Electricity is generated at power plants using various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, and water power. The electricity is sent over power grids as electric current to homes and businesses. Electric current is generated by moving a magnet near a copper wire or moving the copper wire near a magnet, which powers appliances and devices in homes and businesses. Major sources of electricity include fossil fuels like coal and natural gas, as well as renewable sources like hydroelectric, wind, and nuclear power which have benefits but also risks and environmental impacts.
Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-seminar pptlakshmi nidoni
ABSTRACT
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period.
Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky.
Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively.
Need for compact, reliable, light weight and long life power supplies.
Nuclear batteries have lifespan upto decades and nearly 200 times more efficient.
Do not rely on nuclear reaction so, no radioactive wastes.
Uses emissions from radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
Can be used in inaccessible and extreme conditions.
Rural electrification by Lakshmi.Nidoni-seminar pptlakshmi nidoni
ABSTRACT
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period.
Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky.
Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively.
Need for compact, reliable, light weight and long life power supplies.
Nuclear batteries have lifespan upto decades and nearly 200 times more efficient.
Do not rely on nuclear reaction so, no radioactive wastes.
Uses emissions from radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
Can be used in inaccessible and extreme conditions.
Electric energy storage requirements are fulfilled mainly by battery and conventional capacitors. Double layer capacitor or supercapacitor is latest addition to it. Electric double-layer capacitors, also known as supercapacitors,electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), or ultracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitors that have an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors, typically on the order of thousands of timesgreater than a high capacity electrolytic capacitor.
A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.
Tesla used these coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray generation, frequency alternating phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in spark gap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices. Today their main use is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used today as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.
Electric energy storage requirements are fulfilled mainly by battery and conventional capacitors. Double layer capacitor or supercapacitor is latest addition to it. Electric double-layer capacitors, also known as supercapacitors,electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), or ultracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitors that have an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors, typically on the order of thousands of timesgreater than a high capacity electrolytic capacitor.
A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.
Tesla used these coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray generation, frequency alternating phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in spark gap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices. Today their main use is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used today as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.
Electricity generation, distribution and transmissionAshar143
COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Sahiwal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Prepared By: Umaiz Ahmad and Yasir Zulfiqar
CONTACT:
+92-321-7899091
+92-336-0006247
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Energy generation
1.
2. Electricity by definition is electric current that is used as a power source!
This electric current is generated in a power plant, and then sent out
over a power grid to your homes, and ultimately to your power outlets.
3. The movement of charges such
as electrons is called current, and
this electrical current is what
powers household appliances.
Electric Current =
Charge Passing
Through A Given Area
------------------------------
-
Time
4. An easier way to think of electric current is to picture cars going
through a Turnpike or Parkway Toll.
The cars could represent
electrons or charge, and the
toll booth could represent the
cross sectional area of the
wire at a certain point.
If you counted the number of cars or electrons, that passed through
the toll booth or a certain cross sectional area of the wire, and divided
that number by the time it took for those cars or charges to pass,
you would get the current!
5. Electric current generation - whether
from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable
fuels, or other sources is usually
based on the:
6. In September of 1831, Michael Faraday
made the discovery of Electromagnetic Induction.
Faraday attached two wires to a disc and
rotated the disc between the opposing
poles of a horseshoe magnet creating
an electric current.
7. An electric current is not generated unless the magnetic field is moving
relative to the copper wire, or the copper wire is moving relative to the
magnetic field.
If you place a magnet and a conductor (copper wire), in a room together
there will be no electric current generated.
This is because motion, from our equation for electricity, is missing!
8. So simple electric generators found in power plants contain, magnets
and copper wire that when put into motion relative to one another
create the electric current that is sent out to homes.
The major problem in
electricity generation
Is where does the
Motion come from
that keeps the
copper wire and
magnets moving
relative to one
another.
In this case, wind power applies a force to the blades that turns them.
The spinning blades, spin an armature that turns the copper wire
relative to the magnetic field. As long as the blades spin, electricity
will be generated!
9. - AC of 60 Hz produced by generator
- Resistance losses are smallest at high voltages and low currents
10. At home, electric current
that was generated by
generators in the power
plant is used to power
electric appliances.
The electric current,
running through the
copper wire causes
the armature to spin
which is how most
motors generate
motion.
11. Where does the motion needed to keep the copper wire moving relative
to the magnetic field come from?
Wind generated
Kilronan Wind Farm In Ireland
-attains between 50 – 70% efficiency
- one windmill’s average energy
output ranges from 11.4 W/m^2 –
57 W/m^2 depending on how windy
-wind farms tend to generate between
50 and 600 Kw
- California currently produces ¾
of all the wind generated electricity
in the world.
-North Dakota with 20 times the wind potential of California has not
erected a single wind turbine
12. Wind power classes 3 (300-400 W/m2) to 7 (800-2000 W/m2) are suitable
for wind power development
13. -Wind variability must be overcome by system design
- Basic energy Storage
- Differences in pressure gradients around wind turbines affect birds
-Noise from the turbines affects people and animals
-Eyesore, the appearance of mile after mile of wind machines with
transmission lines is of concern to the public
14. Water generated - Hydroelectric
Shasta Dam In California
-Conversion from potential energy of
water to electric energy is at 80 – 90%
efficiency
-Hydroelectric projects in the United
States have rated capacities from
950 – 6480 MW
-The use of Water Power is much
greater in some other countries.
Norway obtains 99% of its electricity
from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and
New Zealand are close seconds.
15.
16. - Hydroelectricity has dropped from producing 30 % to 10% of US electricity
- Large fluctuations in output are mainly due to variable rainfall totals
17. -About 50% of the United States potential for hydroelectric energy has been
tapped. However, further advances are unlikely.
-The Wild and Scenic River Act and the Endangered Species Act have
inhibited development of some sites
-Silt collection in hydroelectric Dam storage volumes over time causes
maintenance issues, as well as environmental concerns
-The loss of free flowing streams and land due to flooding behind the dam
disturbs the life of species: eg – Salmon
- Possibility of dam failure
18. Fossil Fuels – Oil Refinery
Pasadena - Texas
Standard Large Power Plants Provide 1 Giga-watt of electric power
and releases 2 Giga-watts of thermal power as waste heat. An
efficiency averaging around 30%.
-9000 tons of coal a day
-40,000 barrels a day or one tanker a week of oil
-generates about 5.3 x 10^9 kwh/year
-powers a city of a million people
19.
20. Oil Drilling Platform
Cook Inlet, Alaska
-total world production in 1996 of
petroleum is 62,239e3 barrels / day
-an average well in the US produces
only 11 barrels / day
-In Saudi Arabia an average well
produces 9600 barrels /day
21.
22.
23. Nuclear Power
Diablo Canyon - California
-Plant electrical output 1220 MW
-Plant efficiency 34%
-There are 109 power reactors in the United States
-Produce 22% of nation’s electricity
- In France 79% of electricity comes from nuclear reactors
24.
25. -In normal operations a nuclear reactor produces some environmental
emissions. E.g.: escape of radioactive fission products through cracks and
diffusion, radioactive H3 in small amounts in discharged water
-Core meltdown are possible, but unlikely due to negative feedback and
shutdown systems
-Even after shutdown there is 7% of normal power generation still in the
reactor fuel rods. This may be sufficient enough to melt core and destroy
the reactor, if cooling water is not supplied
-A study entitled “Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five US
Nuclear Power Plants” conducted by NRC in 1990, shows that for all the
109 reactors now operating in the United States over a 30 year lifetime
there is about a 1% chance of a large release due to internal events.
26. -Solar Power – uses the sun energy to either boil water or directly converts
solar energy to electrical energy
-Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – uses temperature differences
between different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine. Working
fluid is ammonia which is gas at room temperature.
-Biomass Energy: Municipal Solid Waste – burning wastes to drive heat
engines
-Geothermal Energy – based on naturally occurring heat in the Earth in the
Earth due to radioactive decay
-Tidal Energy – uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oceans to
drive turbines
27. Proportion of World’s energy
consumption - 1997
Proportion of the world’s
Electricity generation - 1997