Personal Development

1. DEVELOPMENT STAGES IN
MIDDLE AND LATE
ADOLESCENCE
Prepared by: Ms. Macylaine Kate D.R. Siglos

2. Adolescence-Between Childhood and Adulthood
• Noticeable physical changes to your body such as, growth of hair in the
armpits and pubic area, the increase in height, and the deepening of
voice for males. For females, their menstruation period starts and the
developing of their breast.
• These physical changes mark the onset of puberty and the beginning of
the adolescent stage of the human development
• As adolescents develop physically, they also develop cognitively,
psychologically, socially and spiritually.
• The ages during adolescence may be bracketed as follows (Corpus et
al., 2010)
• Early adolescence ages 10-13, middle adolescence ages 14-16, late
adolescence ages 17-20.

3. Erik Erikson

4. Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Personality
Development
• Erikson’s eight stages of personality development define each stage of
human development with a crisis or conflict. Each crisis or conflict
either gets resolved or may be left unresolved, resulting in favorable or
unfavorable outcomes.
• Erickson’s psychosocial term is derived from the two source words-
namely psychological (or the root, psycho relating to the mind, brain,
personality, etc.) and social (external relationships and environment),
both at the heart of Erikson’s theory.
• Personality- consists of all the relatively stable and distinctive styles of
thought, behavior and emotional responses that characterize a
person’s adaptations to surrounding situations.

6. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (from birth to 18 months)
• Trust vs. mistrust is the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth continues to
approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, the infant is
uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their
primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
• The goal is to develop trust without completing eliminating the capacity
for mistrust.
• Example: If the primary caregivers, like the parents can give the baby a
sense of familiarity, consistency, and continuity, then the baby will
develop the feeling that the world is a safe place to be, that people are
reliable and loving. If the parents are unreliable and inadequate, if they
reject the infant or harm it, if other interests cause both parents to turn

7. Favorable Results
• Being able to trust others when primary
caregiver (usually the mother) provide caring,
attention and love.
Unfavorable Results
• Mistrusting others, withdrawal or
estrangement.

8. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
•Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This
stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to
approximately 3 years. According to Erikson, children at
this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal
control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
•People often advise new parents to be “firm but tolerant”
at this stage, and the advice is good.

9. •For example:
•1. If mom and dad, or caregiver permits the child, now a
toddler, to explore and manipulate his or her environment,
the child will develop a sense of autonomy and
independence. The parents should not discourage the
child, but neither should they push.
•2. If you give children unrestricted freedom and no sense
of limits, or if you try to help children do what they should
learn to do for themselves, you will also give them the
impression that they are not good for much. If you aren't
patient enough to wait for your child to tie his or her shoe-
laces, your child will never learn to tie them, and will
assume that this is too difficult to learn! It lead children to
shame and doubt

10. Favorable Results
• Develops self-control and physical skills, and sense of
independence without losing self-esteem.
• Ability to cooperate and to express oneself.
• Develops feeling of autonomy.
Unfavorable Results
• Compulsive self-restraint or compliance.
• Willfulness and defiance.
• Failure will result in feelings of shame and doubt.

11. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt
• Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory
of psychosocial development. During the initiative versus guilt
stage, children assert themselves more frequently. These are
particularly lively, rapid-developing years in a children's life.
According to Bee (1992), it is a ―time of vigor of action and of
behaviors that the parents may see as aggressive."
• Initiative means a positive response to the world's challenges,
taking on responsibilities, learning new skills, feelings
purposeful. Initiative is the attempt to make that non-reality a
reality.
•

12. • Parents can encourage initiative by encouraging children to try
out their ideas. Accept and encourage fantasy, curiosity and
imagination. But if children can imagine the future, if they can
plan, then they can be responsible as well, and guilty.
• This is a time for play, not formal education.
• For example: If my two-year-old flushes my watch down the
toilet, I can safely assume that there were no "evil intentions".
But if my five-year-old does the same thing… well, she should
know what's going to happen to the watch, what's going to
happen to daddy's temper, and what's going to happen to her!
She can be guilty of the act and she can begin to feel guilty as
well. The capacity for moral judgment has arrived.

13. Favorable Results
• Learns that being assertive, using power, and
being purposeful can influence their
environment.
• Develops sense of purpose.
• Starts to evaluate one's behavior.
Unfavorable Results
• When using too much power and control,
might experience disapproval resulting in lack
of self-confidence and sense of guilt.
• Pessimism, fear of being wrongly judged.

14. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority
• Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, involving industry
(competence) vs. inferiority occurs during childhood between
the ages of five and twelve. Children are at the stage where
they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things
on their own.
• Teachers begin to take an important role in the child's life as
they teach the child specific skills.
• Children must learn that there is pleasure not only in
conceiving a plan, but in carrying it out. They must learn the
feeling of success, whether it is in school or on the playground,
academic or social.

15. For example: If the child is allowed too little success,
because of harsh teachers or rejecting peers, then he or she
will develop instead a sense of inferiority or incompetence
Favorable Results
• Learns how to cope with the school environment and its
demands.
• Develops a sense of competence and perseverance
Unfavorable Results
• Loss of hope, sense of being mediocre, feeling of
inferiority, withdrawal from school and peers

16. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
• The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during
adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this
• stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal
identity, through an intense exploration of personal values,
beliefs, and goals.
• Ego identity means knowing who you are and how you fit in to
the rest of society. It requires that you take all you've learned
about life and yourself and mold it into a unified self-image, one
that your community finds meaningful.

17. • One of Erickson's suggestions for adolescence in our society
is the psychosocial moratorium. He suggests you take a
little 'time out'.
• For example: If you have money, go to Europe. If you don't,
bum around the Philippines. Quit school and get a job. Quit
your job and go to school. We tend to want to get to
'success'as fast as possible, and yet few of us have ever
taken the time to figure out what success means to us.

18. Favorable Results
• Develops a sense of self and identity, plans to
actualize one's abilities, ability to stay true to
oneself
Unfavorable Results
• Feeling of confusion, indecisiveness , and anti-
social behavior , week sense of self

19. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson's
theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place
during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18
to 40 yrs. During this period, the major conflict centers on
forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.
• Intimacy is the ability to be close to others, as a lover, a friend,
and as a participant in society.
• Because you have a clear sense of who you are, you no longer
need to fear 'losing' yourself, as many adolescents do.

20. • The 'fear of commitment' some people seem to exhibit is an
example of immaturity in this stage.
• Many people today are always putting off the progress of
their relationships: I'll get married (or have a family , or get
involved in important social issues) as soon as I finish
school, as soon as I have a job, as soon as I have a house,
as soon as… If you've been engaged for the last ten years,
what's holding back?
•

21. Favorable Results
• Develops a strong need to form intimate, loving
relationships with a group of people or with another
person.
• Develops strong relationships
• Learns commitment to work and with another person
or group
Unfavorable Results
• Impersonal, weak relationships
• Avoidance of relationship, career, or lifestyle
commitments
• May result in isolation and loneliness

22. 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh of eight stages of
Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage
takes place during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs.).
Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world through
creating or nurturing things that will outlast an individual.
• Generativity is an extension of love into the future. It is a
concern for the next generation and all future generations.
• Stagnation is self-absorption, caring for no-one. The stagnant
person stops to be a productive member of society.

23. Favorable Results
• Creates or nurtures things that will outlast them, either by
having children or creating positive change that benefits
others.
• Creativity, productivity, feeling of usefulness and
accomplishment, and concern for others
Unfavorable Results
• Self-indulgence , self concern, or lack of interests and
commitments
• Shallow involvement in the world, pessimism

24. 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
• Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of
Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development. This
stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. It is
during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments
and can develop
• integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life.
• Women go through a sometimes dramatic menopause. Men
often find they can no longer "rise to the occasion".

25. • In response to this despair, some older people become
preoccupied with the past.
• Ego integrity means coming to terms with your life, and thereby
coming to terms with the end of life. If you are able to look back
and accept the course of events, the choices made, your life as
you lived it, as being necessary, then you needn't fear death

26. Favorable Results
• Sense of fulfilment as one looks back in one's life and
develops feeling of wisdom.
• Acceptance of worth and uniqueness of one's own life
• Acceptance of the inevitability of death and transitioning.
Unfavorable Results
• Sense of loss, contempt for others
• May result in regret, bitterness and despair

27. Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity is the concept of an individual about himself and is often
referred to as “self-identity”, molded through various interactive
experiences around himself, such as their family and community,
and his responses in terms of thinking, attitude, and behavior to
external stimuli.
Identity is a self-belief of what the individual thinks and feels
about himself. Roles oftentimes form part of this self-identity,
such as birth order in the family, the nature of work, occupation or
title, and academic and social standing. Identity is also influenced
by how others perceive an individual.

28. Role Confusion
Is the negation of self-identity, in a sense that there is
confusion over one’s self-concept or the absence or lack of
such a concept. Role confusion affects an individual’s
relationship with others, because there is no clear definition of
what he is and how he relates to others

29. Changes During Adolescence
The adolescent’s physiological transitioning is very
pronounced at this stage. Puberty kicks in and is fueled
by the hormonal changes that are occurring and pushing
the adolescent toward sexual maturation, brain also
continues to develop, cognitive growth, beliefs about
morality, religion and politics are also starting to evolve.

30. Skills and Tasks Appropriate for Middle and Late Adolescence
1. Being courageous in standing up and being different from
your friends.
2. Developing self-esteem
3. Being true to yourself and avoiding the tendency to please
others.
4. Learning how media and advertising are trying to influence
your thinking and feelings.
5. Becoming aware, critical, and being involved with social
issues.
6. Embracing a healthy lifestyle
7. Developing your spirituality.

31. Guided Practice (Group Activity- “We Do”)
Stages of Psychosocial Development Role Play
1. Students are grouped into five for the role play
activity.
2. They will pick what scenario they will present for
the task. The scenarios will be based on the Eight
stages of development according to Erik Erikson.
3. Students will be graded according to the rubrics;
content 20%, mastery 20%, creativity 10% for a
total of 50 points.