Psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality is determined by unconscious desires, motivations, and childhood experiences. It guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method developed by Sigmund Freud to treat psychopathology by exploring the unconscious mind through techniques like free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of defenses. Key concepts in psychoanalytic theory include the id, ego, and superego; psychosexual stages of development; and defense mechanisms used to resolve conflicts between unconscious and conscious desires.

2. Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of
personality organization and the dynamics of
personality development that guides
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating
psychopathology. It is the branch of psychology
focuses on treating mental disorders by
recognizing the relationships between the
conscious mind and the unconscious mind.
What is Psychoanalytic?

3.  1. A method of mind investigation. And especially of the
unconscious mind;
 2. A therapy of neurosis inspired from the above method;
 3. A new stand alone discipline who is based on the
knowledge acquired from applying the investigation method
and clinical experiences.
 •A set of philosophical of human nature
 •Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and
a theory of personality
 •Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main
cause of behavior lie in unconscious mind

4. was an Austrian Neurologist and the
founding father of psychoanalysis , a clinical
method for treating psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient and a
psychoanalyst.
Proposed the first complete theory of
personality
A persons thought & behavior emerge from
tension generated by unconscious motives &
unresolved childhood conflicts

5. DETERMINISTIC
 Our behaviour is determined by irrational forces,
unconscious motivations, and biological and
instinctual drives as these evolve through key
psychosexual stages in the first six years of life
HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM
 Freud believe that human are motivated by the
unconscious, where the Id is found along with
the aggression and sex instincts

7. Conscious (small)
Current contents of your mind that you actively think of
What we call working memory
Easily accessed all the time
Preconscious (small-medium):
Contents of the mind you are not currently aware of
Thoughts, memories, knowledge, wishes, feelings
Available for easy access when needed
Unconscious (enormous)
Contents kept out of conscious awareness
Not accessible at all
Part of our mind of which we cannot become aware

8. • The id ( Biological component ): a primitive
part of the personality that pursues only
pleasure and instant gratification.
-PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
• The ego ( Psychological Component ): the
part of the personality that is aware of reality
and is in contact with the outside world. It is
the part that considers the consequences of an
action and deals with the demands of the id
and superego.
-REALITY PRINCIPLE
• The superego (Social Component ): contains
our social conscience and through the
experience of guilt and anxiety when we do
something wrong, it guides us towards socially
acceptable behavior.
-MORALITY PRINCIPLE
I want
it
now! I need to do
a bit of
planning,to
get it
You can’t
have it .Its
not right.
ID
EGO
S.E

9.  In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is
the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the
id, not upset the superego, and still take into
consideration the reality of every situation.(NOT AN
EASY JOB)
 But if the id gets too strong, impulses and self
gratification take over the person’s life.
 If the superego becomes too strong, the person
would be judgmental, perfectionist & unbending in
his or her interactions with the world
Cont.

10. the inner struggle that arises when ego realizes that
the expression of id impulse would lead to some kind of harm
or that superego is making an impossible demand.
Three kinds of anxiety:
~Reality anxiety: fear of danger from the external world, real,
objective sources of danger in the environment
~Neurotic anxiety: fear that the Id impulses will overwhelm the
ego and cause the person to do something that will be punished
~Moral Anxiety: fear of one’s own conscience. Fear that person
will do something contrary to the desires of the superego
Anxiety

11.  Defense mechanism are invented by the Ego in
an attempt to resolve the conflict between Id
and Superego – so that personality can operate
in a healthy manner and protect us from
harmful situation.
•It deny/distort reality while operating in
unconscious level
•If it is used once a while, the purpose of
using it is to reduce stress
•But if it is used frequently, it means the
individual are trying to avoid facing reality
Just trying to protect our ego!!!!

12. -Are characterize by withdrawal from the
frustrating or anxiety-producing situations
Types:
Defense Mechanism
Reaction Formation – It is
the replacement in
consciousness of an anxiety
producing impulse or feeling
by its opposite eg. A person
who hates another cannot
accept the painful fact of
hating and so shows
extraordinary love towards
that person
I claim that I hate my wife.

13.  Day-dreaming(fantasy) — It is a
defense mechanism which
sometimes helps in making
adjustment. e.g. A young man
who has been jilted in love,
dreams of becoming a bride
groom and feels satisfaction in
the imaginary world.
 Regression-involves taking the
position of a child in some
problematic situation, rather than
acting in a more adult way. e.g:
person sucking a pen, crying or
using moody arguments
Defense Mechanism

14.  Denial – Simplest form of self
defense eg. If a person is diagnosed
as having cancer, they will first get
shock, then start denying reality
saying perhaps that the diagnosis
was not proper
 Repression -involves placing
uncomfortable thoughts in relatively
inaccessible areas of the
subconscious mind. Thus when
things occur that we are unable to
cope with now, we push them away,
either planning to deal with them at
another time or hoping that they will
fade away on their own accord. e.g:
A woman who found childbirth
particularly painful continues to have
children (and each time the level of
pain is surprising).
Defense Mechanism

15. techniques that enable the individual to change or
substitute the anxiety-arousing situations in some way
Types
• Rationalization — An individual
tries to justify his failure by
giving some excuses e.g. A
student makes use of
rationalization, when he tries to
blame teachers for failing the
exam.
• Sour-grapes
• Sweet-lemon
I believe that Rodelyn was not worth it and I
will not find a MUCH better wife by dating
many woman.
Defense Mechanism

16. Defense Mechanism
Identification — It is a process which may
operate outside and beyond conscious
awareness. Hero worshipping by an
individual is a sort of identification where
an individual identifies himself with a
popular hero or an actor.
Compensation — It is an attempt to cover
ones deficiency in one field by exhibiting
his strength in another field e.g. If a student
is not good in his studies, may show his
ability in sports.

17.  Projection — In this mechanism, an
individual puts the blame of his own
failure upon others and some
unfavorable factors of his
environment. Blaming others for his
mistake .e.g. a student comes late to
the class excuses by saying that the
bus or train was late or traffic jam
 Compensation-an attempt to make
up for deficiency by directing his
energies to another aspect of one’s
personality in which no deficiency
exist
Ian: I tell everyone that Maria is still in love
with me.
Defense Mechanism

18.  Sublimation — It is a defense
mechanism in which
unacceptable desire are
redirected into socially
accepted channels. e.g. Anger
–Kick boxing -- some people,
poem writing, engage in social
services etc.
Defense Mechanism

19. Techniques in which a person transfer and directs his
aggressive behavior against himself or some other person or object
causing the frustration
Types:
Defense Mechanism
• Displaced aggression — An
individual does something as a
substitute for something else e.g.
If a wife gets angry with
Husband and cannot say
anything to him, she beats her
child.

20.  There is a popular saying, excess of anything is bad. Similar is
the case of Defense Mechanisms. They should be used with in
limits. They are temporary. Therefore we have to keep a watch on
our children, or even in our own selves so that should not use
defense mechanism frequently
Defense Mechanism

21.  Paul, an aggressive child, had problems in elementary school as he would
frequently fight with other children. Paul found when he entered high school that
he could channel this hostility into sports such as football.
sublimation
 Mrs. Brown often accuses other women of talking too much and spreading
rumors. It is rather obvious to those who know her that she is revealing her own
inclinations in the area.
projection
 Tom Baker, a small town politician, is sure that he looks and talks in a way
similar to that of Abraham Lincoln. Tom spends many evening reading novels
and biographies about the life of Lincoln.
identification
 Teresa is not one of the most popular girls in her class but this doesn't bother
her too much. She finds solace by dreaming how she will someday be a famous
movie star loved by millions.
fantasy/day-dreaming
 Joan has discovered an amazing coincidence in relation to her attendance at
school Every time a test in Spanish is scheduled, she oversleeps and arrives at
school too late for class.
repression

22. Psychosexual Stages of Development
-Psychosexual development is a central element of the
psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an
instinctual libido(sexual energy) that develops in five stages.
– Freud felt our development was driven by sexual energy, or
libido
Libido is the pleasure principle, or basic psychic energy.
– At particular points in the developmental process, a single
body part is particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation, and is
referred to as the erogenous zone
erogenous zone is an area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity and
stimulation of which normally results in sexual response
Go Ahead- work that libido!!!!
How Does our Mind Develop?

23. Oral Stage
-Birth to 18 months
-Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting,
Fixation :
 Oral – Incorporative behaviour - Pleasurable stimulation of the
mouth absence – excessive eating, chewing, talking, smoking,
drinking (Oral fixation ) If the child is over stimulated in this
stage, as an adult she/he may become dependent on cigarette or
alcohol, become chatterbox, or derive pleasure from acquiring
possessions(collect things)
 Oral – Aggressive behavior --- Infant teethes, biting need – if not
adequately met – result in feelings of greediness and
acquisitiveness etc.. If the child is under stimulated in this stage,
as an adult she/he will make bitingly sarcastic remarks or be
argumentative

24. Anal Stage
-18 months until 3 years
-Pleasure focuses on bowel movement
(withholding/eliminating feces)
Fixation :
 Strict toilet training “ AnalAggressive Personality –
Cruelty, inappropriate displays of anger, extreme
disorderliness etc.. . If parents were over-emphasizing
potty training, the child will develop a retentive character.
He will become obstinate and stingy
 Too much importance to the anal activity “Anal retentive
personality – extreme orderliness, hoarding, stubbornness
and stinginess etc.. If parents were negligent about potty
training, the child will develop expulsive trait such as bad
temper, cruelty and messy disorderliness
Psychosexual Development

25. Phallic Stage
-3 years to 6 years
-Child experiences unconscious incestuous desires
for the parent of the opposite sex which is repressed
because of its threatening nature
-Pleasure zone is the sex organ/genitals
Fixations :
 Oedipus complex in males / Electra complex in female:
The boy will have the desire to posses his mother and
displace his father and the girl will want to posses the
father and remove her mother Child whom had been
fixated in this stage will develop a phallic character, such as
reckless, proud and vainThis conflict can also cause the
child to be afraid of close relationship and weak sexual
identity Freud stated that fixation may be a root of
homosexuality
Psychosexual Development

26. Latency Stage
-6 years to 11 years, until puberty
-Child socializes and turns its attention
outward and forms relationship with
others
- Formal sexual interests are replaced
by interests in playmates in a wide variety of
activities in school like games and sports
Fixation:
 No fixations occur as the child’s energy are
focused on peer activities and personal
mastery of learning and physical skills
Psychosexual Development

27. Genital Stage
-12 years onwards
-Adolescent develops interest in the
opposite sex, does sexual experimentation
and adult responsibilities
-“To love and to work” – Motto “
-The child improve their personal
identities, develop caring feeling towards
others, establish loving and sexual
relationship and progress in successful
careers.
Fixation :
 Frigidity, impotence and unsatisfactory
relationship
Psychosexual Development

28. was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded
analytical psychology. His work has been influential not only in
psychiatry but also in philosophy, anthropology, archaeology,
literature, and religious studies.
He was a prolific writer, though many of his works were not
published until after his death.
Best known for: Studies of the human psyche, Dream
analysis, The collective unconscious, Archetype
Carl Gustav Jung (1875 –1961)

29. Alfred W. Adler (1870 –1937)
was an Austrian medical doctor , psychotherapist, and founder of the
school of individual psychology. His emphasis on the importance of
feelings of inferiority the inferiority complex
Adler downplayed the importance of the unconscious and sex as
drives in our development. Instead he took from Freud the concept of
the ego. Adler was picked on as a child and as he grew older he
believed that people are motivated not by sex but by their fear of
failure; which he termed inferiority. People are fear of feeling inferior
(where we get the term inferiority complex) and instead want to
develop a sense of superiority.
He was also one of the first psychologist to emphasize the
importance of birth order in shaping personality.
Best known for: Individual psychology, The concept of inferiority
complex, president of the Vienna Psychoanalysis society(1910)
Neo Freudians

30. was a German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States
during her later career. She is credited with founding feminist
psychology in response to Freud's theory of penis envy.
focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being
isolated & alone in the world She emphasizes the societal & cultural
factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of
the parent-child relationship.
She emphasizes the SELF HELP theory
Karen Horney (1885 –1952)
Neo Freudians

31. Free Association
-Client reports immediately without censoring any
feelings or thoughts
-Freud asked patients to relate anything which came
into their mind, regardless of how apparently unimportant or
potentially embarrassing the memory threatened to be. This
technique assumed that all memories are arranged in a single
associative network, and that sooner or later the subject would
stumble across the crucial memory
-One of the ways to have access to unconscious
wishes, fantasies, conflicts and motivations While the free
association goes on, the therapist identifies the repressed
maternal that is hidden in the unconscious
-Any blockings or disruptions in free association
indicate cues to anxiety arousing materials
-No question of taking things at face value --- slip of the
tongue, forgetting a familiar name

32. Hypnosis
-Freud used hypnosis to enter the unconscious of
his patients. Hypnosis is simple a state of heightened
suggestibility. People that are more likely to become
hypnotized are those with rich fantasy lives (if you like the
Lord of the Rings- then you can be hypnotized), it has nothing
to do with intelligence.
-Hypnotic suggestibility is how easily you can be
hypnotized (remember- rich fantasy lives). After you awake
from being hypnotized, you do not remember what it was like
under the hypnotic state; this is called posthypnotic
amnesia.
Freudian slip
- is a verbal or memory mistake that is believed to
be linked to the unconscious mind. These slips supposedly
reveal the real secret thoughts and feelings that people hold.
Exploring the unconscious

33. Dream Interpretation
- “Royal road to the unconscious”. What is important in
dreams is the childhood wish fulfillment represented in them. Freud
assumed every dream has a meaning that can be interpreted by
decoding representations of the unconscious material. Freud
believed that every dream has both latent and manifest
content. Manifest Content is the storyline of a dream. Latent
Content is the underlying meaning of the dream.
Dream symbol = represents some person, thing, or activity
involved in the unconscious process
Examples: Knife, umbrella, snake = Penis
Room, table with food = Women
Water = Birth, mother
Children playing = masturbation
Fire = bedwetting Falling = anxiety
Exploring the unconscious

34. Projective test
 It is a type of personality test in which the individual offers
responses to ambiguous scenes, words or image.
 Present ambiguous stimuli and ask test taker to interpret
what they see.
 Assume personality as primarily unconscious and assess an
individual by how he or she responds to an ambiguous
stimulus.
 Claim to measure your underlying personality traits, fears,
anxieties and attitudes.

35.  Created by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921
 Psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality
characteristics and emotional functioning.
 It has been employed to detect an underlying thought disorder,
especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their
thinking processes openly.
 RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

36.  Developed by Henry A. Murray and his Harvard colleague
Christiana D. Morgan
 popularly known as the picture interpretation technique.
 The purpose of the test is to learn more about the respondents
thoughts, concerns, and motives based on the stories they create to
explain the vague and often provocative scenes and depicted in the
pictures.
 The TAT is often used as a therapeutic tool to allow clients to
express feelings in a non-direct way.
 Therapist also may use the test to learn more about a client, to
explore various themes or issues during the course of therapy, or as
an assessment tool.

37. So a quick summary- Psychoanalytic
perspective= weird sexual thoughts
(libido) + childhood =
unconscious....want to get better, bring
out those hidden screwed up feeling in
the unconscious.
Psychoanalytic approach is the only perspective
on what makes up who we are…

38. Thank You !!!
God is Good All the
Time
