Covered Psychosexual theories by Sigmund Freud, Psychosocial theories by Erik Erikson, Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget. also have included dental application of each theory

1. Psychodynamic theories
Presented By:
Dr Susmita S Shah
MDS II
1

2. Content:
• Introduction
• Definition
• Importance of child Psychology
• Classification of child psychology
• Psychodynamic theories
Psychoanalytical Theory
Psychosocial Theory
Cognitive Theory
• References
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3.  Introduction
• Psychological development-dynamic process
• Begins at birth & proceeds in an ascending order through a series of sequential
stages.
• Clinician should know what emotional & social behavior to expect from
children in different age group background information about Child’s behavior
and psychological growth.
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4.  Importance of studying child psychology
• To understand the child better.
• To know the problem of psychological origin.
• To have a better treatment planning
• To produce a comfortable environment for the dental team
to work on the patient.
• To gain confidence and establish effective communication
with child and parent.
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5.  Definitions:
 Psychology
Science dealing with human nature, function and phenomenon
of his soul in main.
• Child Psychology
Science that deals with mental power or an interaction
between conscious and subconscious element in a child.
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6.  Classification of Child Psychology
• Psychodynamic theory
Psycho sexual theory – Sigmund Freud ( 1905)
Psychosocial theory - Erik Erikson ( 1963)
Cognitive theory - Jean Piaget (1952)
• Behavioral learning theories
Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov(1927)
Operant conditioning - Skinner BF (1938)
Social Learning theory - Albert Bandura (1963)
Hierarchy of needs - Abraham Maslow ( 1954)
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7. A. Psycho Analytical theory/Psychosexual theory
• Given by Sigmund Freud in 1905
• Explained the personality & psychological disorders in an
individual by understanding the minds at its different levels its
motivation and conflicts.
– Topographic Model
– Psychic Model/psychic Triad
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8. -3 parts
1) Theory of personality dynamics
Conscious, Unconscious
2) Theory of structure of personality
Id, Ego, Superego
3) Theory of psycho sexual development
Motives- Child at different stages of growth
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9.  Topographic Model
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10%
90%

10. 10

11. • Ego Defense Mechanism
-Tactics which the ego develops to help deal with Id and super ego.
-Unconsciously blocks the impulses or distorting them into a more acceptable, less
threatening form.
o Displacement
o Projection
o Reaction formation
o Regression
o Repression
o Rationalization
o Denial
o Identification
11
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon. 2nd ed. Paras publishers;
p. 428.

12. • Displacement: Transfer of desires or impulses onto a substitute
person or object.
– Eg: student scolded by teacher may shout at juniors or slam
a door.
• Projection: Characteristics or desires that are unacceptable to
a person’s ego and projected onto someone else.
12
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon.
2 nd ed. Paras publishers; p. 428.

13. • Reaction Formation: Person displays behavior that is exactly
opposite of an impulse.
– Eg: laughing when unable to control temper to prevent
anxiety.
• Regression: Individual attempts to avoid current anxiety by
withdrawing behavior patterns of an earlier age.
• It is the age – inappropriate response, eg: nail biting, thumb
sucking.
13
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon.
2 nd ed. Paras publishers; p. 428.

14. • Repression:
– Repressed memories are not deactivated; they continue to
affect a person’s behavior later in adulthood.
– E.g Past dental experience
14
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon.
2 nd ed. Paras publishers; p. 428.

15. • Rationalization: Attempt to explain our behavior to
ourselves and others, in ways that are rational and acceptable.
• Denial: Person may deny some aspect of reality.
– eg: patient with big ulcer in mouth diagnosed as cancer
may not be able to tackle the situation and may consult
some other dentist for denial of the diagnosis.
15
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon.
2 nd ed. Paras publishers; p. 428.

16. • Identification: Incorporating an external object (usually
another person) into one’s own personality, i.e. to think,
act and feel like someone else.
16
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon.
2 nd ed. Paras publishers; p. 428.

17. Stages of psycho sexual development
6 stages:
1. Oral stage (Birth-18 Months)
2. Anal stage (18 Months-3 years)
3. Urethral Stage- Transitional (3-4 years)
4. Phallic stage (3-5 years)
5. Latency Stage (5-11years)
6. Genital stage (11-13 Years)
17
Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon.
2 nd ed. Paras publishers; p. 428.

18. 1. Oral Stage (Birth-18 Months)
• Erogenous zone of focus: Mouth
• Gratifying activities: Nursing,
eating, sucking, biting and
swallowing
18
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication. 2014
Morgan C King Richard. Introduction to Psychology seventh edition

19. • Disturbance of the oral stage may result in a permanent fixation
on the oral channel for gratification.
• Examples of resulting adult behaviors include smoking,
overeating, thumb-sucking, and pencil chewing.
19
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

20. 2. Anal Stage (18 Months-3 years)
• Erogenous zone of focus: Anus
• Gratifying activities: Bowel movement and the
withholding of such movement.
• Interaction with the environment: The major event at
this stage is toilet training
20
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

21. Anal-expulsivepersonality:
Lenient Parents: fail to
instill the society’s rules
about bowel movement
control
the child will derive
pleasure and success from
the expulsion.
Fixation: on this mode of
gratification excessively
sloopy, disorganized,
reckless, careless and
defiant.
Anal-retentivepersonality:
Strict Parents: during
toilet training,
•Anxious Child during
bowel movements
•withhold such functions.
•Individuals with such
fixation are clean, orderly
and intolerant to those
who aren’t clean.
21

22. 3. Urethral Stage (3-4 Years):
• Erogenous zone of focus: Transitional stage b/w anal and
phallic stage
• Gratifying activities: Pleasure in urination
• Compensation for shame due to loss of urethral control.
22
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

23. 4. Phallic Stage (4-5 Years):
• Erogenous zone of focus: Genitals
• Gratifying activities: Genital fondling
• In boys this situation is called the OEDIPUS
COMPLEX.
• Intense castration anxiety.
23
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

24. • In girls this type of attraction is called ELECTRA COMPLEX.
• The young girl has 'penis envy' and resents the mother for not
providing her with one.
• If a child is able to successfully resolve the conflict he or she
will have learnt to control their envy and hostility and begin to
identify with and model after the parent of their own sex and
are ready to move on to the next development stage.
24
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

25. 5. Latency Stage (5-11years):
• Erogenous zone in focus:
none
• sexual feelings are
suppressed to allow children
to focus their energy on
other aspects of life.
25
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

26. 6. Genital Stage: From Puberty onwards
• Erogenous zone of focus: Genital
• Gratifying activities: Heterosexual
relationships
• Interaction with the environment: This stage
is marked by a renewed sexual interest and
desire and the pursuit of relationships.
26
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

27. Merits
• One of the earliest
• Most Comprehensive
Demerits
• Extrapolation to the
children not very justified
• It’s based on observations
of psychologist
• Theory couched in vague
terms
• Data not quantifiable
27
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

28. B. Psychosocial Theory by Erik Erikson (1963)
• In Erikson's view, society and culture
both shape human beings.
• Also called the theory of
developmental tasks
28
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

29. Age
(Years)
Stage Psychosocial
Crisis
Psychosocial
Strength
Environmental
Influence
1 Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Maternal
2-3 Early childhood Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
Willpower Both parents or adult
substitutes
4-5 Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Parents, family and
friends
6-11 Middle Childhood Industry vs.
Inferiority
Competence School
12-18 Adolescence Identity vs. Role
confusion
Fidelity Peers
18-35 Young adulthood Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Love Spouse, lover,
friends
35-65 Middle age Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Care Family, society
Over 65 Old age Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom All humans
29

30. a. Trust vs Mistrust (infants)
• identifies with development of
separation anxiety in the child.
• it is preferable to do patient with the
parent present and preferably with
parent holding the child.
30
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

31. b. Autonomy vs Doubt (1-2 years)
• Toddlers self control and self confidence
begins to develop at this stage.
• Walk, talk, use toilets.
31
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

32. Dental applications
• Child is moving away from mother, but still will
retreat to her in threatening situations.
• parents presence is essential in dental clinic.
32
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

33. c. Initiative vs Guilt (2-6 years)
• Children have newfound power at
this stage as they have developed
motor skills and become more
engaged in social interaction with
people around them.
• Control impulses & childish fantasies
33
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

34. Dental applications
• Child can be encouraged to view this visit as a new
adventure and encouraged to genuine success in it.
• If this visit fails, it can lead to sense of guilt in child.
• He is inherently teachable at this stage and so can be
taught about various dental set up.
34
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

35. d. Industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)
• School is important event
• Learns to make things, use
tools, acquire skills.
• Enters competitive world
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014
35

36. e. Identity vs role confusion (6-12 years)
• Extreme Complex stage
• Belongs to the crowd
• Ready to Plan future or sink
into confusion
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014
36

37. f. Intimacy vs Isolation(19-25 Years)
• In this stage the most important
events are love relationships.
• No matter how successful you are
with your work said Erickson you
are not developmentally complete
until you are capable of intimacy.
37
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

38. 38
×√
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

39. Dental applications
• At this stage external appearances are very important as it
helps in attainment of intimate relation.
• Young adults seek orthodontic treatment to correct their
dental appearances and this is characterized as internal
motivation.
39
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

40. g. Generativity vs Stagnation (26-50)
• the adult’s ability to look outside
oneself and care for others through
parenting.
• Person will remain self- centered and
experience stagnation later in life
40
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

41. h. Integrity vs Despair(late adult-hood, from 65yrs
–death)
41
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

42. C. Cognitive Theory by Jean Piaget (1952)
• Cognition means knowing or understanding
• Based on direct observation and questioning
about their thinking
• Piaget theory-how children and adolescent think
and acquire knowledge
42
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014

43. Proposed: world is stable environment & child acquires through knowledge of
mathematics and logics.
Child adapt according to people he is living with
Developmental stages are grouped as:
1. Operation
2. Schema
3. Assimilation
4. Accommodation
5. Equilibrium
43

44. Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014
44

45. Sensorimotor stage
Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric
dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee publication.
2014
45

46. Preoperational Stage(2-7 Years)
Capabilities are for logical reasoning
Thought process dominated by immediate sensory impressions
1. Preconceptual stage(2-4 Years)
Symbolic activity
stimulus begins to take an meaning
2. Intuitive stage(4-7 Years)
Prelogical reasoning
46

47. Concrete operational Stage(7-11 Years)
• Improved ability to reason
• Able to compare & tolerate different point of views
• Logical reasoning
47

48. Formal operational Stage(11 Years onward)
• Thought process: similar to
adults
• Presume- others are thinking
the same as he does
• Understands the concepts
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49. Bibliography
• Morgan C King Richard. Introduction to Psychology seventh edition
• Dentistry for child to adolescent by MacCdonalds, Avery 10th edition
• Kaplan and Sadock’s Concise Textbook Clinical Psychiatry.Thried
Edition
• Text book of pedodontics-shobha tandon. 2 nd ed. Paras publishers;
p. 428.
• Essentials of preventive and community dentistry soben peter
• Nikhil Marwah,textbook of pediatric dentistry,3rd edition, Jaypee
publication. 2014
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