Proper employment of Hybrid Wind/ PV system is often implemented near the load, and it is linked with the grid to study dynamic stability analysis. Generally, instability is because of sudden load demand variant and variant in renewable sources generation. As well as, weather variation creates several factors that affect the operation of the integrated hybrid system. So this paper introduces output result of a PV /wind via power electronic technique; DC chopper; that is linked to Iraqi power system to promote the facilitating achievement of Wind/ PV voltage. Moreover, PSS/E is used to study dynamic power stability for hybrid system which is attached to an effective region of Iraqi Network. The hybrid system is connected to Amara Old bus and fault bus is achieved to that bus and the stability results reflects that settling time after disturbance is not satisfactory. But, it is found that PV/wind generation system influences Iraqi grid stability to be better than that with only PV generation and the latter is better than stability of the grid that is enhanced with only wind generation. These results represent an important guideline for Iraqi power system planner.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) which is actually a key tool in providing situational awareness, operation and reliability of the power system network.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
The phasor measurement unit (PMU) which is actually a key tool in providing situational awareness, operation and reliability of the power system network.
Dc-Dc boost converter topologies and MPPT techniques for Grid connected PV sy...rameshwar meena
1. Modeling of Dc-Dc boost converter in MATLAB Simulink.
2. MATLAB Simulink of P&O techniques and Incremental conductance.
3. Ac grid connected to solar PV array via dc-dc boost converter and Dc-Ac converter.
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
Introduction
Indian energy scenerio: 2015
Major incidents and motivation for micro grid
What is micro grid?
Basic architecture of micro grid
Classification of smart grid
Micro Grid operation modes
Importance and benefits
Challenges in micro grids
Smart grid priorities in India
Existing hybrid grid ventures in India and in world
Relevance of Smart Grid in India
Smart grid mission and vision for India
Conclusion
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar TopicKaran Prajapati
Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal hybrid system helps in optimizing the efficiency of solar pv panel by extracting the heat from the surface of PV module. So, we get electrical and thermal efficiency as product. Normally, water or air is used as working fluid. The seminar topic i.e. this presentation have literature reviews on four main research papers and respective major findings from them. I would recommend the viewers to download the presentation because there is resolution problem while viewing on this website.
The detailed report of this presentation can be seen at :- https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1435.3443
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Dc-Dc boost converter topologies and MPPT techniques for Grid connected PV sy...rameshwar meena
1. Modeling of Dc-Dc boost converter in MATLAB Simulink.
2. MATLAB Simulink of P&O techniques and Incremental conductance.
3. Ac grid connected to solar PV array via dc-dc boost converter and Dc-Ac converter.
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
Introduction
Indian energy scenerio: 2015
Major incidents and motivation for micro grid
What is micro grid?
Basic architecture of micro grid
Classification of smart grid
Micro Grid operation modes
Importance and benefits
Challenges in micro grids
Smart grid priorities in India
Existing hybrid grid ventures in India and in world
Relevance of Smart Grid in India
Smart grid mission and vision for India
Conclusion
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Hybrid System: Seminar TopicKaran Prajapati
Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal hybrid system helps in optimizing the efficiency of solar pv panel by extracting the heat from the surface of PV module. So, we get electrical and thermal efficiency as product. Normally, water or air is used as working fluid. The seminar topic i.e. this presentation have literature reviews on four main research papers and respective major findings from them. I would recommend the viewers to download the presentation because there is resolution problem while viewing on this website.
The detailed report of this presentation can be seen at :- https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1435.3443
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
A Comparison Study of Reactive Power Control Strategies in Wind Farms with SV...IJECEIAES
In the recent years, the integration of the wind farms into the electrical grids has increased rapidly. Especially, the wind power plants made up with doubly fed induction generators due to its many advatanges, such as being able to control its reactive power. Hence, some countries have published grid code requirements related to the reactive power that the wind turbines have to satisfy. This paper presents a coordinated reactive power control strategy in which STATCOM and doubly fed induction generators in wind power plants are used in order to bring back the voltage at the point of common coupling in the allowable range. First, reactive power requirements that the wind farms have to fulfill in some European countries are introduced. Second, the reactive power limitations of 2MW doubly fed induction generator are determined. Then, the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and the synchronous var compensator (SVC) FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices are presented. Finaly, various reactive power control strategies are applied to 10 MW wind farm, and the simulation results are analysed and compared.
Economic viability and profitability assessments of WECS IJECEIAES
Technical and technological advances in alternative energy sources have led many countries to add green energy to their power plants to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. At present, many electricity companies are looking to use alternative sources of energy because of high electrical energy prices. Wind energy is more useful than many renewable energies such as solar, heat, biomass, etc. The Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is a system that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy to feed the known loads. WECS can be found in a variety of technology. Climate change and load demand are essential determinants of WECS optimization modelling. In this paper, proposed a strategy focused primarily on economic analysis WECS. The strategy based on a weather change to find the optimal designing and modelling for four different types of WECS using HOMER software. Finally, several criteria were used to determine which type of WECS was the most profitable investment and less payback period.
Modelling and simulation for energy management of a hybrid microgrid with dro...IJECEIAES
The most efficient and connected alternative for increasing the use of local renewable energy sources is a hybrid microgrid, these systems face additional challenges due to the integration of power electronics, energy storage technologies and traditional power plants. The hybrid alternating currentdirect current (AC-DC) microgrid that is the subject of this research uses a primary-droop control system to regulate state variables and auxiliary services, thus, it is composed of batteries, solar panels and a miniature wind turbine (PDC) and controls how each energy source in a microgrid contributes to the final product. To achieve the given objectives, this paper will create appropriate models for each part of the microgrid design and define, among them, the energy storage batteries and power electronic converters required for each level of each of these systems. Finally, the dynamic nature of the system will be critically evaluated and characterized, to distribute the load and reduce imbalances, modify the primary drop of the resulting microgrid using MATLAB simulation.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance analysis of grid-tied photovoltaic system under varying weather c...IJECEIAES
Model and simulation of the impact of the distribution grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system feeding a variable load with its control system have been investigated in this study. Incremental Conductance (IncCond) algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) was implemented for the PV system to extract maximum power under different weather conditions when solar irradiation varies between 250 W/m 2 and 1000 W/m 2 . The proposed system is modelled and simulated with MATLAB/Simulink tools. Under different weather conditions, the dynamic performance of the PV system is evaluated. The results obtained show the efficacy of the proposed MPPT method in response to rapid daytime weather variations. The results also show that the surplus power generated is injected into the grid when the injected power from the PV system is higher than the load demand; otherwise, the grid supplies the load.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to PSS/E based placement wind/PV hybrid system to improve stability of Iraqi grid (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Devices that are made of semiconductor materials can operate at high AC voltages, which can
be inverters, rectifiers, or any interface systems, that enhance hybrid systems performance. Researches
integrated them to develop hybrid systems [10, 11]. Power electronics are also employed to process
the generated wind power to synchronize power specifications of the related grid; like frequency,
voltage, etc [12, 13].
J. M. Espi, Jaime castello [14] introduces optimized design for the capacitance of the convertor that
is used in back-to-back dc link as part of wind power generation system. Dynamic conditions and
switching ripple are combined to optimize the capacitance value of the DC-link beside the required voltage
regulation compensator. PV panel, beside a suitable size of battery deliver DC power to the controller.
The rotor power is delivered by PV panel as soon as the speed of wind is low [15]. Grid that utilizes RE
resources like solar or wind needs controlling stability; through different control methods; that adjust variant
in load and supplied energy. Jelena Stanojevic, Ana Djordjevic, and Milos Mitrovic [16] studied the effect of
BESS; within a hybrid grid of two diesel generators of 200KW; on the electrical grid. The first 200KW is
(WTG) and the second is (PV) system.
Bruno Wanderley Franca, Andre Ramos de Castro, and M. Aredes [17] assessed system
performance applying altered wind speed and PV that are connected through Synchronverter to power
system. It studies increasing performance by controlling inertia. The controller of the three phase back to
back power converter is connected to the turbine to produce the specified voltage. Umer Akram, Muhammad
Khalid, and Saifullah Shafiq [18] present a method for the optimized capacity of the wind- solar energy, and
the energy storage is comprised of battery and supercapacitor, which is employed in microgrid. To meet
the energy demand, batteries are charged by photovoltaic (PV), and wind generators.
Battery storage system is a support source to improve generated power transmission or distribution
in wind farm. Typically energy storage device includes a converter to control its output power. Power
converter acts as an inverter when transmitting DC power to AC grid, and as rectifier when transmitting AC
power to DC side. Power converter could control its operation to deliver or absorb power [19]. Herlambang
Setiadi, Awan Uji Krismanto, and N. Mithulananthan [20] examine the effect of battery energy storage
system; which is installed with large PV plant; on small angle stability of a hybrid power system.
In both terminals of the voltage controller; i.e. DC link terminals; stability limits are calculated.
Rectifier in machine side controls dc link which suffers ripple currents which is twice the frequency of
the grid [21]. Reactive power at the rectifier and inverter sides are discretely controlled; i.e. at rectifier side,
reactive power is controlled such that generator's power loss is minimized or terminal voltage of
the generator is kept constant; whereas at inverter side, reactive power is controlled to zero or to the required
value without limit violation of converter rating [15].
PSS/E is a conventional package, from which that involves of power system displays convergence
progress. Hybrid system linked to ac grid could be simulated using PSS/E analyzing power system load flow;
that is performed facilitating numerical analysis [22]; which is essential for transient stability analysis.
Most of researches that discuss renewable energy system connection to Iraqi grid didn't use hybrid
system besides using off grid simulation softwares which do'nt represents the actual behavior of the grid.
In this paper PSS/E package is used to simulate Iraqi grid to observe the actual performance of the grid.
This package provides all types of wind generators and can interconnect it with PV generation system using
Python script that deals with dynamic simulation and modeling frequency events such as loss of wind/PV
generation or loads. In this paper Iraqi grid stability is observed for three phase and single phase fault
with incorporating only wind system firstly, only PV system secondly and finally with hybrid system
incorporation.
Generating electricity using wind power is not utilized till now in Iraq, while this country can be
assessed to have the opportunity of using it especialy with its good road and electrical infrastructure network
that will make wind power more feasible. Beside wind power, implementation of solar energy projects in Iraq
with locations of good grid connection and on flat land to avoid shadows, forming a hybrid wind/ PV system
will improve the stability of Iraq grid which suffers of frequent total shut down especialy at summer.
Developments of Iraqi transmission grid is influenced by Power demand and Generation fuel
availability and location, thus using hybrid energy presents great solution for grid development problems
which is the objective of this paper. In the east of the country where the highest wind source, local features
and climatic properties sort the wind regime suitable for wind development beside the great solar potential.
Thus Amara was our choice to develop the case study, where the hybrid system is linked to 132 grid through
(Amara Old) busbar. This paper represents the first study; in the ministry of electricity; of utilizing hybrid
energy in Iraq.
This paper is organized as follows; Section 2 describes wind and solar models besides explaining
connection method of hybrid system to ac grid as a proposed solution of stability problems. Wind framework
in PSS/E is described in Section 3, whereas Section 4 defines PV framework in PSS/E approach.
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Section 5 studys the wind/ PV model. Section 6 clarifies the dynamics stability algorithm using PSS/E
approach. The case study is in Section 7, and obtained results in Section 8; is concluded in Section 9.
2. SYSTEM MODELLING
PV, wind and dc chopper mathematical models are important requirements to improve control
technique; despite their models are familiar today, they are defined here for completeness.
2.1. Wind model
Wind energy generates high electrical power which is proportional to wind speed and other variants
as shown in (1):
(1)
Where:
Ρ = Air density (Kg/m3)
A = Swept area by the rotor (m2)
CP = Power coefficient of the wind turbine
V = wind speed (m/s)
Voltage change in dc-link capacitor is kept constant since it depends on the grid power (Pg) and
the rotor power (Pr).
(2)
But
(3)
Then:
(4)
(5)
(6)
The Figure 1 shows a wind generator connected to three phase rectifier that is associated with
a filter; capacitor (C); causing a subsequent dc output current Idc in the DC side.
Figure 1. Wind generator with 3 phase rectifier
Power DC with neglected loss is:
(7)
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For unity power factor the equation becomes:
(8)
Where
√
(9)
Maximum DC ripple voltage is between angle 30o
and 90o
so the dc voltage range is.
√ √
(10)
So the Dc wind current depends on (6) and (10)
It is essential to control Vdc change that is supplied by wind generators, thus DC chopper is used to
achieve this control as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Boost DC chopper
2.2. Modeling of PV system
Many researches beside this research consider (4) in their models but here PV panels are connected
to DC busbar via boost converter. The photovoltaic (PV) current Ipv which also represents load current is:
[ ] (11)
Where,
Id = the diode current Icell = the saturation current of the diode q= electron charge =1.6×10-19
Coulombs
a = curve fitting or diode ideality constant K= Boltzmann constant = 1.38×10-23
joule/°KT= temperature on
absolute scale (°K).
Solar panels are in series forming a string which is connected in parallel with other strings to form
an array; connected to the boost chopper as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Solar array with boost chopper
Output current, output voltage of solar module with its mathematical model was derived in [23].
Boost dc-dc converter adjust PV output voltage to be constant.
(12)
(13)
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It is important to know that dc chopper could be operated in off-MPPT or on-MPPT which depends
on system's power balance.
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
2.3. Hybrid PV/wind to AC grid
The Figure 4 illustrates the hybrid resultant DC voltage that enforces the power system through
three phase inverter. According to grid synchronization, ac grid's terminal voltage initiates tracking
the effective voltage. As voltages match occurs, grid connectivity can be held; representing Mode 1
extension. Related to Mode 2, voltage of dc bus depends on boost chopper and the interlinking converter
provides the ac-bus.
Figure 4. Hybrid system connected to AC grid
Converter current is calculated by (19):
(19)
Power of the converter can be calculated as:
(20)
Considering that the grid voltage, V, is constant. By controlling ip and id, active and reactive power
can be controlled, respectively.
3. WIND IN PSS/E
PSS/E 34.0 [24] Generic wind turbine Generators are classified as:
a. Type 1. Conventional Induction Generator
WT1 PSS®E stability model is established to mimic wind turbine performance employing conventional
induction generator which is in direct connection with grid.
b. Type 2. Wounded rotor Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance
WT2 PSS®E stability model is established to mimic wind turbine performance employing wounded
rotor induction generator controlled by variable rotor resistance.
c. Type 3. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
WT3 PSS®E stability model is established to mimic wind turbine performance employing (DFIG) with
its rotor terminals is controlled by an attached power converter.
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d. Type 4. Full Size Converter Unit
The WT4 PSS®E stability model is established to mimic wind turbine performance employing
generator in connection with grid through power converter. PV plant model is based on this model type.
WT4 consists of two modules: converter/ generator and electrical control as shown in Figure 5.
Converter control module calculates injected current to the grid based on electrical control commands of
active and reactive power; and the two current components- Ip and Iq are processed under low/ high
voltage condition.
Figure 5. WT4 module connection to the grid
Reactive control computes reactive current for different options of control: remote bus voltage,
power factor, and reactive Power control [25]. Active control is to keep balance between machine and grid
power by changing active injected current consequently i.e. injected active power is compared with
the reference power accordingly injected active component current is changed. Converter current limiter is
used to update converter's active and reactive current component.
4. PV in PSSE
PSS/E 34.0 [24] PV models are designed just as wind models with PVGU; as generator/converter
model, PVEU; as electric control model, PANEL; as mechanical model, and IRRAD as pitch model.
PVGU model calculates injected current to grid depending on PVEU model commands of active and reactive
power as they represent part of converter control model. PSS®E recent versions developed stability model of
photovoltaic unit such that to simulate PV plant performance which is connected thru power converter to grid
as shown in Figure 6. The model is subject to universal type WT4 of wind model; beside solar irradiation
effect on output changes can also be simulated.
Figure 6. PV solar module connection to the grid
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5. STUDY OF PV/WIND SYSTEM MODEL
In the power flow raw data, wind machine control mode which are contained of four options
as following: not a wind machine, standard QT/ QB limits, Q limits based on WPF and fixed Q based
on WPF [24]. PV machine is identified as wind machine giving it the characteristics of WT4, and Python is
used to enter the dynamic's characteristics like fault type with its time occur and how it is connected to grid.
- 0 if the grid of power system is not contained a wind machine, as well as, power factor is ignored.
- 1 if the grid of power system is contained wind or PV machine with standard QT/QB limits.
- 2 if there is found wind machine with Q limits based on WPF but, power factor is used in sitting of
machine's reactive power limits. Set the limits of reactive power as [Qmin, Qmax] to control remote bus
voltage for wind machine. Such as in the third and fourth types of wind machine, but the forth type is
decoupled from the grid by a power converter.
- 3 if there is wind machine with fixed Q based on WPF but, power factor is also used in setting of
machine's reactive power limits too and set based on the specified power factor and on the machine’s
active power setting. Moreover, negative value may be specified when the wind control mode is (3) of the
Power Flow Raw Data File. Such as in the first two types of wind machine IC index from 101-107 is
respectively included one of wind modules type which are generator, electrical control , mechanical
control, pitch control, Aerodynamics , wind Gust Ramp, and Auxiliary control.
PV is detached from the grid through a power converter which is attached to grid, for that, wind
control model is 2, i.e. remote bus voltage is controlled by wind machine within the reactive power range
(Qmin; Qmax). Machine reactance is assumed to be infinite. PV equivalent model is users' decision; whether
panels number or how many converters are lumped to the represented machine in load flow model.
If N converters are lumped, then original converter MBASE must be multiplied by N. Users' also responsible to
provide suitable equivalent corresponding plant feeders, transformers, and collectors.
6. STUDY OF DYNAMICS STABILITY USING PSS/E
For the purpose of starting the studies of the stability of the electrical system, the following
procedures should be prepared:
a. Preparation of successful power flows and the conversion of loads and generation through
(POWER FLOW).
b. After this procedure, the power flow file is converted into a formula that can be used in the stability
studies, after that the file is saved in a similar name to the power flow file with the addition of
CNV (* _Cnv. Sav).
c. Call the file (DYRE) which contains all components of the generating unit by going to (File) then select
(Open) and choose (* .dyr).
d. Choose the appropriate solution parameters to study the stability by clicking on the "dynamics" we
choose (Simulation) and then choose the command (Solution Parameters) shows a dialog box in which
can change the delta value to (0.001).
e. Selection of monitoring channels, will obtain (Snapshot). After completion of these steps, the file is ready
for the studies of stability, but these steps must be followed to make sure that the file is suitable for
stability studies.
f. When applying a fault on a transmission line, through the command (Disturbance) we choose (Line fault)
and shows us a dialog box called (Apply a line fault).
g. Then return to the state of application of the state of stability and through the (Dynamics) go to
(simulation) then choose (Perform Dynamics) which shows a dialog box called (Perform Dynamics
Simulation). Then increase the time of the crash to the time of the steady state.
h. An increase of the error after executing it with the opening of the error on the relay through the command
(Disturbance) then from choose (Clear fault).
i. This study is running for a period longer than (10 seconds) after removing the error. In the order of
(Dynamics), after that select (simulation) and then go to (Perform simulation). Stability study analysis can
be started showing distinct illustrations that display these incidents effect on electrical system parts and
show graphs in (file) and (New) (Plot Book) with converting information bar to (Plot Data).
j. The file can upload with an (.out) Extension, which contains the channels to be monitored.
k. After uploading file, any channel can monitor previously identified. Therefore, possible to start analyzing
the studies of the stability by dragging the channels to be studied in (a drag & drop method) to a plot
book. Figure 7 shows how to incorporate PV machine to grid and studying the dynamic of system using
PSS/E.
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Figure 7. Flow chart of dynamic simulation
7. CASE STUDY
This study presents the potential for the renewable energy development in Iraq, specifically
considering commercial wind and solar power. Iraq average wind speed is low, that limits the widespread use
of wind energy. However, in the east of Iraq especially in Amara where good road is there, wind speed is
high beside electrical infrastructure network make wind power more viable. On other hand, In Iraq there is an
auspicious solar source. Thus an assessment could shows that grid interconnection with photovoltaic system
is officially feasible giving good regulatory mechanism. This study focused to Amara which has total
generation of 225MW and city demands; for this year 2019; are shown in Table 1. The solar irradiance (PD),
solar energy (ED) and available wind speed (V) in Amara is shown in Table 2. Amara governorate has
fourteen busbar of 132 Kv. Figure 8 shows the load flow of Amara Old (26302) busbar connected to other
buses; before hybrid system interconnection. When three phase and single phase fault at Amara Old occurs;
before hybrid system incorporation; the short circuit currents of Amara Old and linked buses are as follows
in Table 3.
Table 1. Amara energy and power demands [17]
Governorate Energy demand at
consumer end
(GWH)
Peak demand at
consumer end (MW)
Energy demand at
132KV substation end
(GWH)
Peak demand at
132KV substation end
(GWH)
Amara 1806 326 1981 358
Table 2. Amara wind speed and solar irradiance and energy
Location Height (m) Parameters of measured quantities
V (m/s) PD (W/m2) ED (KWh/m2
)
Amara 60 6.5358 170.0043 1483.9
90 7.2536 231.7114 2022.5
120 7.8103 288.3992 2517.3
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Figure 8. (Amara old) load flow
Table 3. Buses fault current before including hybrid
Bus name and number 3 Phase Fault Current (A) Single Phase Fault Current (A)
ALGB (26301) 1472.7 1792
Amara (26302) 9996.8 9854
NAMR(26303) 9771.7 9011
AMRS(26304) 11348.1 11390
BZRG(26305) 5490.4 6668.4
AMRN(26306 10515.7 11823
KMET(26321) 2302.9 2788.5
8. RESULTS
Since loading is restricted by stability considerations; thus it is important to maintain system
stability of Iraq grid which suffers of blackouts. So the proposed solution is to develop grid stability by
connecting hybrid system to AMRW 26315 AC busbar via 13.6/132 kV transformer. Figure 9 represents
hybrid/ Grid connection. The software WAsP version 9.1 is used to measure the developed power for Amara
wind speed (7.8m/s), and the resultant power was 825 kW as in Figure 10.
Figure 9. Hybrid system connection to (Amara Old) busbar
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Figure 10. Turbine generated power using WAsP
The dynamic study of Iraqi system connected to hybrid energy sources is simulated using PSS/E.
It is important to tell that wind speed was 7.6m/s at fault execution time, thus wind generated power
is 0.75 MW. Short circuit currents of three phase and single phase faults at (Amara Old), at time t = 1sec.,
and lasted 0.15sec.; is shown in Table 4 after hybrid system addend.
Table 4. Buses fault current after including hybrid
Bus name and number 3 Phase Fault Current (A) Single Phase Fault Current (A)
ALGB (26301) 1402.37 1392
Amara (26302) 11062.3 10123.2
NAMR(26303) 8766.7 7652
AMRS(26304) 9879.8 10456.5
BZRG(26305) 5490.4 6668.4
AMRN(26306 9867.6 9987.5
KMET(26321) 2153.9 2622.5
It is evident that short circuit currents after adding hybrid system are less for most buses of Amara
governorate. While fault current of case study bus (26302) is increased especially in single phase fault, this
represents expected behavior because of generating units increase at that bus. This comparative result is
illustrated in the charts in Figure 11 for three phase and single phase short circuit currents.
Figure 11. Fault Currents before and after hybrid system incorporation for
(a) Three phase fault, (b) Single phase fault
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The Figure 12 shows (power/time) system response to various kinds of sources. The system has
been designed to withstand the N-1 contingency which means that the system will operate normally even if
one of the high voltage transmission lines tripped or one of the generating units tripped. Maximum power,
minimum power, and settling time information can be summarized in Table 5. Settling time of wind for
power is the worst but combing it with PV improves results.
Figure 12. Power response of (Amara Old) fault
Table 5. Disturbance information
Source Type Steady state power
(PU)
Max power
(PU)
Max Power
difference (PU)
Min power
(PU)
Min Power difference
(PU)
Settle time
(sec)
pv 1 1.351 0.351 0.279 0.721 4.2
wind 0.75 1.124 0.374 0.248 0.502 4.5
Pv/wind 1.5 1.75 0.25 0.518 0.982 3.3
It is supposed for hybrid installation that wind system power factor is 0.9; at 132kV connecting
point; for leading and lagging performance. Figure 13 clarifies volt ampere reactive (VAR/Time) response of
the system for bus fault with all kinds of sources.
Figure 13. VAR response for (Amara Old) disturbance
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Fault presented in the case of wind or PV, settling time taken after fault 1.65sec and 1.53sec
respectively. Whereas response to disturbance of hybrid system is the worst because it takes (2.45sec) after
fault to settle to about 5%, but from other point of view it is best in delivering zero VARs. During fault,
hybrid generation reduces injected active power to grid in order to offer reactive power the ability of
injection. For wind system this result in rotor speed up and with longer last of fault, pitch mechanism could
be respond and consequently active power may be decreased after fault. Due to fault with pv/wind, (Amara
Old) bus voltage falls down to 0.75pu until the fault is cleared. Voltage reaction is illustrated in Figure 14 as
fault is cleared; an obvious transient in voltage curve is noticed with maximum value of 1.12pu.
Figure 14. Voltage dynamic response for (Amara Old) fault
Also dynamic simulation mimics voltage, power factor, and frequency response of hybrid system at
terminal as in Figure 15 which shows less voltage transient, angle never gets back to its steady state value,
and frequency rises by 0.55pu and its settling time is 2.2s after fault.
Figure 15. Terminal dynamic response to (Amara Old) fault
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9. CONCLUSION
The main goal of this paper is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of Iraqi power system with
enhanced hybrid system. AC/DC interlinking is found to be stable and grid synchronization is facilitated
ensuing power balance in spite of generation kind's variety. Several parameters could affect the maximum
hybrid output and consequently system transient characteristic; such as change of wind speed or solar
irradiance, beside the height of propellers of wind energy system and if solar system is supported with sun
tracking system or not. The indicated results reflect the actual system output level and dynamics study with
a satisfactory performance that could be used as reference base for Iraqi grid development planners.
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