IIN 1895, THE WESTINGHOUSE COMPANY COMPLETED THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NIAGARA
Falls power station with a capacity of roughly 7.5 MW, produced from hydro turbines, using patents and
designs by Nikola Tesla. The following year, General Electric, which had been awarded the contract for the
transmission and distribution lines, completed the transmission system necessary to carry the power to the
nearby city of Buffalo. This polyphase ac system was perhaps the greatest of its time and one of the first true
power systems in the world. Today, the North American power system spans the United States, Canada, and
Mexico. This system incorporates tens of thousands of transmission lines, generating stations, transformers,
complex power electronic transmission equipment, and myriad automatic control and protection systems
that keep this vastly complex system operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week, year after year. Similarly
vast and complex power systems span continental Europe, Asia, South America, and other parts of the
world. This constant delivery of electrical power is such an integral part of modern human life that it is, for
the most part, taken for granted until, suddenly and without prior warning, a blackout occurs, resulting in a
complete disruption of power supply to entire regions or countries!
In 1895 the Westinghouse Company completed the construction of the Niagara Falls
power station with a capacity of roughly 7.5 megawatts, produced from hydro turbines,
using patents and designs by Nikola Tesla. The following year General Electric, who had
been awarded the contract for the transmission and distribution lines, completed the
transmission system necessary to carry the power to the nearby city of Buffalo. This
polyphase ac system was perhaps the greatest of its time and one of the first true power
systems in the world. Today the North American power system spans the countries of the
United States, Canada and Mexico. This system incorporates tens of thousands of
transmission lines, generating stations, transformers, complex power electronic
transmission equipment, and a myriad of automatic control and protection systems which
keep this vastly complex system operating twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week,
year after year.
Blackout white paper_by_ieee_pes_ad_comm_final_082504Shraddha Dwivedi
The document summarizes presentations given at an IEEE panel session on major power grid blackouts in 2003 in North America and Europe. It describes the root causes of 3 major blackouts:
1) The August 2003 North American blackout affected 50 million people and was caused by inadequate system understanding, low situation awareness at FirstEnergy, poor vegetation management, and lack of coordination between reliability entities.
2) The September 2003 blackout in Sweden and Denmark was caused when maintenance outages reduced transmission capacity, then contingencies overloaded remaining lines, causing voltage collapse and separation of an unbalanced region.
3) The September 2003 Italian blackout was triggered by transmission line outages from weather that isolated Italy from power imports, causing
Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic in West...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper presents performance and energy saving analysis of 1.25 kWp grid
connected photovoltaic system under difference weather condition in West
Sumatera. The measured data were performed during weather data that often
occur in West Sumatra i.e. sunny, overcast, raining and cloudy.
The synchronizing process successfully done even bad weather conditions
when sunlight was low automatically. Photovoltaic in average start
producing power from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM for normal or clear sky, however
under overcast, raining and cloudy weather, the PV power decreased and
disconnected earlier before sunset. During intermittent raining, overcast and
cloud covered the PV power output show an irregular profile. The PV energy
saving performed for three residential connection cases: 1300 VA, 900 VA
with subsidized and 900 VA without subsidized. The solar PV installation
have more benefits and energy saving for 1300 VA, 900 VA without
subsidized with payback period around 8.5 years. However, the 900 VA with
subsidized take longer 20.8 years, but still in PV lifespan 25 years. In the
future, household subsidies may be reduced or eliminated, the solar energy
will be viable alternative of energy resources when it can produce electricity
at a cost equivalent to utility grid PLN rate.
What is power transmission?
Basic structure of electric system
Generation, transmission, distribution, electricity in Pakistan
(NTDC) Pakistan
Transmission lines in Pakistan
Transmission pole design
Power transmission losses
Electricity is generated at power plants using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, and water power. The electricity is sent over power grids as electric current to homes and businesses. Electric current is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire or moving the copper wire near a magnet, which powers appliances and devices in homes and businesses. Major sources of electricity include fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, as well as renewable sources like hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power which have benefits but also risks and environmental impacts.
Electricity is generated at power plants using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, and water power. The electricity is sent over power grids as electric current to homes and businesses. Electric current is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire or moving the copper wire near a magnet, which powers appliances and devices in homes and businesses. Major sources of electricity include fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, as well as renewable sources like hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power which have benefits but also challenges.
- Blackouts can be caused by under-frequency, under-voltage, and aging infrastructure issues. Historical blackouts have affected millions worldwide due to events like hurricanes, equipment failures, and overloads. Blackouts have social, economic, and safety impacts and critical facilities require backup generators. Prevention strategies include consumption regulation, energy efficiency, grid maintenance, and developing smart grids.
In 1895 the Westinghouse Company completed the construction of the Niagara Falls
power station with a capacity of roughly 7.5 megawatts, produced from hydro turbines,
using patents and designs by Nikola Tesla. The following year General Electric, who had
been awarded the contract for the transmission and distribution lines, completed the
transmission system necessary to carry the power to the nearby city of Buffalo. This
polyphase ac system was perhaps the greatest of its time and one of the first true power
systems in the world. Today the North American power system spans the countries of the
United States, Canada and Mexico. This system incorporates tens of thousands of
transmission lines, generating stations, transformers, complex power electronic
transmission equipment, and a myriad of automatic control and protection systems which
keep this vastly complex system operating twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week,
year after year.
Blackout white paper_by_ieee_pes_ad_comm_final_082504Shraddha Dwivedi
The document summarizes presentations given at an IEEE panel session on major power grid blackouts in 2003 in North America and Europe. It describes the root causes of 3 major blackouts:
1) The August 2003 North American blackout affected 50 million people and was caused by inadequate system understanding, low situation awareness at FirstEnergy, poor vegetation management, and lack of coordination between reliability entities.
2) The September 2003 blackout in Sweden and Denmark was caused when maintenance outages reduced transmission capacity, then contingencies overloaded remaining lines, causing voltage collapse and separation of an unbalanced region.
3) The September 2003 Italian blackout was triggered by transmission line outages from weather that isolated Italy from power imports, causing
Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic in West...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper presents performance and energy saving analysis of 1.25 kWp grid
connected photovoltaic system under difference weather condition in West
Sumatera. The measured data were performed during weather data that often
occur in West Sumatra i.e. sunny, overcast, raining and cloudy.
The synchronizing process successfully done even bad weather conditions
when sunlight was low automatically. Photovoltaic in average start
producing power from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM for normal or clear sky, however
under overcast, raining and cloudy weather, the PV power decreased and
disconnected earlier before sunset. During intermittent raining, overcast and
cloud covered the PV power output show an irregular profile. The PV energy
saving performed for three residential connection cases: 1300 VA, 900 VA
with subsidized and 900 VA without subsidized. The solar PV installation
have more benefits and energy saving for 1300 VA, 900 VA without
subsidized with payback period around 8.5 years. However, the 900 VA with
subsidized take longer 20.8 years, but still in PV lifespan 25 years. In the
future, household subsidies may be reduced or eliminated, the solar energy
will be viable alternative of energy resources when it can produce electricity
at a cost equivalent to utility grid PLN rate.
What is power transmission?
Basic structure of electric system
Generation, transmission, distribution, electricity in Pakistan
(NTDC) Pakistan
Transmission lines in Pakistan
Transmission pole design
Power transmission losses
Electricity is generated at power plants using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, and water power. The electricity is sent over power grids as electric current to homes and businesses. Electric current is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire or moving the copper wire near a magnet, which powers appliances and devices in homes and businesses. Major sources of electricity include fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, as well as renewable sources like hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power which have benefits but also risks and environmental impacts.
Electricity is generated at power plants using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, and water power. The electricity is sent over power grids as electric current to homes and businesses. Electric current is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire or moving the copper wire near a magnet, which powers appliances and devices in homes and businesses. Major sources of electricity include fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, as well as renewable sources like hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power which have benefits but also challenges.
- Blackouts can be caused by under-frequency, under-voltage, and aging infrastructure issues. Historical blackouts have affected millions worldwide due to events like hurricanes, equipment failures, and overloads. Blackouts have social, economic, and safety impacts and critical facilities require backup generators. Prevention strategies include consumption regulation, energy efficiency, grid maintenance, and developing smart grids.
PROTECTION AGAINST BLACKOUTS AND SELF-RESTORATION OF POWER SYSTEMSPower System Operation
Abnormal cascading processes developing in power systems, when every disturbance triggers a next one, and so on, result in blackouts, i.e. mass-scale tripping of generating sources and disruption of electricity supply over large areas. Such blackouts imply damaged equipment of power plants, interrupted production cycles, chaos in the conditions of people‘s lives, and great economic losses.
Solar energy conversion and its utilizationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes solar energy conversion and utilization for off-grid power systems. It describes how solar panels convert sunlight into direct current electricity via the photovoltaic effect. For off-grid systems, the solar-generated electricity charges batteries, which then power loads through an inverter that converts the stored DC power to AC. The key components of an off-grid solar power system are solar panels, a solar charge controller, batteries, an inverter, and loads. These systems can provide electricity for homes in remote areas without access to the electric grid.
Iaetsd integration of distributed solar power generationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the integration of distributed solar power generation using battery energy storage systems. It provides an overview of the challenges of integrating solar power into the electricity distribution system and discusses how battery energy storage systems can help mitigate issues related to the intermittent and variable nature of solar power generation, such as rapid ramp rates, frequency and voltage fluctuations. Specifically, it describes the operation and control of grid-scale battery energy storage systems designed to improve the reliability and efficiency of the power distribution system when coupled with solar photovoltaic installations.
This document analyzes the impacts of integrating solar PV generation systems onto an existing 11kV radial distribution feeder. The feeder is simulated using software without PV integration and with PV integrated in three ways: connecting systems to the HT side, connecting to each transformer's LT busbar, and connecting to each load. Simulation results show that integrating PV closest to loads (each load connection) provides the most benefits, including increased voltages, decreased losses on both HT and LT sides, and a small increase in short circuit level that does not require upgrading circuit breakers. Integrating PV reduces losses the most and improves the voltage profile the most when connected closest to loads served.
This document provides an overview of electrical power supply systems. It discusses how power stations have moved away from consumers as demand has increased. It then summarizes the efficiencies of different power plant types, with hydroelectric being the most efficient at 85%. The key components of an electric supply system are described as the power station, transmission lines, and distribution network. Common voltage levels for generation, transmission, and distribution are also outlined. Block diagrams of steam and hydroelectric power stations are included.
This document discusses DC to DC motor drives and AC single-phase and three-phase power synthesis. It notes applications of DC to DC conversion in electronic equipment, UPS systems, and power systems. AC single-phase synthesis has applications in UPS systems and PV systems. AC three-phase synthesis can be used in electronic equipment, UPS systems, PV systems, and power systems.
Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected PV Systemijtsrd
The general trends in the past decade of increasing solar cell efficiency, decreasing PV system costs, increasing government incentive programs, and several other factors have all combined synergistically to reduce the barriers of entry for PV systems to enter the market and expand their contribution to the global energy portfolio. The shortcomings of current inverter functions which link PV systems to the utility network are becoming transparent as PV penetration levels continue to increase. In this paper an analysis of solar system connected with the grid has been done. The system is subjected with two types of perturbations, i.e. variable load and the variable irradiance level which changes the output of the solar system. The design, modeling, and analysis of a grid-tied PV system are performed in the MATLAB software simulation environment. Solar cell works on the principle of photo voltaic effect, which has nonlinear voltage and current characteristics. These characteristics are improved with the help of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. MPPT controller helps to feed the inverter with maximum power from the solar system. Results indicate that in the presence of grid disturbances the inverter can react dynamically to help restore the power system back to its normal state. A harmonic analysis was also performed indicating the inverter under study met the applicable power quality standards for distributed energy resources Anjali | Gourav Sharma"Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2196.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2196/power-quality-improvement-in-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
The document discusses the key components of an electric power system: electricity generation, which involves generating power from sources like combustion, nuclear fission, or renewable resources; transmission over high-voltage lines to transport power from generation centers to load centers; and distribution through lower voltage lines to deliver power to homes and businesses. It also briefly describes different types of transmission towers and substations that facilitate moving power through the system.
IRJET- A Grid-Control Scheme Connected to a Wind Energy System for Improving ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. Power quality issues like voltage variations, flicker, and harmonics are caused by the variable output of wind turbines. The proposed system connects a STATCOM and battery storage at the point of common coupling to mitigate these issues. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is used to simulate the STATCOM control system. Simulation results show the system maintains unity power factor at the source, supports reactive power needs, and improves power quality standards according to IEC guidelines.
The document discusses wireless power transmission. It introduces various methods of wireless power transmission including atmospheric conduction proposed by Tesla and electrodynamic induction methods using microwaves or lasers. It discusses the history of wireless power transmission from Tesla's initial proposals in the 1890s to recent developments. The advantages of wireless power include eliminating wired grids while disadvantages include potential interference and safety/efficiency challenges. Applications include wireless charging of electric vehicles and consumer devices as well as potential future uses.
PSS/E based placement wind/PV hybrid system to improve stability of Iraqi grid IJECEIAES
Proper employment of Hybrid Wind/ PV system is often implemented near the load, and it is linked with the grid to study dynamic stability analysis. Generally, instability is because of sudden load demand variant and variant in renewable sources generation. As well as, weather variation creates several factors that affect the operation of the integrated hybrid system. So this paper introduces output result of a PV /wind via power electronic technique; DC chopper; that is linked to Iraqi power system to promote the facilitating achievement of Wind/ PV voltage. Moreover, PSS/E is used to study dynamic power stability for hybrid system which is attached to an effective region of Iraqi Network. The hybrid system is connected to Amara Old bus and fault bus is achieved to that bus and the stability results reflects that settling time after disturbance is not satisfactory. But, it is found that PV/wind generation system influences Iraqi grid stability to be better than that with only PV generation and the latter is better than stability of the grid that is enhanced with only wind generation. These results represent an important guideline for Iraqi power system planner.
Wind power provides almost 2% of Poland's electricity through 1,616 megawatts of installed capacity across various wind farms as of the end of 2011, with the most popular farms located near Legnica in Dolny Slask where four plants have been established. Proper spacing of 400-600 meters between turbines is important to avoid mutual deprivation of energy.
Wireless power transfer involves transmitting electrical energy without wires. It can power devices where wires are inconvenient by using methods like inductive coupling with coils, resonant inductive coupling with tuned circuits, capacitive coupling with electrodes, or magneto dynamic coupling with rotating armatures. Advantages include eliminating transmission losses and power failures, while disadvantages include high costs and limitations in power levels and charging speeds. Applications include charging electric vehicles, mobile devices, and enabling entirely wireless buildings and appliances.
WIRELESS DRIVEN LED SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHTING SYSTEM rahulvm995
Wireless power transfer technology is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without man-made conductors. Traditional LED lighting system sensitive to rigid environment such as humidity, corrosive and flammable. Combining the advantages of wireless electrical power transfer and LED semiconductor lighting technology, the wireless-driven LED (WD-LED) lighting system has advantages of electrical shock protection, convenient, reliable, portable and environmentally sound.
This document analyzes the power demand and supply situation in Guwahati, Assam, India from April 2015 to March 2016. Data was collected from various substations that feed power to Guwahati, including transmission capacity, incoming and outgoing feeders. Demand-supply patterns were analyzed quarterly and it was found that demand exceeded supply in June 2015 likely due to high summer demand and power plant maintenance. Summer demand reached around 100 MW on average while winter demand was 50-100 MW. External power procurement was also analyzed against power supplied by the Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited.
This document presents an overview of wireless power transmission. It discusses the history of the concept from Nikola Tesla's early proposals. It describes different techniques for wireless power transmission including near-field methods like inductive coupling and resonant inductive coupling, as well as far-field methods like microwave power transmission and laser transmission. Examples of wireless power systems like rectennas, solar power satellites, and WiTricity are also outlined. The document concludes that wireless power transmission can help address energy crises and reduce transmission losses compared to wired systems.
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
The document discusses studying electrical engineering and how it benefits humanity. It describes how electrical engineering has enabled modern technologies like computers, robotics, medical devices, and the internet. It also discusses how electrical engineers brought electricity to homes worldwide, dramatically improving people's lives by enabling appliances, lighting, and more. Overall, the document argues that electrical engineering has positively impacted humanity by developing technologies that have simplified and improved lives.
PROTECTION AGAINST BLACKOUTS AND SELF-RESTORATION OF POWER SYSTEMSPower System Operation
Abnormal cascading processes developing in power systems, when every disturbance triggers a next one, and so on, result in blackouts, i.e. mass-scale tripping of generating sources and disruption of electricity supply over large areas. Such blackouts imply damaged equipment of power plants, interrupted production cycles, chaos in the conditions of people‘s lives, and great economic losses.
Solar energy conversion and its utilizationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes solar energy conversion and utilization for off-grid power systems. It describes how solar panels convert sunlight into direct current electricity via the photovoltaic effect. For off-grid systems, the solar-generated electricity charges batteries, which then power loads through an inverter that converts the stored DC power to AC. The key components of an off-grid solar power system are solar panels, a solar charge controller, batteries, an inverter, and loads. These systems can provide electricity for homes in remote areas without access to the electric grid.
Iaetsd integration of distributed solar power generationIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the integration of distributed solar power generation using battery energy storage systems. It provides an overview of the challenges of integrating solar power into the electricity distribution system and discusses how battery energy storage systems can help mitigate issues related to the intermittent and variable nature of solar power generation, such as rapid ramp rates, frequency and voltage fluctuations. Specifically, it describes the operation and control of grid-scale battery energy storage systems designed to improve the reliability and efficiency of the power distribution system when coupled with solar photovoltaic installations.
This document analyzes the impacts of integrating solar PV generation systems onto an existing 11kV radial distribution feeder. The feeder is simulated using software without PV integration and with PV integrated in three ways: connecting systems to the HT side, connecting to each transformer's LT busbar, and connecting to each load. Simulation results show that integrating PV closest to loads (each load connection) provides the most benefits, including increased voltages, decreased losses on both HT and LT sides, and a small increase in short circuit level that does not require upgrading circuit breakers. Integrating PV reduces losses the most and improves the voltage profile the most when connected closest to loads served.
This document provides an overview of electrical power supply systems. It discusses how power stations have moved away from consumers as demand has increased. It then summarizes the efficiencies of different power plant types, with hydroelectric being the most efficient at 85%. The key components of an electric supply system are described as the power station, transmission lines, and distribution network. Common voltage levels for generation, transmission, and distribution are also outlined. Block diagrams of steam and hydroelectric power stations are included.
This document discusses DC to DC motor drives and AC single-phase and three-phase power synthesis. It notes applications of DC to DC conversion in electronic equipment, UPS systems, and power systems. AC single-phase synthesis has applications in UPS systems and PV systems. AC three-phase synthesis can be used in electronic equipment, UPS systems, PV systems, and power systems.
Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected PV Systemijtsrd
The general trends in the past decade of increasing solar cell efficiency, decreasing PV system costs, increasing government incentive programs, and several other factors have all combined synergistically to reduce the barriers of entry for PV systems to enter the market and expand their contribution to the global energy portfolio. The shortcomings of current inverter functions which link PV systems to the utility network are becoming transparent as PV penetration levels continue to increase. In this paper an analysis of solar system connected with the grid has been done. The system is subjected with two types of perturbations, i.e. variable load and the variable irradiance level which changes the output of the solar system. The design, modeling, and analysis of a grid-tied PV system are performed in the MATLAB software simulation environment. Solar cell works on the principle of photo voltaic effect, which has nonlinear voltage and current characteristics. These characteristics are improved with the help of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. MPPT controller helps to feed the inverter with maximum power from the solar system. Results indicate that in the presence of grid disturbances the inverter can react dynamically to help restore the power system back to its normal state. A harmonic analysis was also performed indicating the inverter under study met the applicable power quality standards for distributed energy resources Anjali | Gourav Sharma"Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2196.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2196/power-quality-improvement-in-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
The document discusses the key components of an electric power system: electricity generation, which involves generating power from sources like combustion, nuclear fission, or renewable resources; transmission over high-voltage lines to transport power from generation centers to load centers; and distribution through lower voltage lines to deliver power to homes and businesses. It also briefly describes different types of transmission towers and substations that facilitate moving power through the system.
IRJET- A Grid-Control Scheme Connected to a Wind Energy System for Improving ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. Power quality issues like voltage variations, flicker, and harmonics are caused by the variable output of wind turbines. The proposed system connects a STATCOM and battery storage at the point of common coupling to mitigate these issues. A MATLAB/SIMULINK model is used to simulate the STATCOM control system. Simulation results show the system maintains unity power factor at the source, supports reactive power needs, and improves power quality standards according to IEC guidelines.
The document discusses wireless power transmission. It introduces various methods of wireless power transmission including atmospheric conduction proposed by Tesla and electrodynamic induction methods using microwaves or lasers. It discusses the history of wireless power transmission from Tesla's initial proposals in the 1890s to recent developments. The advantages of wireless power include eliminating wired grids while disadvantages include potential interference and safety/efficiency challenges. Applications include wireless charging of electric vehicles and consumer devices as well as potential future uses.
PSS/E based placement wind/PV hybrid system to improve stability of Iraqi grid IJECEIAES
Proper employment of Hybrid Wind/ PV system is often implemented near the load, and it is linked with the grid to study dynamic stability analysis. Generally, instability is because of sudden load demand variant and variant in renewable sources generation. As well as, weather variation creates several factors that affect the operation of the integrated hybrid system. So this paper introduces output result of a PV /wind via power electronic technique; DC chopper; that is linked to Iraqi power system to promote the facilitating achievement of Wind/ PV voltage. Moreover, PSS/E is used to study dynamic power stability for hybrid system which is attached to an effective region of Iraqi Network. The hybrid system is connected to Amara Old bus and fault bus is achieved to that bus and the stability results reflects that settling time after disturbance is not satisfactory. But, it is found that PV/wind generation system influences Iraqi grid stability to be better than that with only PV generation and the latter is better than stability of the grid that is enhanced with only wind generation. These results represent an important guideline for Iraqi power system planner.
Wind power provides almost 2% of Poland's electricity through 1,616 megawatts of installed capacity across various wind farms as of the end of 2011, with the most popular farms located near Legnica in Dolny Slask where four plants have been established. Proper spacing of 400-600 meters between turbines is important to avoid mutual deprivation of energy.
Wireless power transfer involves transmitting electrical energy without wires. It can power devices where wires are inconvenient by using methods like inductive coupling with coils, resonant inductive coupling with tuned circuits, capacitive coupling with electrodes, or magneto dynamic coupling with rotating armatures. Advantages include eliminating transmission losses and power failures, while disadvantages include high costs and limitations in power levels and charging speeds. Applications include charging electric vehicles, mobile devices, and enabling entirely wireless buildings and appliances.
WIRELESS DRIVEN LED SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHTING SYSTEM rahulvm995
Wireless power transfer technology is the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load without man-made conductors. Traditional LED lighting system sensitive to rigid environment such as humidity, corrosive and flammable. Combining the advantages of wireless electrical power transfer and LED semiconductor lighting technology, the wireless-driven LED (WD-LED) lighting system has advantages of electrical shock protection, convenient, reliable, portable and environmentally sound.
This document analyzes the power demand and supply situation in Guwahati, Assam, India from April 2015 to March 2016. Data was collected from various substations that feed power to Guwahati, including transmission capacity, incoming and outgoing feeders. Demand-supply patterns were analyzed quarterly and it was found that demand exceeded supply in June 2015 likely due to high summer demand and power plant maintenance. Summer demand reached around 100 MW on average while winter demand was 50-100 MW. External power procurement was also analyzed against power supplied by the Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited.
This document presents an overview of wireless power transmission. It discusses the history of the concept from Nikola Tesla's early proposals. It describes different techniques for wireless power transmission including near-field methods like inductive coupling and resonant inductive coupling, as well as far-field methods like microwave power transmission and laser transmission. Examples of wireless power systems like rectennas, solar power satellites, and WiTricity are also outlined. The document concludes that wireless power transmission can help address energy crises and reduce transmission losses compared to wired systems.
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
The document discusses studying electrical engineering and how it benefits humanity. It describes how electrical engineering has enabled modern technologies like computers, robotics, medical devices, and the internet. It also discusses how electrical engineers brought electricity to homes worldwide, dramatically improving people's lives by enabling appliances, lighting, and more. Overall, the document argues that electrical engineering has positively impacted humanity by developing technologies that have simplified and improved lives.
This document provides an introduction to power systems, including a brief history of electricity generation and transmission. It discusses the development of alternating current systems and the establishment of national grids. Key elements of modern power systems are defined, including generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. Generation is typically done at low voltages which are stepped up for transmission via high voltage lines and transformers.
Electricity is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire, inducing a current. Most power plants have large magnets spun by steam turbines, which are heated by burning fossil fuels, nuclear fission, or renewable sources like wind and falling water. The generated current is sent through power lines to homes and businesses. Common renewable sources used in power generation include hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and solar power. Each source has advantages and disadvantages related to costs, environmental impacts, and reliability.
Electricity is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire, inducing a current. Most power plants have large magnets spun by steam turbines, which are heated by burning fossil fuels, nuclear fission, or renewable sources like wind and falling water. The generated current is sent through power lines to homes and businesses. Common renewable sources used in power generation include hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and solar power. Each source has advantages and disadvantages related to costs, environmental impacts, and reliability.
Electricity is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire, inducing a current. Most power plants have large magnets spun by steam turbines, which are heated by burning fossil fuels, nuclear fission, or renewable sources like wind and falling water. This electricity is sent through power lines to homes and businesses to power appliances and machines.
Electricity is generated at power plants using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables. It is sent over power grids as electric current, which is a flow of charged particles like electrons. At homes, this current powers appliances by running through copper wires and making electric motors spin. The major challenge is providing the motion needed to generate current, which different methods like wind turbines and hydroelectric dams address by harnessing the kinetic energy of moving air or water. Thermal plants are also common but less efficient and pose environmental issues.
This document provides a course syllabus for an undergraduate elective course on renewable energy generation. The goal of the course is to introduce students to the state of renewable energy and new energy technologies globally. Topics that will be covered include distributed and clean power generation sources like wind, solar, fuel cells, energy storage systems, environmental impacts, and the economics of renewable energy systems. The syllabus outlines the course objectives, intended audience, approach, topics to be covered each week, required text, and references.
Power system operating reliability is a constant challenge. Despite the existing
lines of defence at the level of the different power systems, the latter are not
shielded from widespread incidents, leading to large-scale customer load
shedding operations.
No-one has forgotten the incident that the French system sustained on 19
December 1978, when 75% of national load was affected. This incident, not a
recent one to be sure, is the most serious that EDF has experienced since the
end of the post-war period of shortage.
Less than a decade later, the incident of 12 January 1987, initiated by the
successive tripping of the generation units at Cordemais, near Nantes, where
the power supply to the west of France was interrupted, was a reminder to
power system operators to be watchful.
Since then, several other widespread incidents have occurred all over the world
and deprived millions of customers of electricity. Particular mention can be
made of the sizeable power failures that hit Quebec in 1988, the southern half
of Italy in 1994, the west of the United States in 1996 and, more recently, the
incidents in 2003 which affected the eastern part of the United States and
Canada, as well as southern Switzerland and the whole of Italy.
Power system operating reliability is a constant challenge. Despite the existing
lines of defence at the level of the different power systems, the latter are not
shielded from widespread incidents, leading to large-scale customer load
shedding operations.
No-one has forgotten the incident that the French system sustained on 19
December 1978, when 75% of national load was affected. This incident, not a
recent one to be sure, is the most serious that EDF has experienced since the
end of the post-war period of shortage.
Less than a decade later, the incident of 12 January 1987, initiated by the
successive tripping of the generation units at Cordemais, near Nantes, where
the power supply to the west of France was interrupted, was a reminder to
power system operators to be watchful.
Since then, several other widespread incidents have occurred all over the world
and deprived millions of customers of electricity. Particular mention can be
made of the sizeable power failures that hit Quebec in 1988, the southern half
of Italy in 1994, the west of the United States in 1996 and, more recently, the
incidents in 2003 which affected the eastern part of the United States and
Canada, as well as southern Switzerland and the whole of Italy.
RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF A WIND POWER PLANT IN THE MID REGION OF KARNATAKA S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reliability evaluation of a wind power plant in Karnataka, India using MATLAB. The goal is to develop a simplified method to assess the reliability of electric power output from a wind energy conversion system (WECS). WECS output is variable depending on wind speed and mechanical failures can occur. The method calculates four variables using a reliability model: wind availability factor, constant power output factor, variable power output factor, and mechanical failure factor. These factors account for parameters like tower height, turbine design, and wind speed distribution. MATLAB is used to plot sensitivity graphs of important parameters.
This document summarizes a paper about different types of power problems. It begins by introducing the topic and defining key power quality issues like transients, interruptions, sag/swell, and waveform distortion. It then describes the causes and effects of different types of transients, including impulsive transients from lightning and oscillatory transients from switching operations. Standards for defining and measuring power problems are also discussed. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate power quality events. In summary, it provides an overview of common power problems, their characteristics, causes, and potential impacts.
A Model for Assessment of Power System Outages on Nigerian Transmission Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Model for Assessment of Power System Outages on Nigerian Transmission Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Not our fault! - earth faults, past, present, and future, and their mitigationDennis Keen
This paper examines the technology development of different types of arc suppression coils, including dry and oil filled types. The tuning methods used including switched capacitances or reactance and moving coil types. How this method of earth fault protection compares with other methods and what options can be added to the arc suppression coil to improve the performance as an earth fault minimization system.
This paper also considers the wider electricity industry’s attitude to Arc Suppression Coils or Rapid Earth Fault Current Limiters (REFCL) and applications to safety including Earth Potential Rise (EPR) and induction effects. Mitigation of bush fires and forest fire risks and the use of REFCL’s in transmission and distribution systems up to 110kV. Also their application for generators, wind turbine and network systems to allow continued use in fault conditions whilst still maintaining public safety and minimising asset damage.
The document discusses implementing a cascade protection scheme using transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) to protect variable speed drives (VSDs) from failures caused by electrical storms at an oil field in Venezuela. It analyzes lightning activity and surge categories in the area and reviews how a three-stage cascade scheme was tested in the lab and is being installed across 60 wells. The goals are to reduce VSD failures, decrease repair costs, and minimize lost oil production. Tests showed the selected TVSS technology provided the lowest residual voltages following surges.
This document provides an overview of solar power satellites and wireless power transmission. It discusses how solar power satellites work by using large satellites in geostationary orbit to collect solar energy and transmit it to large rectifying antennas on Earth via microwave beams. While transmitting power wirelessly eliminates transmission losses, solar power satellites are a more reliable approach than ground-based solar as they are not impacted by weather or nighttime. However, solar power satellites also have significant challenges including their large size, high costs, and potential interference with other satellites.
H6 Handbook of Electrical Power System Dynamics Modeling, Stability and Contr...EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
The introduction summarizes that power systems are extremely complex due to their large geographical scale and need to continuously balance generation and load. It describes how systems have expanded through interconnections to transfer energy over long distances. However, this increases risks that must be addressed through accurate modeling, analysis tools, and advanced control technologies. The book is divided into three parts covering modeling and control, stability analysis, and blackouts/restoration. It aims to provide knowledge from different schools and experiences to help engineers address challenges in safely operating and designing power systems.
Saturated core fault current limiter field experience at a distribution subst...Franco Moriconi
Zenergy Power has been developing an inductive-type of
fault current limiter (FCL) for electric power grid
applications. In March 2009 Zenergy Power installed a
FCL in the Avanti distribution circuit of Southern
California Edison’s Shandin substation in San Bernardino,
CA, rated at 15 kV and 1,200 amperes steady-state. In
January 2010, this device successfully limited its first series
of real-world faults when the circuit experienced multiple
single-phase and three-phase faults. Zenergy Power also
received contracts to deliver an 11 kV, 1,250 amperes FCL
for the CE Electric UK grid and a 138 kV, 1,300 amperes
FCL for the Tidd substation of American Electric Power.
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
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What does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving mean
Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide
Big data analytics Big data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analytics
Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
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SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency
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What does merit order mean What does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order mean
Balancing services help maintain the frequency of the power grid by providing short-term energy or capacity reserves. They include balancing energy, which system operators use to maintain grid frequency, and balancing capacity, which providers agree to keep available. Different balancing services have varying activation speeds to respond to frequency deviations. Harmonization efforts in Europe are working to establish common balancing markets and platforms for cross-border exchange of reserves.
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools & Simulation Tools
Power Quality Trends in the Transition to Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemPower System Operation
Power Quality
Trends in the Transition to
Carbon-Free Electrical Energy System Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy System
A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and purchaser that defines the conditions for the sale of electricity. PPAs provide price stability and help finance renewable energy projects by guaranteeing revenue. There are physical PPAs, which deliver electricity directly, and virtual PPAs, which financially settle the contract without physical delivery. PPAs benefit both renewable developers by enabling project financing, and buyers seeking long-term electricity price certainty and renewable attributes.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
4. Administrative Committee of the PSDPC prepared a high-
level policy-orientated paper on the 2003 blackouts (see “For
Further Reading”). This inspired the formation of the current
IEEE Task Force on Blackout Experience, Mitigation, and
Role of New Technologies, which is presently preparing a
comprehensive document on the subject of blackouts.
In this article, we will look at some recent major blackouts
and then discuss some of the root causes and dynamics of
these events. This will help to identify high-level conclusions
and recommendations for improving system dynamic per-
formance and reducing the risk of such catastrophic events.
Major Blackouts of 2003
The U.S.-Canadian blackout of 14 August 2003 affected
approximately 50 million people in eight U.S. states and two
Canadian provinces. Roughly 63 GW of load was interrupt-
ed, equating to approximately 11% of the total load served in
the Eastern Interconnection of the North American system,
which spans from the central states of the United States to the
East Coast and from the eastern Canadian provinces to Flori-
da. During this event, over 400 transmission lines and 531
generating units at 261 power plants tripped. Figure 1 shows
the general area affected by this blackout.
Based on the North American Electric Reliability Council
(NERC) investigation, prior to the ensuing events that led to
the blackout, the system was being operated in compliance
with NERC operating policies. However, there were apparent
reactive power supply problems in the states of Indiana and
Ohio prior to noon on 14 August 2003. The Midwest ISO
(MISO) state estimator (SE) and real-time contingency analy-
sis (RTCA) software were inoperative (not functioning prop-
erly due to software problems) for most of the afternoon. This
prevented MISO from performing proper “early warning”
assessments of the system as the events were unfolding. At
the FirstEnergy (FE) control center, a number of computer
software failures occurred on their energy management sys-
tem (EMS) software starting at 2:14 p.m. This prevented FE
from having adequate knowledge of the events taking place
on its own system until approximately 3:45 p.m. This con-
tributed to inadequate situational awareness at FE.
The first major event was the outage of FE’s Eastlake
Unit 5 generator. Eastlake Unit 5 and several other genera-
tors in FE’s Northern Ohio service area were generating high
levels of reactive power, and the reactive power demand
from these generators continued to increase as the day pro-
gressed. Such high reactive power loading of generators can
be a concern and may lead to control and protection prob-
lems. In fact, due to high reactive output, the Eastlake Unit 5
voltage regulator tripped to manual due to overexcitation. As
the operator attempted to restore automatic voltage control,
the generator tripped. A modern excitation system automati-
cally returns to voltage control when conditions permit. The
24 IEEE power & energy magazine september/october 2006
figure 1. The region affected by the U.S.-Canadian blackout of 14 August 2003.
MICHIGAN
Grand
Rapids
Lansing
Flint
Detroit
Michigan Electric
Coordinating System
Toledo
FirstEnergy
OHIO
Fort
Wayne
INDIANA
Cinergy
Cinergy
Dayton Power
and Light Co.
FirstEnergy
Dayton
KY
Columbus
American Electric
Power Co.
WEST VIRGINIA
Reliability Coordinators
MISO
PENNSYLVANIA
ONTARIO
Ontario Ind.
Market Operator
Toronto
Rochester
Buffalo
NEW YORK
New York ISO
ErieLake Erie
Windsor
Clevel and
FirstEnergy
Akron
PJM Interconnect
Pittsburgh
Duquesne
Light Co.
PJM
N. Indiana
Public Service Co.
Indianapolis
Cinergy
LG and E Energy Corp.
Cincinnati
Indianapolis P and L
South Bend
Hoosier Energy
Rural Electric
Coop
5. september/october 2006 IEEE power & energy magazine
Chamberlin-Harding 345-kV line tripped at 3:05 p.m. in
FE’s system due to tree contact; the line was only loaded to
44% of summer normal/emergency rating. The Hanna-
Juniper 345-kV line loaded to 88% of its summer emergency
rating and tripped due to tree contact at 3:32 p.m. This cas-
cading loss of lines continued while little action was being
taken to shed load or readjust the system since during this
period, due to EMS failures at FE and MISO control centers,
there was little awareness of the events transpiring.
The critical event leading to widespread cascading in Ohio
and beyond was the tripping of the Sammis-Star
345-kV line at 4:05:57 p.m. The line tripped by the Sammis
End Zone 3 relay operating on real and reactive current over-
load and depressed voltage. Tripping of many additional lines
in Ohio and Michigan by Zone 3 relays, or Zone 2 relays set
similar to Zone 3 relays, followed. Prior to the Sammis–Star
tripping, the blackout could have been prevented by load
shedding in northeast Ohio.
At approximately 4:10 p.m., due to the cascading loss of
major tie-lines in Ohio and Michigan, the power transfer
between the United States and Canada on the Michigan bor-
der shifted. That is, power started flowing counterclock-
wise from Pennsylvania through New York and Ontario and
finally into Michigan and Ohio. This huge (3,700 MW)
reverse power flow was intended for serving load in the
Michigan and Ohio system, which was at this stage severed
from all other systems except Ontario. At this point, voltage
collapsed due to extremely heavily loaded transmission, and
a cascading outage of several hundred lines and generators
ensued, culminating in a blackout of the entire region.
In the same year, two other major blackouts occurred in
Europe. One of these, occurring on 23 September 2003,
unfolded in the Swedish/Danish system. The system was
moderately loaded before the blackout, but several system
components, including two 400-kV lines and high-voltage dc
(HVDC) links connecting the Nordel (power system of the
Nordic countries) system with continental Europe, were out
of service due to maintenance. Even taking these scheduled
outages into account, the system was not stressed.
The first contingency was the loss of a 1,200-MW nuclear
unit in southern Sweden due to problems with a steam valve.
This resulted in an increase of power transfer from the north.
System security was still acceptable after this contingency.
Five minutes after this outage, a fault occurred about 300 km
from the location of the tripped nuclear unit; these two events
were unrelated.
Due to the failure of substation equipment (a disconnec-
tor), a double bus-bar fault ensued. This resulted in the loss
of a number of lines and two 900-MW nuclear units and, as
a consequence, a very high power transfer north to south on
the remaining 400-kV line. Consequently, the system expe-
rienced voltage collapse leading to the separation of a
region of the southern Swedish and eastern Denmark sys-
tem. In a matter of seconds, this islanded system collapsed
in both voltage and frequency, thus resulting in a blackout.
The islanded system had only enough generation to cover
some 30% of its demand, which was far from sufficient to
allow islanded operation. A total of 4,700 MW of load was
lost in Sweden (1.6 million people affected) and 1,850 MW
in Denmark (2.4 million people affected).
The third major blackout of 2003 occurred in continental
Europe on 28 September. This blackout resulted in a complete
loss of power throughout Italy. The sequence of events leading
to this blackout began when a tree flashover caused the trip-
ping of a major tie-line between Italy and Switzerland. The
connection was not reestablished because the automatic
breaker controls did not reclose the line; the phase angle dif-
ference across the line was too large due to the heavy power
import into Italy. This resulted in an overload on parallel trans-
mission paths. Since power was not redistributed quickly and
adequately, a second 380-kV line also tripped on the same
border (Italy-Switzerland) due to tree contact. This cascading
trend continued. In a couple of seconds, the power deficit in
Italy was such that Italy started to lose synchronism with the
rest of Europe and the lines on the interface between France
and Italy tripped due to distance relays (first or second step).
The same happened for the 220-kV interconnection between
Italy and Austria. Subsequently, the final 380-kV corridor
between Italy and Slovenia became overloaded and it tripped
too. These outages left the Italian system with a shortage of
6,400 MW of power, which was the import level prior to the
loss of the interconnecting lines. As a consequence, the fre-
quency in the Italian system started to fall rapidly and, due to
this swift frequency decay, many generators tripped on under-
frequency. Thus, over the course of several minutes, the entire
Italian system collapsed, causing a nationwide blackout. This
was the worst blackout in the history of the Italian nation.
Generalities and Root Causes—
The Anatomy of a Blackout
Most major grid blackouts are initiated by a single event (or
multiple related events such as a fault and a relay misoperation)
25
The U.S.-Canadian blackout of 14 August 2003
affected approximately 50 million people in eight U.S. states
and two Canadian provinces.
6. 26 IEEE power & energy magazine september/october 2006
figure 2. General sequence of events leading to a blackout.
Yes
No
Power System
Operating Within
Design
Parameters
System
Readjustment by
Operator Action
(Tens of Minutes to
Hours Time Frame)
Mutually
Exclusive (Low
Probability)
Secondary Event
(Before System
Readjustment is
Possible, a Second
Major Event Occurs)
Blackout
System Stable
but in
Emergency State
Power
Across
Interface
Frequency
In
Island
Point of No Return
ProperAutomaticControls(UVLS,UFLS,
CoordinatedDampingControls)
Proper Operator/
Automatic
Remedial Action
(Seconds to Minutes
Time Frame)
— Failing Equipment
— Line Trips Due to Relay
Misoperation
— Line Trips Due to
Overload/Tree Contact/
Fault
— Additional Failing Equipment or
Misoperation
— Cascading Outage of Overloaded
Lines
— System Splits Up Due to Stability
Problems
Final Stages of Collapse
— System Splits into Uncontrollable
Islands
— Large Mismatch of Load/Generation
in Islands Leads to Frequency
Collapse
— Large Mismatch of Reactive Reserves
and Load Leads to Voltage Collapse
Initiating Event:
Cascading Outages
7. september/october 2006 IEEE power & energy magazine
that gradually leads to cascading outages and eventual collapse
of the entire system. With hindsight, one can often identify
means of mitigating the initial event or minimizing its impact to
reduce the risk of the ensuing cascading trips of lines and gener-
ation. Given the complexity and immensity of modern power
systems, it is not possible to totally eliminate the risk of black-
outs. However, there are certainly means of minimizing the risk
based on lessons learned from the general root causes and
nature of these events.
To help visualize some of the interrelationships between
events on the system as a blackout unfolds, Figure 2 provides
a graphical outline of the general sequence of events. Typical-
ly, the blackout can be traced back to the outage of a single
transmission (or generation) element. The majority of these
events tends to be the result of equipment failure (aging
equipment, misoperation of a protective device, etc.) or envi-
ronmental factors (e.g., tree contact and tripping of a line due
to excessive sag on a hot summer day). Human error can also
be a contributing factor. If proper planning criteria are fol-
lowed, most modern power systems are designed to be able
to operate safely and in a stable fashion for such single (or
multiple common-mode) outages. However, depending on
the severity of the event, the system may enter into an emer-
gency state following the disturbance, particularly during
peak load hours. Thus, if proper automatic control actions or
operator intervention are not taken decisively, the system may
be susceptible to further failures and subsequent cascading.
Also, though quite rare, it is possible (see, for example, the
discussion on the Swedish blackout) to have a second uncor-
related event occur while the system is in this emergency
state following an N-1 event, prior to system readjustment.
In the case where proper operator or automatic control
actions are not taken, the consequences can be numerous. In
the simplest case (e.g., the Italian and North American black-
outs discussed above), parallel transmission paths may
become overloaded due to a redistribution of power after the
initial outage, and thus a process of cascading transmission
line outages may ensue. At some point this will lead to
dynamic performance issues. That is, the increasing electrical
distance between load and generation (as ac transmission
lines trip) may lead to a number a factors.
✔ Transient angular instability: The initial large distur-
bance (e.g., transmission system fault) will lead to devi-
ations in generator rotor angles. If this is then followed
by inadequate electrical coupling between groups of
generators (due to the loss of transmission lines), it may
lead to a lack of synchronizing power and thus an
inability for generators in different regions of the sys-
tem to keep in sync with each other. The observed
response is a continuously growing angular shift
between groups of generators. As the two regions sepa-
rate in angle, the voltage in between the two regions
will be depressed. Such depressed voltage may lead to
transmission line protective relays tripping additional
lines and, thus, possible eventual severing of all ac
transmission paths between the two regions. Out-of-
step relays may also be used to deliberately sever ties
between the two systems in the event of transient insta-
bility. This phenomenon occurs within a few seconds.
✔ Growing power oscillations (small-signal instability): In
this case, the weakening of the transmission system,
coupled with high power transfer levels, leads to uncon-
trolled growing electromechanical oscillations between
groups of generators. The observed response is an
uncontrolled growing oscillation in power on transmis-
sion corridors until, once again, protective relays result
in further partitioning of the system. This phenomenon
may take several seconds to tens of seconds to unfold.
Figure 3 shows an example of this phenomenon.
✔ Voltage instability or collapse: In some cases, particu-
larly during peak system load conditions and where
air-conditioning loads dominate, transient voltage
instability may occur. Transient voltage instability is a
very fast phenomenon due to stalling of motor load. In
most cases, however, voltage collapse may take several
minutes to unfold.
If unchecked, any one of these unstable dynamic phe-
nomena may lead to partitioning of the system into smaller
islands of load and generation. This can then further exacer-
bate the problem due to unstable and uncontrolled frequency
response due to large imbalance between load and genera-
tion in these islands. Eventually, a point of no return is
reached at which time the multitude of cascading events and
their rapid succession becomes unmanageable and a rapid
chain reaction of load and generation tripping leads to the
ultimate blackout.
One of the other causes of cascading is often the indiscrim-
inating way in which protective devices and relays operate.
For example, one of the primary means of protecting extra-
high-voltage transmission lines is through the use of distance
relays, which look at apparent impedance as a means of
detecting a fault. In many of the blackouts in North America,
such relays have initiated line tripping due to heavy load and
depressed voltage conditions, which result in apparent imped-
ances that fall into the Zone 3 settings of line relays. Thus, the
relay trips the line since it believes a fault has occurred, while
in actuality there is no fault condition. This then further
increases loading on parallel lines, and the process continues,
resulting in a cascading sequence of line outages. With the
advent of digital equipment, it is incumbent on the industry to
consider research into practical means of performing protec-
tive functions in a more discriminating manner.
Means of Reducing the Risk of a Blackout
It is, of course, not possible to achieve 100% reliability and
security of a power system. Human error or acts of nature
(ice storms, hurricanes, etc.) are facts of life that cannot be
eliminated. The goal, instead, should be to maintain an ade-
quate level of system reliability and security to minimize
the risk of major blackouts resulting from cascading outages
27
8. emanating from a single disturbance. Clearly, the most
straightforward way is to minimize the risk of inadvertent
disturbances by mitigating, as far as possible, the root cause
of system disturbances. That is, through
✔ prioritized replacement of legacy power plant and trans-
mission control and/or protection equipment with mod-
ern equipment and designs; this both helps to reduce
the risk of disturbances caused by failing equipment
and, in many cases, can directly improve reliability (for
example, replacing an old main and transfer substation
design with a breaker-and a half design)
✔ regular maintenance, evaluation, and testing of power
plant and substation equipment to ensure that the
equipment is maintained in a good condition and is
operating within design parameters; in addition to
prolonging equipment life through proper mainte-
nance, testing and maintenance helps to identify inad-
vertent or improper settings on control and protection
systems, thus minimizing the risk of disturbances
resulting from the misoperation of devices.
In addition to the above preventative measures, there
are also active measures that can be taken to prevent cas-
cading when a single major disturbance does occur. A
wide range of established, as well as new and emerging,
technologies can assist in significantly minimizing the
impact of an event and, thus, help to mitigate the risk of
widespread blackouts. Some of the established and newer
technologies include
✔ coordinated emergency controls (such as special pro-
tection systems, undervoltage load shedding, and
underfrequency load shedding)
✔ flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) and HVDC
✔ online dynamic security assessment
✔ real-time system monitoring and control.
Some emerging technologies that may be equally as
effective are
✔ adaptive relaying
✔ distributed generation technologies
✔ wide-area monitoring and control
✔ risk-based system security assessment (for planning
and real-time applications).
Most of these technologies are discussed in the subse-
quent articles and in some of the literature provided below as
further reading.
28 IEEE power & energy magazine september/october 2006
figure 3. Growing power oscillations that occurred during the 10 August 1996 blackout in the North American
Western-Interconnected system: (a) actual recorder power oscillations on the California-Oregon Interface (COI) and
(b) the simulated event based on the initial Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) power system model database.
This disparity was the motivation of much modeling and testing activity that has since continued in the now Western
Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). (Figure courtesy of Bonneville Power Administration.)
0
Simulated COI Power (Initial WSCC Base Case)
Observed COI Power (Dittmer Control Center)4,600
4,400
4,200
4,000
4,600
4,400
4,200
4,000
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (s)
9. september/october 2006 IEEE power & energy magazine
Conclusions
Blackouts are major catastrophic failures in large intercon-
nected power systems. Predicting the occurrence of such phe-
nomena is difficult at best. When they occur, however, the
socioeconomic impact is devastating. Some of the clear root
causes for these events are
✔ a lack of reliable real-time data
✔ a lack of time to take decisive and appropriate remedial
action against unfolding events on the system
✔ increased failure in aging equipment
✔ a lack of properly automated and coordinated controls
to take immediate and decisive action against system
events in an effort to prevent cascading.
Many of these problems may be driven by changing pri-
orities for expenditures on maintenance and reinforcement
of the transmission system. Nonetheless, with proper and
prudent expenditure, the appropriate technologies can be
found to address these root causes. In addition, it is incum-
bent on policymakers to ensure that reliability standards are
made mandatory and enforceable, backed by meaningful
and effective penalties for noncompliance. Furthermore,
reliability standards should be reviewed periodically, taking
into account experiences from major system incidents and
evolving technologies such as those described in the other
theme articles in this issue of IEEE Power & Energy Maga-
zine. At a regulatory body level, clarification should be pro-
vided on the need for expenditure and investment for bulk
system reliability and how such expenditure will be recover-
able through transmission rates.
For Further Reading
U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, “Final report
on the August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and
Canada: Causes and recommendations,” Apr. 5, 2004
[Online]. Available: http://www.nerc.com
UCTE, “Final report of the investigation committee on the
28 September 2003 blackout in Italy, Apr. 2004.
P. Fairley, “The unruly power grid,” IEEE Spectr., Aug.
2004, pp. 22–27.
G.D. Friedlander, “The Northeast power failure—A blan-
ket of darkness,” IEEE Spectr., vol. 3, no. 2, Feb. 1966.
P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. NewYork:
McGraw-Hill, 1994.
C.W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability. McGraw-
Hill, 1994.
G. Andersson, P. Donalek, R. Farmer, N. Hatziargyriou,
I. Kamwa, P. Kundur, N. Martins, J. Paserba, P. Pourbeik,
J. Sanchez-Gasca, R. Schulz, A. Stankovic, C. Taylor, and
V. Vittal, “Causes of the 2003 major grid blackouts in North
America and Europe, and recommended means to improve
system dynamic performance,” IEEE Trans. Power Systems,
vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1922–1928, Nov. 2005.
P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu, G. Andersson, A. Bose,
C. Canizares, N. Hatziargyriou, D. Hill, A. Stankovic,
C. Taylor, T. Van Cutsem, and V. Vittal, “Definition and clas-
sification of power system stability,” IEEE Trans. Power Sys-
tems, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1387–1401, May 2004.
Biographies
Pouyan Pourbeik received his B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from the University of Adelaide, Aus-
tralia, in 1993 and 1997, respectively, and is a registered
professional engineer in the state of North Carolina. He is
an executive consultant with EPRI Solutions, Inc., where he
is responsible for leading and performing technical studies
research related to all aspects of power generation and
transmission for utility clients in North America and over-
seas. Before joining EPRI, he worked for ABB and prior to
that GE Power Systems. He is presently the chair of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) Power Systems
Stability Subcommittee and convener of the CIGRÉ WG
C4.6.01 on Power System Security Assessment. He is a
Senior Member of the IEEE and serves as the secretary of
the IEEE Task Force on Blackout Experience, Mitigation,
and Role of New Technologies.
Prabha S. Kundur received a Ph.D. in electrical engi-
neering from the University of Toronto and has over 35
years of experience in the electric power industry. He is
currently the president and chief executive officer of Pow-
ertech Labs, Inc., the research and technology subsidiary of
BC Hydro. Prior to joining Powertech in 1993, he worked
at Ontario Hydro for nearly 25 years and was involved in
the planning, design, and operation of power systems. He
has chaired numerous committees and working groups of
the IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) and was elect-
ed as a Fellow of the IEEE in 1985. He is currently the PES
vice president for Education/Industry Relations Activities;
chair of the IEEE Task Force on Blackout Experience, Mit-
igation, and Role of New Technologies; and also the chair
of the CIGRÉ Study Committee C4. He is the author of the
book Power System Stability and Control (McGraw-Hill,
1994) and is the recipient of the 1997 IEEE Nikola Tesla
Award, the 1999 CIGRÉ Technical Committee Award, and
the 2005 IEEE PES Charles Concordia Power System
Engineering Award.
Carson W. Taylor joined Bonneville Power Administra-
tion in 1969 after earning degrees from the University of Wis-
consin and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York. His
interests include power system control and protection, system
dynamic performance, ac/dc interactions, and power system
operations and planning. He retired in January 2006 from a
BPA principal engineer position in Transmission Operations
and Planning. He is a member of the U.S. National Academy
of Engineering. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and past chair of
the IEEE Power System Stability Controls Subcommittee. He
is a distinguished member of CIGRÉ and convenor of three
CIGRÉ task forces. He has instructed many industry short
course and authored the book Power System Voltage Stability.
He is the cochair of the present IEEE Task Force on Blackout
Experience, Mitigation, and Role of New Technologies.
29
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