WAPDA, established in 1958, oversees power generation, transmission, and distribution in Pakistan, serving over 13 million customers. The country's network includes 12,436 km of transmission lines, with substantial losses attributed to factors like poor infrastructure and electricity theft. Power is distributed by eight companies, with transformers in substations reducing voltage for residential and commercial use.

5. WAPDA was established in 1958 and having a massive agenda, which included
generation, transmission and distribution of power along with irrigation, drainage
and flood control etc. The electricity customers in the Pakistan is over 13 million
customers.
There are four major power producers in country:
1. WAPDA (Water & Power Development Authority),
2. KESCO (Karachi Electric Supply Company),
3. IPPs (Independent Power Producers)
4. PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission).

7.  There 12436 km transmission line of 500KV,220 KV
transmission line in Pakistan.

9. The three-phase system has three sets of phase conductors.
There 5077 km of 500 KV transmission line in Pakistan.
LIST OF 500 KV GRID STATIONS
1 Grid Station Sheikh Muhammadi Peshawar
2 Grid Station Rewat
3 Grid Station Sheikhupura
4 Grid Station Gatti Faisalabad
5 Grid Station Nokhar
6 Grid Station New Multan
7 Grid Station Muzafargarh
8 Grid Station Sahiwal (Yousafwala)
9 Grid Station Guddu
10 Grid Station Dadu
11 Grid Station Jamshoro
12 Grid Station Nki

10. There are Thirty Two 220
KV Grid Stations.
Total length is 7359 km of
220 KV transmission line in
Pakistan.

11. Transmission line poles or structures are between 60 and 140 feet tall.
Different Transmission Structures

12. A typical high-voltage line has three phase conductors to carry the current and transport
the energy, and two grounded shield conductors to protect the line from direct lightning
strikes.
 Transmission lines use ACSR (aluminum cable, steel reinforced)
An ACAR conductor is a stranded cable made of an aluminum alloy
with low resistance and high mechanical strength.
 Bundle conductors are used to reduce corona losses and
audible noise. For 220 kV lines, two-conductor bundles are usually used

13. The safe and reliable transmission and distribution of electricity remains a major problem
in Pakistan. losses from the transmission and distribution network totalled some 30% in
2003/04.
There are following main causes of loss…….
 Poor conductor material
 Weak grid infrastructure and substantial
 Theft of electricity
 Low time to time maintenance of network
 Resistive losses

14. After the transmission , Power is handed over to Eight Distribution Companies
(DISCOs) to transfer this power to the consumers of Pakistan.
1. PESCO: Peshawar Electric Supply Company, Peshawar, NWFP;
2. IESCO: Islamabad Electric Supply Company, Islamabad;
3. GEPCO: Gujranwala Electric Power Company, Gujranwala, Punjab;
4. LESCO: Lahore Electric Supply Company, Lahore, Punjab;
5. FESCO: Faisalabad Electric Supply Company, Faisalabad, Punjab;
6. MEPCO: Multan Electric Power Company, Multan, Punjab;
7. QESCO: Quetta Electric Supply Company, Quetta, Baluchistan;
8. HESCO: Hyderabad Electric Supply Company, Hyderabad, Sindh.

15. At the substations,
transformers reduce the voltage to a lower level
for distribution to commercial and residential
users. This distribution is accomplished with a
combination of sub-transmission (33 kV to
132 kV) and distribution (3.3 to 25 kV).
Finally, at the point of use, the energy is
transformed to low voltage .