by conclusion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
This document provides an overview of fear and its management in children. It defines fear and discusses the types, signs and symptoms, and response to fear. It also covers anxiety, phobias, and how to assess fear levels in children. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies and references for fear in children.
The document discusses emotions and phobias in children. It describes how crying changes as a child develops, from birth through school age and adolescence. It also defines phobias and lists common types, such as fears of animals, darkness, and school. Phobias are most common in children ages 2-4 and 4-6, and often disappear by age 10. Situational phobias can involve fears of open or crowded places.
This document provides an overview of early childhood caries (ECC), including definitions, classifications, prevalence, risk factors, management, and prevention. ECC is defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child under 6 years old. Key risk factors include dental plaque, mutans streptococci bacteria, frequent sugar consumption, and improper feeding practices like prolonged bottle use. Prevention strategies focus on educating parents and caregivers on promoting proper oral hygiene, healthy diets, and reducing transmission of cariogenic bacteria from mother to child.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
Psychological management of child in dentistry using Jean Piagets Cognitive T...savithasathyaprasad
This power point deals with clinical implication of Jean Piaget's theory of child psychology in paediatric dentistry and application in chair side behavior management of child
Behavioural Management in Pediatric DentistrySwalihaAlthaf
This document provides information on behavioral management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines key terms like behavior, behavior management, behavior shaping, and behavior modification. It then categorizes and describes various non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, use of second language, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, behavior shaping, contingency management, distraction, assimilation and coping techniques.
This document discusses infant oral health and anticipatory guidance. It provides definitions of terms like risk assessment and anticipatory guidance. It outlines the goals and steps of early infant oral health care visits, including examination, counseling, risk assessment, and establishing anticipatory guidance. The document discusses counseling topics at different developmental stages from infancy to adolescence. It emphasizes the importance of early intervention, prevention of oral diseases, and establishing good oral hygiene habits from an early age through anticipatory guidance.
Pharmacological methods of behavioural management 1DR KARUNA SHARMA
This document discusses guidelines for conscious sedation in dentistry. It defines conscious sedation and other levels of sedation. It outlines objectives and goals of conscious sedation, as well as indications, contraindications and monitoring requirements. Patient evaluation, pre-operative preparation, personnel and equipment needs, and recovery criteria are also summarized. The document provides guidance on safely administering and monitoring conscious sedation during dental procedures.
This document provides an overview of pit and fissure sealants. It begins with a brief history of sealants, describing early attempts using materials like silver nitrate and zinc phosphate in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the modern development of sealants, highlighting Buonocore's 1955 introduction of the acid-etch technique and the 1976 ADA designation of sealants as safe and effective. The document covers topics like morphology of pits and fissures, histopathology of caries in these areas, sealant classifications, ideal requirements, case selection criteria, and common materials like bis-GMA resins and glass ionomer cements.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
This document discusses psychological growth and development in children from infancy to adolescence. It covers the key periods of development and important behaviors and milestones at each stage. For example, it notes that infancy from birth to 1 year is a critical period for personality development and trust building. It also discusses common behaviors seen in children during dental visits, such as crying, anxiety, resistance and timidity. The document provides several classifications of child behaviors and factors that can influence their behavior, such as their age, dental experiences and parental influences. It emphasizes the importance of effective communication and behavior management techniques in caring for children, such as modeling, positive reinforcement and distraction.
Relationship between the type of food, frequency of intake and various cariogenic and non-cariogenic factors which influence initiation and progression of caries have been studied over the years.
This document discusses child abuse and neglect. It defines various types of child abuse like physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It describes characteristics of abused children and abusers. Specific injuries from different types of abuse are outlined like bruises in physical abuse and indicators of sexual abuse. Factors contributing to abuse are noted. The roles of medical professionals like dentists in identifying, documenting, and managing abuse cases are discussed. Prevention, intervention, legal aspects, and management of child abuse are also covered.
The document defines a dental home as an ongoing relationship between a dentist and patient that provides comprehensive, accessible, and family-centered oral healthcare from infancy through adolescence. A dental home has characteristics like being accessible in the community, family-centered, providing unbiased information continuously, and being comprehensive, coordinated, and compassionate. When a parent or caregiver approaches a dental home, the dentist will take a history, do an examination, and do a risk assessment to enhance the dentist's ability to assist the child and family with optimal oral healthcare.
The presentation features the understanding of a special child i.e. a physically or mentally challenged child for better assessment of his/her medical and dental problems to provide a proper approach for the specific treatment.
This document discusses child behavior and behavior management techniques in dentistry. It defines concepts like fear, anxiety, and emotions commonly seen in children. It also describes various classification systems used to assess child behavior and factors that can influence it like parental attitudes. The document outlines non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, modeling, desensitization and contingency management. It discusses practical considerations for behavior management in a dental clinic.
pedodontics.....non pharmacological methods of behaviour managementSurabhi Desai
This document discusses various behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines behavior management as the means by which the dental team performs treatment to instill a positive dental attitude. Factors that influence a child's cooperative behavior like parental anxiety, medical experiences, and communication techniques are described. Methods of behavior shaping include desensitization, modeling, and contingency management. Specific behavior management techniques addressed include audio analgesia, biofeedback, voice control, hypnosis, humor, coping, and aversive conditioning.
- Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory, which proposes that unconscious forces, especially sexual and aggressive drives, shape human behavior.
- He proposed three parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, the ego balances the id with reality, and the superego incorporates societal values and morals.
- Freud believed that early childhood experiences, especially relationships with parents, have a profound influence on personality development and mental health later in life. His theory focused on the importance of sexuality in psychological development.
This seminar contains a brief introduction followed by objectives of bahavior management,various definitions,classification,pedodontic triangle,parenting types,Non-pharmacological methods of behavior management in detail with modifications followed by conclusion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
This document provides an overview of fear and its management in children. It defines fear and discusses the types, signs and symptoms, and response to fear. It also covers anxiety, phobias, and how to assess fear levels in children. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies and references for fear in children.
The document discusses emotions and phobias in children. It describes how crying changes as a child develops, from birth through school age and adolescence. It also defines phobias and lists common types, such as fears of animals, darkness, and school. Phobias are most common in children ages 2-4 and 4-6, and often disappear by age 10. Situational phobias can involve fears of open or crowded places.
This document provides an overview of early childhood caries (ECC), including definitions, classifications, prevalence, risk factors, management, and prevention. ECC is defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child under 6 years old. Key risk factors include dental plaque, mutans streptococci bacteria, frequent sugar consumption, and improper feeding practices like prolonged bottle use. Prevention strategies focus on educating parents and caregivers on promoting proper oral hygiene, healthy diets, and reducing transmission of cariogenic bacteria from mother to child.
This document provides an overview of pulpotomy procedures for primary teeth. It begins with definitions of pulpotomy and discusses the rationale, objectives, indications, contraindications and classification of different pulpotomy techniques. It then describes various medicaments that can be used, including formocresol, glutaraldehyde, calcium hydroxide, and ferric sulfate. The document outlines techniques for formocresol pulpotomy, electrosurgical pulpotomy, and laser pulpotomy. It also discusses recent concepts in pulpotomy including the use of bone morphogenetic protein and enamel matrix derivatives. The document concludes by examining reasons for failure of pulpotomy therapy.
Psychological management of child in dentistry using Jean Piagets Cognitive T...savithasathyaprasad
This power point deals with clinical implication of Jean Piaget's theory of child psychology in paediatric dentistry and application in chair side behavior management of child
Behavioural Management in Pediatric DentistrySwalihaAlthaf
This document provides information on behavioral management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines key terms like behavior, behavior management, behavior shaping, and behavior modification. It then categorizes and describes various non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, use of second language, tell-show-do, desensitization, modeling, behavior shaping, contingency management, distraction, assimilation and coping techniques.
This document discusses infant oral health and anticipatory guidance. It provides definitions of terms like risk assessment and anticipatory guidance. It outlines the goals and steps of early infant oral health care visits, including examination, counseling, risk assessment, and establishing anticipatory guidance. The document discusses counseling topics at different developmental stages from infancy to adolescence. It emphasizes the importance of early intervention, prevention of oral diseases, and establishing good oral hygiene habits from an early age through anticipatory guidance.
Pharmacological methods of behavioural management 1DR KARUNA SHARMA
This document discusses guidelines for conscious sedation in dentistry. It defines conscious sedation and other levels of sedation. It outlines objectives and goals of conscious sedation, as well as indications, contraindications and monitoring requirements. Patient evaluation, pre-operative preparation, personnel and equipment needs, and recovery criteria are also summarized. The document provides guidance on safely administering and monitoring conscious sedation during dental procedures.
This document provides an overview of pit and fissure sealants. It begins with a brief history of sealants, describing early attempts using materials like silver nitrate and zinc phosphate in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the modern development of sealants, highlighting Buonocore's 1955 introduction of the acid-etch technique and the 1976 ADA designation of sealants as safe and effective. The document covers topics like morphology of pits and fissures, histopathology of caries in these areas, sealant classifications, ideal requirements, case selection criteria, and common materials like bis-GMA resins and glass ionomer cements.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
This document discusses psychological growth and development in children from infancy to adolescence. It covers the key periods of development and important behaviors and milestones at each stage. For example, it notes that infancy from birth to 1 year is a critical period for personality development and trust building. It also discusses common behaviors seen in children during dental visits, such as crying, anxiety, resistance and timidity. The document provides several classifications of child behaviors and factors that can influence their behavior, such as their age, dental experiences and parental influences. It emphasizes the importance of effective communication and behavior management techniques in caring for children, such as modeling, positive reinforcement and distraction.
Relationship between the type of food, frequency of intake and various cariogenic and non-cariogenic factors which influence initiation and progression of caries have been studied over the years.
This document discusses child abuse and neglect. It defines various types of child abuse like physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. It describes characteristics of abused children and abusers. Specific injuries from different types of abuse are outlined like bruises in physical abuse and indicators of sexual abuse. Factors contributing to abuse are noted. The roles of medical professionals like dentists in identifying, documenting, and managing abuse cases are discussed. Prevention, intervention, legal aspects, and management of child abuse are also covered.
The document defines a dental home as an ongoing relationship between a dentist and patient that provides comprehensive, accessible, and family-centered oral healthcare from infancy through adolescence. A dental home has characteristics like being accessible in the community, family-centered, providing unbiased information continuously, and being comprehensive, coordinated, and compassionate. When a parent or caregiver approaches a dental home, the dentist will take a history, do an examination, and do a risk assessment to enhance the dentist's ability to assist the child and family with optimal oral healthcare.
The presentation features the understanding of a special child i.e. a physically or mentally challenged child for better assessment of his/her medical and dental problems to provide a proper approach for the specific treatment.
This document discusses child behavior and behavior management techniques in dentistry. It defines concepts like fear, anxiety, and emotions commonly seen in children. It also describes various classification systems used to assess child behavior and factors that can influence it like parental attitudes. The document outlines non-pharmacological behavior management techniques including communication, modeling, desensitization and contingency management. It discusses practical considerations for behavior management in a dental clinic.
pedodontics.....non pharmacological methods of behaviour managementSurabhi Desai
This document discusses various behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry. It defines behavior management as the means by which the dental team performs treatment to instill a positive dental attitude. Factors that influence a child's cooperative behavior like parental anxiety, medical experiences, and communication techniques are described. Methods of behavior shaping include desensitization, modeling, and contingency management. Specific behavior management techniques addressed include audio analgesia, biofeedback, voice control, hypnosis, humor, coping, and aversive conditioning.
- Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory, which proposes that unconscious forces, especially sexual and aggressive drives, shape human behavior.
- He proposed three parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, the ego balances the id with reality, and the superego incorporates societal values and morals.
- Freud believed that early childhood experiences, especially relationships with parents, have a profound influence on personality development and mental health later in life. His theory focused on the importance of sexuality in psychological development.
SEMESTER- V CHILD HEALTH NURSING-I
Modern child care emphasizes a holistic approach, nurturing a child's physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development.
Shifting from a disease-centered model, modern child care prioritizes preventive care and fostering healthy growth in children.
The modern concept of child care recognizes the family as a crucial partner, advocating for family-centered care that addresses individual needs.
Incorporating play, proper nutrition, and a safe environment, modern child care fosters optimal child development in all domains.
Modern child care empowers nurses to act as advocates, educators, and caregivers, ensuring the well-being of children at every stage.
CHILD AND ADULT PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS CORRELATION IN ORTHODONTICSashwani mohan
The document discusses child and adult psychology and its correlation to orthodontics. It covers several key points:
1) Psychological factors influence a patient's perception of malocclusion and treatment plan. Establishing rapport between orthodontist and patient is important.
2) Orthodontic treatment can have psychological benefits like improved self-image and well-being. Face aesthetics are a main motivation for treatment.
3) Theories of child psychology are reviewed, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, and cognitive development theory, and how understanding child psychology can help with treatment.
current principles practices and trends in pediatric.pptxpayalgakhar
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It discusses:
1) Key figures and developments in the field of pediatrics from ancient times through modern eras. This includes important medical writings, hospitals established for children, and pioneering physicians and nurses.
2) The evolution of pediatric nursing in relation to improving children's health over time, as living conditions, medicine, and healthcare delivery changed.
3) Current principles, practices, and trends in pediatric nursing, including family-centered care, high-technology care, evidence-based practice, nursing process application, and a focus on children's rights.
Current principles, practices and trends in pediatricGnana Jyothi
Evolution of pediatrics, Pediatrics in India, Evolution of Pediatric Nursing in relationship to Child health, Historical background on the care of the child, Factors influencing the care of the child.........
The document provides an overview of developmental psychology, including:
1. It discusses several philosophical roots of explanations for human development such as original sin, innate goodness, and the blank slate theory.
2. Early scientific theories focused on documenting physical changes and establishing norms, while maturation theories emphasized genetically programmed development.
3. Modern perspectives consider development across the lifespan rather than only in childhood, and examine factors like nature vs nurture, ecology, and historical/cultural context.
4. Research methods discussed include basic and applied research using experimental, longitudinal, and observational designs while addressing ethical issues.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of theories in child development and early childhood education. It outlines key theorists and their contributions from the 17th century onward, including John Locke, Jean Rousseau, Johann Pestalozzi, Charles Darwin, G. Stanley Hall, Arnold Gesell, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Abraham Maslow, Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, Urie Bronfenbrenner, Howard Gardner, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and Fraser Mustard. Their theories explored topics such as the nature versus nurture debate, stages of development, classical conditioning, behaviorism, psycho
CHILD health nursing Introduction UNIT1.pptxkhushinidhaan
The document provides an introduction to modern concepts of child care in nursing. It discusses the historical development of pediatrics from ancient times to the present. Key aspects of modern child care philosophy include family-centered care and considering the individual child as well as their cultural and family context. The national policy for children in India aims to ensure children's rights and complete development.
The document provides an overview of psychoanalysis including:
- Psychoanalysis involves patients talking about experiences, childhood, and dreams to reveal the unconscious mind.
- It was developed by Sigmund Freud and is based on the theory that bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness through catharsis can provide relief from psychological distress.
- Psychoanalysis suggests personality is influenced by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences, and that psychological problems stem from conflicts between conscious and unconscious minds.
The document provides an overview of child psychology and its relevance to dentistry. It discusses several theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. According to these theories, a child's psychological development progresses through distinct phases, and their experiences at each phase shape their behaviors and personality. Understanding child psychology is important for dental clinicians to effectively communicate with children, gain their confidence, and create a comfortable environment during treatments. The document also covers definitions, factors influencing child behavior, and behavioral management strategies.
This brief webinar, a gift to the local Jewish community and Temple Adath B'Nai Israel here in Evansville, IN, reviews the tradition of mindfulness and the interdigitation of Buddhist practices with some Jewish traditions. Dr. Cady reviews the downstream effects of stress, how meditation and mindfulness are useful tools and techniques, and actually how to practice it. Multiple references without being complicated or overdone are provided.
This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It begins with an introduction to the field and various methods used in psychology, including introspection, observation, experimentation, case studies, and interviews. It then covers key topics like growth and development across the lifespan, intelligence and theories of intelligence, and cognitive development in children. The document also discusses individual differences, theories of intelligence like Spearman's two-factor theory and Thurstone's group factor theory. Finally, it touches on theories of cognitive development by Piaget and the stages of cognitive development from sensorimotor to formal operations.
This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It begins with an introduction to the field and various methods used in psychology, including introspection, observation, experimentation, case studies, and interviews. It then covers key topics like growth and development across the lifespan, intelligence and theories of intelligence, and cognitive development in children. The document also discusses theories of needs, individual differences, and approaches to intelligence like Spearman's two-factor theory and Guilford's structure of intellect. Overall, the document serves as an introductory guide to major concepts and approaches within educational psychology.
Dr. John Parker: The Lentegeur Spring: recovery and hope in a psychiatric ins...SACAP
The purpose of the Lentegeur Spring Foundation is to bring alive this beautiful name, helping
the hospital to evolve into a place that gives birth to hope through re-connection in every
possible way!
Behavioral sciences in public health dentistryNidhi Singhal
This document provides an overview of behavioral sciences in dentistry. It discusses various topics related to behavior including psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics and theories of child development. Key concepts covered include the psychoanalytic, psychosocial and cognitive theories of child psychology. Factors influencing patient behavior like culture, environment and past experiences are also examined. The document concludes that understanding behavior through these sciences helps dentists promote healthy lifestyles and optimal oral health.
This document discusses several theories of child development, including cognitive development theories by Piaget and Vygotsky, attachment theory by Bowlby and Ainsworth, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. It also covers the importance of early brain development and how children's environments and relationships influence their physiological and social-emotional growth over time.
Working with Traumatized Children and Families across Culture - McGill Univer...Université de Montréal
Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry
Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital
McGill University
CAFT 601 Diversity in Couple and Family Therapy
16 May 2019
Title: Working with Traumatized Children and Families across Culture
Presenter: Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Professor of Psychiatry, University of Montreal and The George Washington University
Abstract:
This presentation outlines a model of working with traumatized children and families across culture. When it comes to trauma in children, we need to address three basic questions:
(1) why development matters, (2) why family matters, and (3) why culture matters (Di Nicola,
1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2018; Di Nicola & Song, forthcoming). These three aspects of children’s lives are reviewed as key critical contexts to understand the “sequential traumatizing” (Keilson, 1992) of young people as highlighted in two clinical vignettes. In the first vignette, “A Train of Traumas,” the layers of the trauma history of an immigrant child and his family from the Maghreb are teased out as an imbricated series of triggers across developmental, cultural and family predicaments that arise from the “exile situation” (Wenk-Anshohn, 2007). “The Memory Clinic,” the second vignette, revisits the story of an adolescent refugee from a war-torn country in the Middle East whose quest was to forget her trauma. Exposed first to civil war and the loss of her family, then arriving in Montreal as a refugee with her extended family where she was abused, this vignette presents issues about how to create the conditions for listening to the “trauma story” (Mollica, 2009) as enlightened witnesses and the emerging understanding of traumatic memory through identity narratives (Novac, et al, 2017). Together, these vignettes highlight the conditions required for the practice of “trauma-informed care” with children and families across culture.
Keywords: Sequential traumatisation, cultural family therapy, transcultural child psychiatry, trauma-informed care, identity narrative
Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context.pdfKristineBacong
1. The study of psychopathology examines the nature, symptoms, development and treatment of psychological disorders. It has traditionally followed either a biomedical model which views disorders as biological issues, or a biopsychosocial model which sees biological, psychological and social factors as all contributing.
2. Early asylums provided little actual treatment and were more like prisons. Moral therapy, developed in the 1800s, treated patients humanely and encouraged social interaction but declined due to overcrowding.
3. Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud views behavior as determined by unconscious forces and psychopathology resulting from unconscious conflicts. It emphasizes defense mechanisms, psychosexual development and therapeutic techniques like free association and dream analysis
This PowerPoint Presentation by Dr Werner Sattmann-Frese outlines key aspects of a complexity oriented and ecologically and somatically (body-centred) aware approach to counselling and psychotherapy. Werner is a senior lecturer and program manager at the Jansen Newman Institute in Sydney.
This document discusses the management of children with special health care needs. It begins by defining key terms like disability, handicap, and dentally handicapped. It then discusses factors that can influence disabilities, various classification systems for disabilities, and the prevalence of different disabilities in India. It also covers the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The document outlines how family/parental attitudes, patient attitudes, and dentist attitudes can all impact care for children with special needs. It discusses the impacts of disabilities on oral and general health as well as barriers to care. The document concludes by discussing tools that can help in treating children with special health care needs, including concrete tools like office layout and equipment as well as conceptual tools like behavioral techniques
This document discusses the dental management of children with genetic disorders. It covers several genetic disorders including Down syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and ectodermal dysplasia. For each disorder, it discusses the characteristics, prevalence, dental concerns, and recommended dental management approaches. Common dental problems for children with genetic disorders include increased risk of periodontal disease, malocclusion, missing teeth, and enamel defects. The document emphasizes the importance of preventive oral care, modified dental treatment approaches, and maintaining a supportive rapport with these patients.
This document discusses the dental management of patients with hematological disorders. It covers the basics of blood physiology, hemostasis and coagulation factors. Specific disorders discussed in detail include hemophilia A/B which are sex-linked bleeding disorders caused by a deficiency of coagulation factors VIII and IX respectively. The clinical features, investigations, classifications and treatments are outlined for these conditions. Modified dental protocols are recommended to minimize bleeding risks in affected patients, including local hemostatic measures and factor replacement therapies.
The document discusses myofunctional appliances, specifically the activator appliance. It defines functional appliances and how they alter mandibular posture. It then classifies functional appliances based on their force generating capacity and location. The document provides a history of the activator appliance, beginning with its development in the early 1900s. It describes the original activator design and modifications. It discusses theories on the forces generated by activator therapy and the intermittent forces produced on teeth and mandible.
This document discusses myofunctional appliances and the basic principles of myofunctional therapy. It covers topics like normal growth and development of bones, TMJ, muscles and hormones. It describes principles of functional appliances and their role in correcting malocclusion. Different types of functional appliances are listed along with bonding procedures in orthodontics. The document also discusses theories of growth, development of cranial and facial bones, muscles of mastication, TMJ and the effect of muscular force.
The document discusses different types of luxation injuries to permanent teeth, including concussion, subluxation, extrusive luxation, lateral luxation, and intrusive luxation. It describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of each type of injury. Luxation injuries involve trauma to the supporting tissues of the tooth and can damage the periodontal ligament and pulp. The document emphasizes the importance of promptly repositioning displaced teeth and splinting them to allow for proper healing.
The document provides guidelines for the management of avulsed permanent teeth, dividing it into two main stages: emergency treatment and definitive treatment. For emergency treatment, it outlines steps like keeping the patient calm, finding and cleaning the tooth if dirty, and seeking immediate dental treatment. Definitive treatment involves clinical and radiographic examination, sensibility testing, and treatment based on the apex status and extraoral dry time of the tooth. It details protocols for teeth with open or closed apices that were replanted immediately, stored in media, or dry for over 60 minutes. The guidelines emphasize the importance of this area in pediatric dentistry.
Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries.ii.avulsion of per...Dr.Tinet Mary Augustine
- The document provides guidelines for the management of avulsed permanent teeth, dividing treatment into emergency and definitive care stages.
- Emergency treatment includes finding the tooth, cleaning it, and replanting or storing it in appropriate media like saline or coconut water until replantation. Definitive care involves examination, root canal treatment, antibiotics, and follow-up based on whether the tooth's root is open or closed.
- Prognosis and treatment depends on the dry time of an avulsed tooth - teeth dry less than 60 minutes have a better chance of survival than those dry over 60 minutes. Multiple storage media are discussed for temporary transport of avulsed teeth prior to replantation.
The document discusses traumatic injuries to the permanent dentition, specifically crown fractures. It provides an overview of the etiology, incidence, classification, and management of dental injuries. Key points include that the incidence of dental trauma from accidents and sports has increased in recent decades, commonly affecting the front teeth of children and teenagers. Proper initial treatment is important to promote healing. Classification systems help describe the specific injury and guide clinical decision making.
This document discusses traumatic injuries to primary teeth. It covers the examination, treatment, and potential complications of various types of dental injuries in primary teeth. The types of injuries discussed include concussions, subluxations, extrusion, lateral luxation, intrusion, and avulsion. Treatment options are provided for different severities of injuries from smoothing enamel fractures to pulpectomies or extractions. Complications like pulp necrosis, root resorption, and effects on the permanent successor teeth are also outlined.
The document discusses various methods for predicting craniofacial growth, including the Hunterian concept, gnomic growth and logarithmic spiral, arcial growth, Moorrees mesh, Johnston's grid, Todd's equation, and visual treatment objectives. It describes how each method uses cephalometric landmarks and averages to forecast future growth and tooth eruption. The goal of growth prediction is to help orthodontists intercept and correct malocclusions and plan treatment duration.
This document discusses various methods for assessing growth and predicting growth, including chronological age, biological age, skeletal age, and dental age. It describes techniques for growth measurement like anthropometry, craniometry, cephalometrics, 3D imaging, and histological approaches. Specific indicators of skeletal maturity that are discussed include the hand-wrist, cervical vertebrae, frontal sinus, and mid-palatal suture. The optimal timing of orthodontic treatment is emphasized to coincide with peaks in facial growth.
This document summarizes postnatal growth of craniofacial structures from birth through adulthood. It discusses growth of the cranial vault, cranial base, nasomaxillary complex, mandible, temporomandibular joint, and oral cavity. Growth occurs through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, displacement of structures, expansion at sutures and synchondroses. Facial growth follows specific patterns and timing, with variability between individuals. Differential growth across structures like rotation of the mandible contributes to facial morphology. Understanding postnatal craniofacial growth is important for orthodontic and orthopedic treatment planning.
This document summarizes postnatal growth of various craniofacial structures including the cranial vault, cranial base, nasomaxillary complex, mandible, temporomandibular joint, and oral cavity. It discusses how these structures grow in three dimensions and the mechanisms that influence their growth patterns. Key growth periods are identified for treatment planning in orthodontics. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding craniofacial growth and development to achieve positive results in orthodontic and orthopedic treatments.
The document discusses various principles and theories of craniofacial growth and development. It defines key terms like growth, development, differentiation, etc. It describes basic principles such as ossification, growth fields, centers and sites, bone remodeling, drift, displacement, etc. It discusses major regions and principles of craniofacial growth like the cephalocaudal gradient and Scammon's curve. It also covers controlling factors and changing paradigms in understanding growth. Various theories of growth are explained, such as the bone remodeling theory, genetic theory, sutural hypothesis, cartilaginous theory, functional matrix theory, and others.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials designed to prevent dental caries. Recent advancements include sealants that have remineralizing properties through the incorporation of fluoride, amorphous calcium phosphate, or novamin. Other improvements include sealants with optic properties like clear, colored or fluorescent sealants, and hydrophilic bond sealants that are more moisture-resistant. Newer sealants also aim to be biological and BPA-free, or contain nanoparticles.
This document discusses various aspects of vital pulp therapy, including indirect pulp capping (IPC) and direct pulp capping (DPC). IPC involves retaining a small amount of deep carious dentin to avoid pulp exposure, while DPC places a medicated material directly on an accidentally exposed pulp. Factors like remaining dentin thickness, blood supply, and obtaining homeostasis are important considerations for successful vital pulp therapy. The goal is to preserve pulp vitality and maintain a tooth's function.
Dr. Tinet Mary Augustine presents information on regenerative endodontics, including its history, goals, mechanisms, and a case study. Regenerative endodontics aims to revascularize and regenerate dental pulp through disinfection and inducing bleeding to transport stem cells. The procedure involves chemically debriding the root canal, inducing bleeding to introduce stem cells, and sealing with MTA or biodentin. Over 6 months, the case study showed resolution of an apical radiolucency and root lengthening, indicating regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex. Long-term follow-up of 1-3 years is recommended to monitor regeneration.
This document summarizes the outcomes of regenerative endodontic procedures. It finds that regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are generally more successful at resolving symptoms of apical periodontitis compared to apexification. REPs also typically result in greater increases in root length and thickness compared to apexification. However, the degree of additional root development from REPs can vary significantly depending on factors like the cause of pulp necrosis. Long-term survival rates of teeth treated with REPs or apexification are still unclear due to a lack of large, long-term studies. Return of pulp vitality is achieved in around half of REP cases.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. THEORIES OF CHILD
PSYCHOLOGY
Dr.Tinet Mary Augustine. BDS,MDS
Pediatric Dentist
Dr.Tinet’s Pedorayz, Pediatric And Early Age
Orthodontic Dental ClinicDR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 1
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Early theories of child development
Psychodynamic theories
Psychosexual theory – Sigmund Freud - 1905
Psychosocial theory – Erik Erikson – 1963
cognitive theory – Jean Piaget – 1952
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 2
3. Behavioral learning theories
1. Classical conditioning – Ivan Pavlov - 1927
2. Operant conditioning – Skinner B.F. - 1938
3. Social learning theory – Albert Bandura - 1963
4. Hierarchy of needs – Abraham Maslow – 1954
Other theories
1. Separation and individualization – Margaret Mahler.
2. Attachment theory – John Bowlby.
3. Theory of moral development – Kohlberg L.
4. Childrenese – Haim Ginott
Conclusion
References
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 3
5. DEFENITIONS
• Psychology – study of human mind and its
functions. It can be defined as ‘Science dealing
with human nature, function and phenomenon
of his soul in the main’.
• Child psychology - Science that deals with the
mental power or an interaction between the
conscious and subconscious element in a child.
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 5
6. • Emotion – instinctive feeling as contrasted
with reasoning - A feeling or mood
manifesting into motor and glandular activity.
• Behavior -is any change observed in the
functioning of the organism
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 6
7. Psychology
- Science of behavior
- Concerned with studying
and predicting behavior
Behavior
- It is the general term for any
type of action.
- Behavior follows psychology.
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 7
8. IMPORTANCE
• PROVIDE A RICH BACKGROUNG ABOUT A CHILD’S
BEHAVIOUR
• PROVIDE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES
• PROVIDE GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND NEW TRENDS
• OFFERS PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS
• STAGEWISE UNDERSTANDING OF A CHILD
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 8
9. IN-DENTISTRY
• KNOW HIS PROBLEMS IN THE WAY HE EXPLAINS
• FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
• TO DELIVER TREATMENT EFFECTIVELY
• TO DEVELOP CONFIDENCE ON DENTISTRY
• TO DESIGN THE PREVENTIVE CARE STRATEGY
• FOR DELIVERING AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
• TO CREATE A COMFORTABLE ENVIORNMENT
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 9
10. PSYCOLOGICAL GROUPING OF
CHILDREN BASED ON CHRONOLOGY
GERMINAL:FIRST TWO WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION
EMBRYO:2-6 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION
FETUS:6WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION UNTILL BIRTH
NEONATES-FIRST 2 WEEKS AFTER BIRTH
INFANTS-FIRST TWO YEARS AFTER BIRTHDR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 10
11. • PRESCHOOL CHILD:2-6 YEARS OF AGE
• PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILD:6-9 YEARS
• INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL CHILD:9-12 YEARS
• JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL CHILD: 12-14 YEARS
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 11
13. Behavioral learning theories
1. Classical conditioning – Ivan Pavlov - 1927
2. Operant conditioning – Skinner B.F. - 1938
3. Social learning theory – Albert Bandura - 1963
4. Hierarchy of needs – Abraham Maslow – 1954
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 13
14. OTHER THEORIES
1. Separation and individualization – Margaret
Mahler.
2. Attachment theory – John Bowlby.
3. Theory of moral development – Kohlberg L.
4. Childrenese – Haim Ginott.DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 14
16. SIGMUND FREUD(1856-1939)
FOUNDER OF PSCYCHOANALYSIS
“Personality is controlled by our subconscious
thoughts and shaped by our experience”
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 16
17. WORKS OF FREUD
• TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF MIND
• INSTINCT OR DRIVE THEORY
• STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
• STRUCTURAL THEORY OF MIND
• THEORY OF ANXIETY
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 17
19. DEFENITIONS
Unconscious
• contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our
awareness but it affect our expression, feeling, action (e.g. Dreams,
wishes)
Preconscious
• Facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are
available for possible use in the future (e.g. Home address
Conscious
• only level of mental life that are directly available to us • the
awareness of our own mental process (thoughts/feeling)DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 19
21. INSTINCTS
• Libido –pleasure principle – goal of life gain
pleasure and avoid pain
• Ego instincts – nonsexual components
• Life and Death instincts– EROS AND
THANATOS
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 21
24. EGO
• REALITY PRINCIPLE
• LOGICAL/PRACTICAL
• DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 24
"The ego is not sharply separated from the id; its lower portion merges into it....
But the repressed merges into the id as well, and is merely a part of it. The
repressed is only cut off sharply from the ego by the resistances of repression; it
can communicate with the ego through the id." (Sigmund Freud, 1923)
.
25. SUPER EGO
• MORAL RULES/CULTURAL BANS
• OEDIPUS COMPLEX
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 25
34. PSYCHO SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
• Oral Stage (0- 1.5 yrs)
• Anal Stage (1.5- 3 yrs)
• Phallic Stage (3 - 5 yrs)
• Latency Period (5 – puberty)
• Genital Stage (puberty(11-13 ) onwards
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 34
35. ORAL STAGE(0-1.5 YEARS)
The earliest stage of development in which the
infant's needs, perceptions, and modes of
expression are primarily centered in the mouth, lips,
tongue, and other organs related to the oral zone.DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 35
36. ANAL STAGE(1.5-3YEARS)
The stage of psychosexual development that is prompted
by maturation of neuromuscular control over sphincters,
particularly the anal sphincters, thus permitting more
voluntary control over retention or expulsion of feces.DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 36
37. URETHRAL STAGE
• This stage was not explicitly treated by Freud,
but is envisioned as a transitional stage
between the anal and the phallic stages of
development. It shares some of the
characteristics of the preceding anal stage and
some from the subsequent phallic stage.
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 37
38. PHALLIC STAGE(3-5 YEARS)
The phallic stage of sexual development begins
sometime during the third year of life and continues
until approximately the end of the fifth year
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 38
39. LATENCY PHASE(5-PUBERTY)
The stage of relative quiescence or inactivity of the
sexual drive during the period from the resolution of
the Oedipus complex until pubescence (from about 5-6
years until about 11-13 years).
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 39
40. GENITAL PHASE(PUBERTY ONWARDS)
The genital or adolescent phase of psychosexual
development extends from the onset of puberty from
ages 11-13 until the person reaches young adulthood.
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 40
41. CONTRIBUTION
-First personality & psychotherapy theory
-Emphasis on sexuality as influence
-Importance of early childhood experience
-Concept of unconscious
-Animal nature of man
-Scientific approach to mental health
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 41
42. LIMITATION
-Pessimistic and deterministic approach to
personality
-Pathology based theory
-Over emphasis to infantile sexuality
-No controlled studies-poor research
-Overemphasis on differences between men and
women
-Unconcerned with interpersonal relations,
individual identity and adaptation over one’s
lifetime
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 42
54. THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive theory is an approach of psychology that
attempts to explain human behavior by understanding
your thought processes.(1952)
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 54
55. • ASSIMILATION-THE PROCESS BY WHICH CHILDREN
INTERPRET NEW EXPERIENCES BY INCORPORATING
THEM INTO THEIR EXISTING SCHEMAS
• DISEQUILIBRIUM-IT IS THE IMBALANCE OR
CONTRADICTION BETWEEN ONES THOUGHT
PROCESS AND THE ENVIORNMENTAL EVENT
• ACCOMODATION-IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH
CHILDREN MODIFY THEIR EXISTING SCHEMAS IN
ORDER TO ADAPT TO NEW EXPERIENCES AND
SOLVE THE EQUILIBRIUMDR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 55
56. • ORGANISATION-IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH
EXISTING SCHEMAS HAVE COMPLETELY BEEN
UPGRADED TO HIGHER MORE COMPLEX SCHEMAS
WHICH ENTER INTO EQUILIBRIUM
• EQUILIBRIUM-BALANCE BETWEEN THE
ASSIMILATION AND ACCOMODATION
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 56
80. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE(AFTER
11 YEARS)
• IMAGINARY AUDIENCE
• PERSONAL FABLE:WHY SHOULD OTHERS ARE
INTERESTED IN MY MATTERS
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 80
84. CONTENTS
Introduction
Early theories of child development
Psychodynamic theories
Psychosexual theory – Sigmund Freud - 1905
Psychosocial theory – Erik Erikson – 1963
cognitive theory – Jean Piaget – 1952
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 84
85. Behavioral learning theories
1. Classical conditioning – Ivan Pavlov - 1927
2. Operant conditioning – Skinner B.F. - 1938
3. Social learning theory – Albert Bandura - 1963
4. Hierarchy of needs – Abraham Maslow – 1954
Other theories
1. Separation and individualization – Margaret Mahler.
2. Attachment theory – John Bowlby.
3. Theory of moral development – Kohlberg L.
4. Childrenese – Haim Ginott
Conclusion
References
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 85
87. DEFENITIONS
• NEUTRAL STIMULI-NO ASSOCIATION WITH
THE RESPONSE IN AN INDIVIDUAL
• MEANINGFUL STIMULUS-STIMULUS THAT
ELICT A RESPONSE
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 87
93. B.F SKINNER (1938)
“Consequences of a behaviour is in itself a stimulus
that can affect future behaviour”
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 93
94. DEFENITIONS
OPERANT-
BEHAVIOUR THAT CONTROLS THE ENVIORNMENT
REINFORCER-
THE CONSEQUENCE OF THE ACT THAT INCREASE THE PROBABILITY TO
RECUR
PUNISHMENT-
CONSEQUENCE OF THE ACT THAT SUPPRESS OR DECREASE THE
PROBABILITY TO RECUR
CONTINGENCY-
RELATION BETWEEN OPERANT AND CONSEQUENCES THAT FOLLOW
THEM
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 94
106. • ALBERT BANDURA
• Behaviour is largely motivated by social needs and
reinforcemnt is a powerful method
• Humans are active information processors-
behaviour pattern result from learningDR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 106
113. COGNITIVE FACTORS IN SOCIAL
LEARNING
• ATTENTION
• EXPECTATION
• MODELING
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 113
114. EFFECT OF MODELLING ON
BEHAVIOUR
• TEACHES NEW BEHAVIOUR
• CAN INFLUENCE FREQUENCY OF PREVIOUSLY
LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
• INCRESE FREQUENCY OF SIMILAR BEHAVIOUR
• ROLE MODEL
• EXPECTED CONSEQUENCE OF BEHAVIOURDR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 114
116. CRITICISMS
• UNETHICAL STUDY PATTERN
• DOES NOT CONSIDERED THE INDIVIDUALS
BIOLOGIC STATE
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 116
117. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS- ABRAHAM
MASLOW(1943)
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 117
118. • “A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION”
“Person doesn’t feel a higher need untill the need of
current levels has been satisfied”
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 118
122. BIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
• Reality centered
• Problem centered
• Different perception of means and ends
• Spontaneous and simple-natural
• Acceptance of self and others
• Humility and respect
• Freshness of appreciation
• Creative
• Peak experience than average person
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 122
123. CRITICISM
• Population for his study was a small group
• Self actualization(2%) and acquires rarely by
young while many like Roger considered
babies as example for human self actualization
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 123
133. CRITISICM
• Name given for each stage
• Growth in infant resaerch reveals evidences of
infant awareness of their enviornmentand
ability to respond to external enviornment
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 133
135. (1907-1990)
Attachment is the emotional tone between children
and caregivers and evidenced by an infant’s seeking
and clinging to the care giving person ,usually the
mother DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 135
136. Attachment Is a 'lasting psychological
connectetness between human beings.'
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 136
137. ASOCIAL (0-6WEEKS)
• LIKELY TO BE WITH MOTHER
• TRACKING MOVEMENT OF EYE
• SMILE
• BABBLE
• STOP CRYING ON SEEEING FACE
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 137
138. INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT(12
WEEK TO 7MONTHS)
• MORE BONDING TO MOTHER
• FROM 3 MONTHS INFANTS SMILE MORE AT FAMILIAR FACES
• CAN BE EASILY COMFORTABLE BY A REGULAR CAREGIVER.
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 138
140. MULTIPLE ATTACHMENT(10 MONTHS
ONWARDS)
• MOTHER FIGURE IS SEEN AS INDEPENDENT
• ATTACHMENT ALSO THOSE WHO RESPONDED
ACCURATELY TO BABYS SIGNAL(SENSITIVE
RESPONSIVENESS)
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 140
141. ATTACHMENT
• SHOULD BE WARM,INTIMATE AND
CONTINUOUS RELATIONSHIP
• MONOTROPIC
• GIVES FEELING OF SECURITY
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 141
143. SIGNAL INDICATORS
• INFANTS SIGN OF DISTRESS
HUNGER /ANGER/PAIN
SMILING/COOING/LOOKINGDR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 143
144. ANXIETY
ANY STIMULUS THAT ALARMS A CHILD AND CAUSE FEAR
SEPERATION ANXIETY (isolation from mother/caretaker
(10-18 months)
STRANGER ANXIETY
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 144
146. THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 146
147. • FOLLOWER OF JEAN PIAGET
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 147
148. THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
• PRECONVENTIONAL
• CONVENTIONAL
• POST CONVENTIONAL
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 148
149. PRECONVENTIONAL
• OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT
WILL I BE PUNISHED……?
• INDIVIDUALISM/EXCHANGE
WHAT’S IN IT FOR ME…?
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 149
150. CONVENTIONAL
• GOOD BOY/GOOD GIRL
HOW DO I GET THE ACCEPTANCE OF OTHER
PEOPLE...?
• LAW AND ORDER
IS THIS LEGAL…?
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 150
151. POST CONVENTIONAL
• SOCIAL CONTRACT
IS THERE A GREATER GOOD THAT CAN COME FROM THE
ACTION I DO…?
• PRINCIPLED CONSCIENCE(ETHICAL PRINCIPLES)
IS THIS THE TRULY RIGHT THING TO DO…?
DO TO OTHERS AS YOU WOULD WANT PEOPLE TO DO TO
YOU
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 151
160. OVERVIEW OF CHILD PSCHYCOLOGIC
THEORIES
INFANCY BEHAVIOUR DENTAL VISIT
Oral phase
Trust vs mistrust
Sensorimotor stage
Normal autistic
Symbiotic phase
Limited vocabulary
Pre co operative stage
Fear of falling
Seperation anxiety
Careful introduction to dental
office
-Dentist must be confident
and experienced
-dental chair should not be
lowered or tilted with out
telling.
-bright light should be limited.
-treated on the lap with the
help of mother
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 160
161. EARLY CHILDHOOD(1.5-
3YRS)
BEHAVIOUR DENTAL VISI
Anal phase
-Autonomy vs. shame and
doubt
- Preconceptual Stage (Two
to Four yrs)
-Consolidation and object
constancy
-Rapprochement
Up to 2.5 yrs:
Same as above
3 yrs:
-can communicate
-great desire to talk
-concentrates on
movements of dentist.
-tend to do things she/he
told not to do.
separation anxiety
Requires an introductory
visit
-Attained treatment
maturity
-Able to sit still – for 10-20
min
-Understands simple
instructions and
explanations for TSD
-Praise the child’s abilities
-Non-verbal communication
-speak positively
-Indicators of discomfort
(some control over
situation)
-Parent may remain near
DR.TINET MARY AUGUSTINE.BDS.MDS 161
162. Late childhood
3-5yrs
behaviour Dental visit
-Phallic stage
-Initiative vs. guilt
-Intuitive stage (4-7)
Listens to verbal directions
-have lively minds
-great talkers
-separation anxiety to
some extent.
-fear of bodily injury, prick
of needle, sight of blood.
-cognitive equilibrium
-Animism
-Egocentrism
-Centration
-Able to Concentrate for 30
min
-Understands instructions
and explanations for TSD
-Praise the child’s abilities
& appearance
-Non-verbal
communication
-Parent may remain near-
-Indicators of discomfort
(some control over
situation)
- reinforces
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163. Early school age
5-12yrs
behaviour Dental visit
-Latency
-Industry vs.
inferiority
-Formal operation
stage
ready to accept community
experiences
-little to no fear of
separation
-proud of their possessions
- Egocentrism
-8-12yrs- understands the
procedure.
- desires to be obedient
and tolerate procedures to
some extent.
Realistic view of treatment
-Explain the procedure in
simpler terms.
-Reassure
-Indicators of discomfort
(some control over
situation)
-social reinforces work
here
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164. Adolescence
12-and above
behaviour Dental visit
Genital stage
-Identity vs. role
confusion
-Concrete operation
stage
Imaginary audience
-Personal fable
Motivation
-Peer influence
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