Power Transmission In Pakistan
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What is power transmission? Basic structure of electric system Generation, transmission, distribution, electricity in Pakistan (NTDC) Pakistan Transmission lines in Pakistan Transmission pole design Power transmission losses
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Restructuring of power grid
The document discusses India's restructuring of its power grid. It explains that India is undergoing power sector restructuring like other countries around the world. It then provides details on the components that make up the grid like transformers and circuit breakers. It discusses the need for restructuring due to financial constraints and the goal of improving efficiency. The document examines models used internationally and suggests the Transmission System Operator model is most suitable for India. It outlines features of the Electricity Act of 2003 that facilitates the restructuring.
Power system in pakistan
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN , including power generation, transmission, and distribution, and consumer around the Pakistan
Restructuring
The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.
Comparison of ac and dc transmission
The document compares AC and DC power transmission. It discusses three main factors: economics of transmission, technical performance, and reliability. For economics, DC transmission has lower costs for conductors and insulation for long distance transmission over 500-800 km. However, converter equipment for DC is more expensive. Technically, DC allows faster control of power flow and is not limited by stability with increasing distance. Reliability of DC transmission has also improved with advances in thyristor converters. The document provides details on the technical differences between AC and DC transmission under each of the three factors.
Theory of HVDC transmission
1) HVDC transmission was first developed in the late 19th century by Rene Thury. Early systems used DC series generators and mechanical converters.
2) HVDC became more viable with the development of mercury arc valves in the 1950s and thyristor valves in the 1960s, allowing more efficient conversion between AC and DC.
3) HVDC is preferable to HVAC for long distance bulk power transmission, asynchronous connections, offshore wind connections, and other applications where HVDC has technical advantages over HVAC. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, smoothing reactors, filters, and the DC transmission line.
MTDC SYSTEMS
This document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. It begins with an introduction stating that MTDC systems have more than two converter stations that can operate as either rectifiers or inverters. It then describes the two types of MTDC systems - series and parallel (including radial and mesh configurations). The document outlines some applications of MTDC systems, as well as typical problems. It notes advantages like reversible power flow and lack of commutation failures, and disadvantages such as need for large smoothing reactors. Finally, it discusses future aspects like microgrids and renewable integration, and concludes that VSC-HVDC technology may help address challenges and enable more MTDC system implementation.
Industrial summer training on 220 kv substation ppt
This document provides an overview of a 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, India. It includes a single line diagram showing the incoming and outgoing sections. The substation has three main parts: a panel section containing control and relay panels, a yard section with 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV sections, and a battery room powering the station. It describes the various components used in the substation like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators etc. The training program helped broaden the author's knowledge of power transmission and distribution.
Classification of transmission lines
Presentation on transmission line and their classification including, underground cables. overhead line plus long, medium and short transmission lines
Recommended
Restructuring of power grid
The document discusses India's restructuring of its power grid. It explains that India is undergoing power sector restructuring like other countries around the world. It then provides details on the components that make up the grid like transformers and circuit breakers. It discusses the need for restructuring due to financial constraints and the goal of improving efficiency. The document examines models used internationally and suggests the Transmission System Operator model is most suitable for India. It outlines features of the Electricity Act of 2003 that facilitates the restructuring.
Power system in pakistan
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN , including power generation, transmission, and distribution, and consumer around the Pakistan
Restructuring
The document discusses the restructuring of power systems from monopolistic to deregulated markets. It explains that restructuring separates generation, transmission, distribution and supply functions. This creates new business opportunities and lower costs for consumers. Various restructuring models are presented including poolco, bilateral contracts and hybrid models. The poolco model uses a centralized market to set prices while bilateral contracts allow direct negotiations. The hybrid model combines features of the first two. An independent system operator maintains grid operations.
Comparison of ac and dc transmission
The document compares AC and DC power transmission. It discusses three main factors: economics of transmission, technical performance, and reliability. For economics, DC transmission has lower costs for conductors and insulation for long distance transmission over 500-800 km. However, converter equipment for DC is more expensive. Technically, DC allows faster control of power flow and is not limited by stability with increasing distance. Reliability of DC transmission has also improved with advances in thyristor converters. The document provides details on the technical differences between AC and DC transmission under each of the three factors.
Theory of HVDC transmission
1) HVDC transmission was first developed in the late 19th century by Rene Thury. Early systems used DC series generators and mechanical converters.
2) HVDC became more viable with the development of mercury arc valves in the 1950s and thyristor valves in the 1960s, allowing more efficient conversion between AC and DC.
3) HVDC is preferable to HVAC for long distance bulk power transmission, asynchronous connections, offshore wind connections, and other applications where HVDC has technical advantages over HVAC. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, smoothing reactors, filters, and the DC transmission line.
MTDC SYSTEMS
This document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. It begins with an introduction stating that MTDC systems have more than two converter stations that can operate as either rectifiers or inverters. It then describes the two types of MTDC systems - series and parallel (including radial and mesh configurations). The document outlines some applications of MTDC systems, as well as typical problems. It notes advantages like reversible power flow and lack of commutation failures, and disadvantages such as need for large smoothing reactors. Finally, it discusses future aspects like microgrids and renewable integration, and concludes that VSC-HVDC technology may help address challenges and enable more MTDC system implementation.
Industrial summer training on 220 kv substation ppt
This document provides an overview of a 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, India. It includes a single line diagram showing the incoming and outgoing sections. The substation has three main parts: a panel section containing control and relay panels, a yard section with 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV sections, and a battery room powering the station. It describes the various components used in the substation like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators etc. The training program helped broaden the author's knowledge of power transmission and distribution.
Classification of transmission lines
Presentation on transmission line and their classification including, underground cables. overhead line plus long, medium and short transmission lines
Choice of converter configuration
The document discusses converter configurations and analyzes a 12 pulse converter. It begins by explaining pulse number and valve/switch types in converters. It then discusses how converter configuration is selected based on pulse number to maximize valve and transformer utilization. It provides equations for peak inverse voltage, utilization factor, and transformer rating calculations. Finally, it analyzes a 12 pulse converter, explaining how two transformers connected in star-star and star-delta configurations produce 12 pulses of output with each pulse having a 30 degree duration.
Substation
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
Conductor material and ferranti effect
The document discusses conductor materials used for electric power transmission and distribution. It describes the properties and characteristics of commonly used materials like copper, aluminum, steel-cored aluminum, and galvanized steel. It also explains the Ferranti effect, where the receiving end voltage is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions due to the charging current of transmission lines. This effect can be reduced by using shunt reactors at the receiving end to compensate for the capacitive current from long transmission lines.
Economic operation of Power systems by Unit commitment
This document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment aims to schedule generating units to meet forecasted load at minimum cost while maintaining reliability. It considers startup costs, operating costs, and shutdown costs over a daily load cycle. Dynamic programming is used to solve the unit commitment problem by evaluating combinations of generating units at each time interval and carrying minimum costs backward from the final interval to find the overall lowest-cost solution. The objective is to determine the optimal set of units to operate at each time period to supply predicted load economically.
Distribution systems
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It defines primary and secondary distribution systems based on voltage level. Primary distribution exists between distribution substations and transformers, while secondary distribution receives power from transformer secondaries and supplies various loads. The document also describes radial and ring main distribution network configurations and their relative advantages. Requirements for good distribution systems like continuity of supply and limited voltage variation are also outlined.
Grid code
The document provides an overview of grid code technical recruitments in India. It discusses the roles of various organizations in electricity transmission planning and operations. The National Load Dispatch Center oversees national grid operations while Regional Load Dispatch Centers control regional operations. State Load Dispatch Centers control operations within states. Transmission utilities and state transmission utilities plan and develop inter-state and intra-state transmission systems respectively. The Central Electricity Authority issues technical standards and guidelines for transmission planning. Regional Power Committees facilitate coordination between states. The document also summarizes various codes related to transmission planning, grid connections, grid operations, and scheduling and dispatch of electricity.
Ppt of ehv ac transmission
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
Unit 5 Economic Load Dispatch and Unit Commitment
This document provides information on economic load dispatch and unit commitment in power systems. It discusses the input-output and incremental cost characteristics of thermal and hydro power plants. It also describes the equal incremental cost method for economic load dispatch using Lagrange multipliers. A numerical example with two generating units is provided to illustrate solving for optimal dispatch considering varying load demand over different time periods.
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This document discusses various techniques for measuring high voltages, including DC, AC, and high frequency voltages. For DC voltages, it describes using a series resistance microammeter, resistance potential divider, and generating voltmeters. For AC voltages, it outlines series impedance voltmeters, potential transformers, electrostatic voltmeters, potential dividers, and sphere gaps. It provides details on measuring peak voltages using series capacitor peak voltmeters and using a peak voltmeter with a potential divider. It also discusses measuring RMS voltages with a peak voltmeter or electrostatic voltmeter.
INTERLINE FLOW CONTROLLER
IPFC,It's FACTS device for controlling the power flow in the lines and improving the voltage profile and security of the lines.
Electrical substations: 132 KV
This document is a project report submitted by Girish Gupta about his training at the 132 KV substation in Purukul, Dehradun. It includes an index listing the topics covered in the report such as the substation, transformers, circuit breakers, and protection systems. The report provides details about the Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited and describes the components and layout of the 132 KV substation in Purukul, including its two incoming transmission lines, transformers, buses, feeders, and capacitor bank. It also defines different types of substations and their characteristics.
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220KV Substation Training Report
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Swapnil Kumar Gupta for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report provides an overview of Swapnil's 2-week industrial training at the 220kV substation in Rewa Road, Allahabad, which is operated by Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. The report includes details about the equipment and processes at the substation, as well as declarations, acknowledgements, and chapters covering topics like the selection of substation sites, common equipment used in 220kV substations, and descriptions of the transformer and other components.
Economic load dispatch(with and without losses)
The document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment involves determining the optimal schedule for starting up and shutting down generators to meet changing load at minimum cost while satisfying operational constraints. These constraints include minimum up and down times for generators, crew constraints, transition costs, and constraints related to different generator types like hydro, nuclear, and generators requiring minimum output. The objective is to determine the combination and scheduling of generators that supplies the load as economically as possible over a given period.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and Transmission
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
High Voltage Dc (HVDC) transmission
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Complete detail of HVDC.
HVDC & HVAC Comparison
static series synchronus compensator
1. The document discusses a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), a type of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that controls electric power flow by injecting a controlled voltage in series with a transmission line.
2. The SSSC can provide either capacitive or inductive compensation, depending on whether the injected voltage lags or leads the line current.
3. Digital simulations show that the SSSC can increase or decrease the dynamic power flow in the transmission line depending on the mode of compensation.
Unit 3-4-a
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Interconnection issue in microgrid
This document discusses issues related to interconnecting microgrids. It describes how a DC microgrid system utilizes a DC bus to distribute power from photovoltaic units and battery storage to local households. Interconnection can be done directly through switchgear or power electronic interfaces. Key issues that can arise include voltage and frequency fluctuations that occur due to imbalance between supply and demand, power factor correction needs, and harmonics produced by some loads. Unintentional islanding is also a safety concern that must be addressed when connecting microgrids to the main power grid.
Presentation PT.pptx
This document discusses the distribution of a transmission line project among group members and provides background information on electricity distribution in Pakistan. It outlines the members of the group working on the transmission line distribution project and their registration numbers. It then provides an introduction to transmission and distribution lines. The document continues by describing the basic concepts of energy transmission and providing historical context of electricity in Pakistan. It outlines the various organizations involved in electricity production and distribution in Pakistan. Finally, it describes the layout of Pakistan's power system and classifications of transmission lines.
Wbsetcl report
This document summarizes a student's three-week vocational training at the 132/33 kV Salt Lake substation owned by the West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Corporation Limited. The training took place from February 6th to 27th, 2017 under the guidance of Assistant Engineer Mr. Debayan Mandal. The student thanks all those involved for their guidance and for providing an insight into the practical applications of electrical systems and equipment. The document includes sections acknowledging those who supported the training and providing background on the organization and an introduction to electrical substations and power transmission systems.
Structure of Transmission System in India
Bulk transmission of electricity over long distances at high voltages helps transfer power from surplus to deficit regions in India. The transmission network in India has expanded significantly from 3,708 circuit km in 1950 to over 280,000 circuit km today. A national grid connecting regional grids was established in stages, achieving a single national grid with one frequency in 2013. High voltage transmission above 132kV is preferred for reduced transmission losses. The Power Grid Corporation of India manages the national transmission system and ensures integrated operation.
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Choice of converter configuration
The document discusses converter configurations and analyzes a 12 pulse converter. It begins by explaining pulse number and valve/switch types in converters. It then discusses how converter configuration is selected based on pulse number to maximize valve and transformer utilization. It provides equations for peak inverse voltage, utilization factor, and transformer rating calculations. Finally, it analyzes a 12 pulse converter, explaining how two transformers connected in star-star and star-delta configurations produce 12 pulses of output with each pulse having a 30 degree duration.
Substation
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
Conductor material and ferranti effect
The document discusses conductor materials used for electric power transmission and distribution. It describes the properties and characteristics of commonly used materials like copper, aluminum, steel-cored aluminum, and galvanized steel. It also explains the Ferranti effect, where the receiving end voltage is higher than the sending end voltage under light or no load conditions due to the charging current of transmission lines. This effect can be reduced by using shunt reactors at the receiving end to compensate for the capacitive current from long transmission lines.
Economic operation of Power systems by Unit commitment
This document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment aims to schedule generating units to meet forecasted load at minimum cost while maintaining reliability. It considers startup costs, operating costs, and shutdown costs over a daily load cycle. Dynamic programming is used to solve the unit commitment problem by evaluating combinations of generating units at each time interval and carrying minimum costs backward from the final interval to find the overall lowest-cost solution. The objective is to determine the optimal set of units to operate at each time period to supply predicted load economically.
Distribution systems
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It defines primary and secondary distribution systems based on voltage level. Primary distribution exists between distribution substations and transformers, while secondary distribution receives power from transformer secondaries and supplies various loads. The document also describes radial and ring main distribution network configurations and their relative advantages. Requirements for good distribution systems like continuity of supply and limited voltage variation are also outlined.
Grid code
The document provides an overview of grid code technical recruitments in India. It discusses the roles of various organizations in electricity transmission planning and operations. The National Load Dispatch Center oversees national grid operations while Regional Load Dispatch Centers control regional operations. State Load Dispatch Centers control operations within states. Transmission utilities and state transmission utilities plan and develop inter-state and intra-state transmission systems respectively. The Central Electricity Authority issues technical standards and guidelines for transmission planning. Regional Power Committees facilitate coordination between states. The document also summarizes various codes related to transmission planning, grid connections, grid operations, and scheduling and dispatch of electricity.
Ppt of ehv ac transmission
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
Unit 5 Economic Load Dispatch and Unit Commitment
This document provides information on economic load dispatch and unit commitment in power systems. It discusses the input-output and incremental cost characteristics of thermal and hydro power plants. It also describes the equal incremental cost method for economic load dispatch using Lagrange multipliers. A numerical example with two generating units is provided to illustrate solving for optimal dispatch considering varying load demand over different time periods.
Measurement of high_voltage_and_high_currentunit_iv_full_version
This document discusses various techniques for measuring high voltages, including DC, AC, and high frequency voltages. For DC voltages, it describes using a series resistance microammeter, resistance potential divider, and generating voltmeters. For AC voltages, it outlines series impedance voltmeters, potential transformers, electrostatic voltmeters, potential dividers, and sphere gaps. It provides details on measuring peak voltages using series capacitor peak voltmeters and using a peak voltmeter with a potential divider. It also discusses measuring RMS voltages with a peak voltmeter or electrostatic voltmeter.
INTERLINE FLOW CONTROLLER
IPFC,It's FACTS device for controlling the power flow in the lines and improving the voltage profile and security of the lines.
Electrical substations: 132 KV
This document is a project report submitted by Girish Gupta about his training at the 132 KV substation in Purukul, Dehradun. It includes an index listing the topics covered in the report such as the substation, transformers, circuit breakers, and protection systems. The report provides details about the Power Transmission Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited and describes the components and layout of the 132 KV substation in Purukul, including its two incoming transmission lines, transformers, buses, feeders, and capacitor bank. It also defines different types of substations and their characteristics.
Alternator protection
The document discusses protection of alternators from various faults. It describes 7 types of faults that alternators require protection from: (1) failure of prime mover, (2) failure of field, (3) overcurrent, (4) overspeed, (5) overvoltage, (6) stator winding faults, and (7) unbalanced loading. It then provides details on differential protection and the Merz-Price circulating current scheme, which is commonly used to protect against stator winding faults. It also discusses limitations of this scheme and modified schemes for protection in other situations.
220KV Substation Training Report
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Swapnil Kumar Gupta for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report provides an overview of Swapnil's 2-week industrial training at the 220kV substation in Rewa Road, Allahabad, which is operated by Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. The report includes details about the equipment and processes at the substation, as well as declarations, acknowledgements, and chapters covering topics like the selection of substation sites, common equipment used in 220kV substations, and descriptions of the transformer and other components.
Economic load dispatch(with and without losses)
The document discusses unit commitment in power systems. Unit commitment involves determining the optimal schedule for starting up and shutting down generators to meet changing load at minimum cost while satisfying operational constraints. These constraints include minimum up and down times for generators, crew constraints, transition costs, and constraints related to different generator types like hydro, nuclear, and generators requiring minimum output. The objective is to determine the combination and scheduling of generators that supplies the load as economically as possible over a given period.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and Transmission
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
High Voltage Dc (HVDC) transmission
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Complete detail of HVDC.
HVDC & HVAC Comparison
static series synchronus compensator
1. The document discusses a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), a type of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that controls electric power flow by injecting a controlled voltage in series with a transmission line.
2. The SSSC can provide either capacitive or inductive compensation, depending on whether the injected voltage lags or leads the line current.
3. Digital simulations show that the SSSC can increase or decrease the dynamic power flow in the transmission line depending on the mode of compensation.
Unit 3-4-a
VTU Notes for Testing and commissioning of Electrical Equipment Department of Electrical and Electronics Faculty Name: Mrs Veena Bhat Designation: Assistant Professor Subject: Testing and Commissioning of Electrical equipment Semester: VII
Interconnection issue in microgrid
This document discusses issues related to interconnecting microgrids. It describes how a DC microgrid system utilizes a DC bus to distribute power from photovoltaic units and battery storage to local households. Interconnection can be done directly through switchgear or power electronic interfaces. Key issues that can arise include voltage and frequency fluctuations that occur due to imbalance between supply and demand, power factor correction needs, and harmonics produced by some loads. Unintentional islanding is also a safety concern that must be addressed when connecting microgrids to the main power grid.
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This document summarizes a student's three-week vocational training at the 132/33 kV Salt Lake substation owned by the West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Corporation Limited. The training took place from February 6th to 27th, 2017 under the guidance of Assistant Engineer Mr. Debayan Mandal. The student thanks all those involved for their guidance and for providing an insight into the practical applications of electrical systems and equipment. The document includes sections acknowledging those who supported the training and providing background on the organization and an introduction to electrical substations and power transmission systems.
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The document provides an overview of Pakistan's power system, including its generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure. It notes that generation comes from hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear, and renewable sources. The largest power plants are the Tarbela and Mangla hydroelectric dams. Thermal power accounts for over 60% of installed capacity. Transmission is handled by NTDC, while the 10 DISCOs are responsible for distribution. Key organizations that govern the various aspects of the power system are also summarized.
Emergingtrends
The document discusses the evolution of electric power systems from the late 19th century to the present. Key developments include the shift from DC to AC systems in the late 1880s, increasing transmission voltages from the early 1900s to the 1990s, and the development of HVDC transmission in the 1950s to overcome limitations of HVAC systems. It also summarizes the present state of the Indian power system and projected scenarios by 2012 with increasing installed capacity, demand, and the need for stronger inter-regional transmission networks. Emerging transmission technologies discussed include UHVAC, gas insulated lines, HVDC-Light, and FACTS devices.
internship report of 220/132 kV substation
This document provides an overview of an industrial training report submitted by Shivam Upadhyay at the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL) 220/132 kV substation in Dadri, Uttar Pradesh from July 2-29, 2023. The report describes the electricity transmission and distribution processes at UPPTCL, the equipment used at the Dadri substation like transformers, circuit breakers, and instrumentation. It also includes a single line diagram of the substation and discussions of transformer and insulator types.
Wireless Power Transfer Technology
Wireless power transmission involves transmitting electrical energy through electromagnetic fields without physical connections like wires. It works by generating time-varying electromagnetic fields at a transmitter device powered by an energy source, which transmits power across space to a receiver device that extracts power from the field and delivers it to a load. Common techniques for wireless power transfer include inductive coupling using coils, resonant inductive coupling as developed by the WiTricity project at MIT, microwave power transmission using antennas, and laser power transmission for long-range applications. Wireless power holds advantages over wired transmission such as reliability, reduced environmental impact, and efficiency by eliminating energy losses during transmission.
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Power Transmission In Pakistan
- 1. POWER SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN PRESENTATION BY MUHAMMAD USAMA INSTRUCTOR & SUBJECT SHUAIB KAKA | BASIC MECHANICALTECHNOLOGY B-TECH ELECTRICAL SECOND SEMISTER
- 2. POWERTRANSMISSION Content ๏ฑ What is power transmission? ๏ฑ Basic structure of electric system ๏ฑ Generation, transmission, distribution, electricity in Pakistan ๏ฑ (NTDC) Pakistan ๏ฑTransmission lines in Pakistan ๏ฑTransmission pole design ๏ฑ Power transmission losses
- 3. POWERTRANSMISSION โข Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power distribution.
- 5. ELECTRICITY IN PAKISTAN IS GENERATED, TRANSMITTED, DISTRIBUTED Electricity in Pakistan is generated, transmitted, distributed, and retail supplied by two vertically integrated public sector utilities: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for all of Pakistan (except Karachi), and the Karachi Electric (K-Electric) for the city of Karachi and its surrounding areas.There are around 42 independent power producers (IPPs) that contribute significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan.
- 6. POWERTRANSMISSION NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DESPATCH COMPANY (NTDC) PAKISTAN There 12436 km transmission line of 500KV,220 KV transmission line in Pakistan. NTDC operates and maintains fourteen 500 KV and thirty eight 220 KV Grid Stations, 5110.48 km of 500 KV transmission line and 9686.32 km of 220 KV transmission line in Pakistan.
- 7. POWER TRANSMISSION ๏ The three-phase system has three sets of phase conductors. ๏ There 5077 km of 500 KV transmission line in Pakistan. ๏ There are Thirty Two 220 KV Grid Stations. ๏ Total length is 7359 km of 220 KV transmission line in Pakistan.
- 8. PowerTransmission โข Transmission Pole Design
- 9. POWERTRANSMISSION LOSSES The safe and reliable transmission and distribution of electricity remains a major problem in Pakistan. There are following main causes of loss ๏ง Poor conductor material ๏ง Weak grid infrastructure and substantial ๏ง Theft of electricity ๏ง Low time to time maintenance of network ๏ง Resistive losses