Macromolecules1
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•1,100 views
Macromolecules are large organic molecules composed of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars like glucose and can be linked together into polysaccharides. Lipids are non-soluble in water and include fats and oils, storing the most energy. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and perform important functions in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Macromolecules1
This document provides information about macromolecules. It defines macromolecules as large organic molecules called polymers that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars, lipids are non-water soluble and store the most energy, proteins are made of amino acids chained together, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and help direct cellular activities. Macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis reactions and broken down through hydrolysis reactions.
Biomolecules for B.Sc
This document provides an overview of biomolecules, specifically carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their properties, classification into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, structure including open chain, hemiacetal and Haworth structures. Key monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose are described along with their functions. Carbohydrate classification and properties like isomerism, oxidation/reduction, and derived monosaccharides are also summarized. The document serves as lecture notes on carbohydrates for biology students.
Biomolecules carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid
The document discusses different types of biomolecules. It focuses on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and provides details about their structure, functions and classification. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Major lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sterols. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information.
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on lipids, describing their structure, properties, and main groups including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are described as the main form of fat, with fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are discussed as making up cell membranes. Cholesterol is given as a common steroid molecule that has both water-soluble and water-insoluble ends. Saturated and unsaturated fats are also briefly covered.
Biomolecules and biochemical reactions
The document discusses functional groups and biochemical reactions. It defines functional groups as small reactive groups present in biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that determine a molecule's chemical properties. It provides examples of common functional groups like amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. It then discusses characteristic features of functional groups and six major types of biochemical reactions: condensation, hydrolysis, neutralization, oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions.
Lesson 10 Lipids
This document defines lipids and describes their subtypes. It explains that lipids are nonpolar compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The main subtypes are phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids. Phospholipids are the major constituent of cell membranes and are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group. Triglycerides are formed when three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule. Steroids have different structures and functions in the body.
Biomolecules
This document discusses biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins by defining biomolecules and explaining their importance in living systems. It then classifies and describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and maltose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It discusses the structures, properties, and functions of these carbohydrates. The document also briefly mentions proteins and amino acids.
Biomolecules xii
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that produce glucose or related units upon hydrolysis. They have a general formula of Cx(H2O)y and include glucose, acetic acid, and rhamnose. Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids and derive their name from the Greek word meaning "primary." Enzymes are specific catalysts named after their substrate, like maltase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts in the diet to perform specific biological functions for normal growth and maintenance.
Recommended
Macromolecules1
This document provides information about macromolecules. It defines macromolecules as large organic molecules called polymers that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars, lipids are non-water soluble and store the most energy, proteins are made of amino acids chained together, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and help direct cellular activities. Macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis reactions and broken down through hydrolysis reactions.
Biomolecules for B.Sc
This document provides an overview of biomolecules, specifically carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their properties, classification into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, structure including open chain, hemiacetal and Haworth structures. Key monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose are described along with their functions. Carbohydrate classification and properties like isomerism, oxidation/reduction, and derived monosaccharides are also summarized. The document serves as lecture notes on carbohydrates for biology students.
Biomolecules carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid
The document discusses different types of biomolecules. It focuses on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and provides details about their structure, functions and classification. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Major lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sterols. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information.
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on lipids, describing their structure, properties, and main groups including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are described as the main form of fat, with fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are discussed as making up cell membranes. Cholesterol is given as a common steroid molecule that has both water-soluble and water-insoluble ends. Saturated and unsaturated fats are also briefly covered.
Biomolecules and biochemical reactions
The document discusses functional groups and biochemical reactions. It defines functional groups as small reactive groups present in biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that determine a molecule's chemical properties. It provides examples of common functional groups like amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate. It then discusses characteristic features of functional groups and six major types of biochemical reactions: condensation, hydrolysis, neutralization, oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions.
Lesson 10 Lipids
This document defines lipids and describes their subtypes. It explains that lipids are nonpolar compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The main subtypes are phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids. Phospholipids are the major constituent of cell membranes and are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group. Triglycerides are formed when three fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule. Steroids have different structures and functions in the body.
Biomolecules
This document discusses biomolecules and carbohydrates. It begins by defining biomolecules and explaining their importance in living systems. It then classifies and describes different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and maltose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It discusses the structures, properties, and functions of these carbohydrates. The document also briefly mentions proteins and amino acids.
Biomolecules xii
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that produce glucose or related units upon hydrolysis. They have a general formula of Cx(H2O)y and include glucose, acetic acid, and rhamnose. Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids and derive their name from the Greek word meaning "primary." Enzymes are specific catalysts named after their substrate, like maltase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts in the diet to perform specific biological functions for normal growth and maintenance.
Biomolecules
nucleic acid, glucose, fructose, preparation of sucrose, monosaccahrides, disaccharides, pedptide bond, glycosidic linkage, gluconic acid, DNA, RNA, Structure of amines, zwitter ion of amino acids, fibrous and globular protein,denaturation of proteins, Chemical properties of glucose, alpha helix and beta folded structure, ring structure of glucose and fructose, biomolecules, polyhydroxy aldose, poly hydroxy ketose
Lipids properties, classification, function
This document defines and describes various types of lipids. It begins by explaining that lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds related to fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes and other substances. It then discusses the basic components of lipids like fatty acids, glycerol and their esters known as triglycerides. The document further classifies lipids into simple lipids, compound lipids and derived lipids. Various types of phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols and terpenoids are also explained. Physical and chemical properties of lipids are outlined along with their important functions in living organisms.
Carbohydrates
This covers the topic on Carbohydrates = - its Structure, Composition and Mechanisms of the different Chemical Reactions involved.
Chem 134 unit 8 lipids
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification, properties, and functions. It defines lipids as organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified into glycerides (including triglycerides and phosphoglycerides), non-glyceride lipids (such as sphingolipids and steroids), and waxes. Key points covered include the structures of fatty acids and how their properties depend on saturation; essential fatty acids that must be obtained from diet; roles of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides; and biological functions of lipids as energy sources, structural components of cell membranes, and steroid hormones.
General biochemistry
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the key building blocks that make up living organisms. It states that water makes up 70% of a cell's weight, and carbon is the basis for nearly all cellular molecules except water. The four most abundant elements in organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. Carbon has unique properties that allow it to form long chains and rings that are the basis for important biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules are assembled through enzyme-controlled reactions and their function depends on the sequence of their monomer subunits.
Bt 202 aug 19 2011new
The document discusses several key topics in biochemistry including:
- The essential elements that make up most of an organism's mass including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
- Carbon's versatility in forming linear, branched and cyclic structures in biomolecules.
- Common functional groups in biomolecules like amino acids, nucleotides, sugars and their derivatives.
- Classes of biomolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
- Stereoisomers and the different types like enantiomers and diastereomers.
An Introduction to Biomolecules
Biomolecules are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of living organisms. The four most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Biomolecules are typically carbon-based and have specific three-dimensional shapes defined by bonds between carbon atoms. Functional groups on biomolecules, such as hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, determine their chemical properties. Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules that serve as energy stores. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
4 ipids lecture 4 siham
This document provides an overview of lipids and fatty acids. It defines key terms related to lipids and fatty acid structure and classification. Lipids are classified as simple or complex lipids and can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated depending on their carbon chain structure. Fatty acids vary in chain length, degree of saturation, and cis/trans configuration. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 must be obtained through diet. The document discusses lipid functions in the body and roles in health.
Biomolecules
1) Biomolecules are organic compounds found in living tissues and include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids, and lipids.
2) Living tissues can be broken down through chemical processes to obtain acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions containing different types of biomolecules.
3) Elemental analysis and analysis of organic and inorganic compounds provides information about the composition of living tissues.
Biomolecules introduction
This document defines and describes the main types of biomolecules found in living organisms. It begins by explaining that chemical analysis of tissues reveals elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are present in higher concentrations than in non-living materials. The document then defines biomolecules as the carbon compounds present in living cells, dividing them into macromolecules and micromolecules. It provides examples of different classes of biomolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and their monomers. The document explains how to analyze the chemical composition of tissues and describes some of the key properties and examples of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and nitrogen bases that make up nucleic acids. It concludes by distinguishing between primary metabolites
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that can be broken down into monosaccharides through hydrolysis. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Disaccharides like sucrose are formed through a glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharide units, while polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides that can be homopolysaccharides containing the same sugar units or heteropolysaccharides with different sugar units. Carbohydrates serve important functions in the body as an energy source, for energy storage, and in the formation of structural molecules.
Lipids
This tackles the topic on Lipids, generally. This include its uses, structures, metabolism and Chemical reactions involved with it.
This is a great help for learners in Junior High School, senior high school and those who are majoring in Science.
3.2 carbs, lipids & proteins
Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living organisms, with a few exceptions like carbon dioxide. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch. Condensation reactions join monomers while hydrolysis reactions break them down. Lipids function in energy storage, insulation, buoyancy, and as cell membranes. Both carbohydrates and lipids can store energy, though lipids provide more energy per gram.
Lecture 6 7 lipids and membranes
Membranes are composed of lipids and proteins that form a bilayer. This structure allows membranes to compartmentalize cells and organelles while regulating the transport of substances. Lipids are the main structural component and include fatty acids, glycerol, and phospholipids. Fatty acids esterify to glycerol to form simple lipids like triglycerides, which function as energy stores. More complex lipids contain additional groups like phosphate and incorporate into membranes. Membranes use the asymmetric lipid bilayer to control permeability through passive diffusion and active transporters.
Carbohydrates sem 3 bsc
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds and are essential for life. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose.
- Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on whether they hydrolyze into one, few, or many simple sugars.
- Common tests include oxidation, which can indicate the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group, and reduction, which produces related sugar alcohols and provides evidence of molecular structure.
Carbohydrates structre
The document discusses biological molecules, focusing on carbohydrates and proteins. It defines carbohydrates as molecules with the general formula (CH2O)n. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are described as the simplest carbohydrates, with monosaccharides being single sugar units and disaccharides being formed from two monosaccharides bonded together. Polysaccharides are formed from repeating monosaccharide units and serve important functions as energy stores. The document also explains that proteins are essential components of cells and tissues, and are used to build and repair the body. Examples of proteins in different bodily tissues like skin, blood, and muscles are provided.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are split into three groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Two monosaccharides can join through a condensation reaction involving the removal of a water molecule to form a disaccharide, such as sucrose, lactose, or maltose. Disaccharides are broken down through hydrolysis, which is the opposite reaction of condensation and involves the addition of a water molecule.
Learning Keys , Lehninger Chapter # 10 LIPIDS
These Learning key Points will help when you will study Text Book of Lehninger Principles Of Biochemistry .
Lipid200 structure and function
Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of various lipids. It describes simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and contain a phosphate group, alcohol, and fatty acids. Glycerophospholipids are the major class of phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and others playing important roles in cells and tissues.
Introduction to Carbohydrates and its Chemistry
A Comprehensive Introduction to Carbohydrates its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests an disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
Macromolecules1
Macromolecules are large organic molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids are not soluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids that function to store energy. Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds and perform important functions in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
2-3: Carbon Compounds
This document outlines the key topics covered in a biology chapter on the chemistry of life, including the nature of matter, properties of water, carbon compounds, and chemical reactions. It discusses the basic units that make up biological molecules like carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are formed from monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Lipids store the most energy and include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acids linked through peptide bonds, and can have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
More Related Content
What's hot
Biomolecules
nucleic acid, glucose, fructose, preparation of sucrose, monosaccahrides, disaccharides, pedptide bond, glycosidic linkage, gluconic acid, DNA, RNA, Structure of amines, zwitter ion of amino acids, fibrous and globular protein,denaturation of proteins, Chemical properties of glucose, alpha helix and beta folded structure, ring structure of glucose and fructose, biomolecules, polyhydroxy aldose, poly hydroxy ketose
Lipids properties, classification, function
This document defines and describes various types of lipids. It begins by explaining that lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds related to fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes and other substances. It then discusses the basic components of lipids like fatty acids, glycerol and their esters known as triglycerides. The document further classifies lipids into simple lipids, compound lipids and derived lipids. Various types of phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols and terpenoids are also explained. Physical and chemical properties of lipids are outlined along with their important functions in living organisms.
Carbohydrates
This covers the topic on Carbohydrates = - its Structure, Composition and Mechanisms of the different Chemical Reactions involved.
Chem 134 unit 8 lipids
This document provides an overview of lipids, including their classification, properties, and functions. It defines lipids as organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified into glycerides (including triglycerides and phosphoglycerides), non-glyceride lipids (such as sphingolipids and steroids), and waxes. Key points covered include the structures of fatty acids and how their properties depend on saturation; essential fatty acids that must be obtained from diet; roles of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides; and biological functions of lipids as energy sources, structural components of cell membranes, and steroid hormones.
General biochemistry
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the key building blocks that make up living organisms. It states that water makes up 70% of a cell's weight, and carbon is the basis for nearly all cellular molecules except water. The four most abundant elements in organisms are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up 96.5% of an organism's weight. Carbon has unique properties that allow it to form long chains and rings that are the basis for important biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. These macromolecules are assembled through enzyme-controlled reactions and their function depends on the sequence of their monomer subunits.
Bt 202 aug 19 2011new
The document discusses several key topics in biochemistry including:
- The essential elements that make up most of an organism's mass including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
- Carbon's versatility in forming linear, branched and cyclic structures in biomolecules.
- Common functional groups in biomolecules like amino acids, nucleotides, sugars and their derivatives.
- Classes of biomolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
- Stereoisomers and the different types like enantiomers and diastereomers.
An Introduction to Biomolecules
Biomolecules are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of living organisms. The four most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Biomolecules are typically carbon-based and have specific three-dimensional shapes defined by bonds between carbon atoms. Functional groups on biomolecules, such as hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups, determine their chemical properties. Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules that serve as energy stores. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides.
4 ipids lecture 4 siham
This document provides an overview of lipids and fatty acids. It defines key terms related to lipids and fatty acid structure and classification. Lipids are classified as simple or complex lipids and can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated depending on their carbon chain structure. Fatty acids vary in chain length, degree of saturation, and cis/trans configuration. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 must be obtained through diet. The document discusses lipid functions in the body and roles in health.
Biomolecules
1) Biomolecules are organic compounds found in living tissues and include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids, and lipids.
2) Living tissues can be broken down through chemical processes to obtain acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions containing different types of biomolecules.
3) Elemental analysis and analysis of organic and inorganic compounds provides information about the composition of living tissues.
Biomolecules introduction
This document defines and describes the main types of biomolecules found in living organisms. It begins by explaining that chemical analysis of tissues reveals elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are present in higher concentrations than in non-living materials. The document then defines biomolecules as the carbon compounds present in living cells, dividing them into macromolecules and micromolecules. It provides examples of different classes of biomolecules including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and their monomers. The document explains how to analyze the chemical composition of tissues and describes some of the key properties and examples of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and nitrogen bases that make up nucleic acids. It concludes by distinguishing between primary metabolites
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that can be broken down into monosaccharides through hydrolysis. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Disaccharides like sucrose are formed through a glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharide units, while polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides that can be homopolysaccharides containing the same sugar units or heteropolysaccharides with different sugar units. Carbohydrates serve important functions in the body as an energy source, for energy storage, and in the formation of structural molecules.
Lipids
This tackles the topic on Lipids, generally. This include its uses, structures, metabolism and Chemical reactions involved with it.
This is a great help for learners in Junior High School, senior high school and those who are majoring in Science.
3.2 carbs, lipids & proteins
Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living organisms, with a few exceptions like carbon dioxide. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch. Condensation reactions join monomers while hydrolysis reactions break them down. Lipids function in energy storage, insulation, buoyancy, and as cell membranes. Both carbohydrates and lipids can store energy, though lipids provide more energy per gram.
Lecture 6 7 lipids and membranes
Membranes are composed of lipids and proteins that form a bilayer. This structure allows membranes to compartmentalize cells and organelles while regulating the transport of substances. Lipids are the main structural component and include fatty acids, glycerol, and phospholipids. Fatty acids esterify to glycerol to form simple lipids like triglycerides, which function as energy stores. More complex lipids contain additional groups like phosphate and incorporate into membranes. Membranes use the asymmetric lipid bilayer to control permeability through passive diffusion and active transporters.
Carbohydrates sem 3 bsc
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds and are essential for life. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose.
- Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on whether they hydrolyze into one, few, or many simple sugars.
- Common tests include oxidation, which can indicate the presence of an aldehyde or ketone group, and reduction, which produces related sugar alcohols and provides evidence of molecular structure.
Carbohydrates structre
The document discusses biological molecules, focusing on carbohydrates and proteins. It defines carbohydrates as molecules with the general formula (CH2O)n. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are described as the simplest carbohydrates, with monosaccharides being single sugar units and disaccharides being formed from two monosaccharides bonded together. Polysaccharides are formed from repeating monosaccharide units and serve important functions as energy stores. The document also explains that proteins are essential components of cells and tissues, and are used to build and repair the body. Examples of proteins in different bodily tissues like skin, blood, and muscles are provided.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are split into three groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Two monosaccharides can join through a condensation reaction involving the removal of a water molecule to form a disaccharide, such as sucrose, lactose, or maltose. Disaccharides are broken down through hydrolysis, which is the opposite reaction of condensation and involves the addition of a water molecule.
Learning Keys , Lehninger Chapter # 10 LIPIDS
These Learning key Points will help when you will study Text Book of Lehninger Principles Of Biochemistry .
Lipid200 structure and function
Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of various lipids. It describes simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and contain a phosphate group, alcohol, and fatty acids. Glycerophospholipids are the major class of phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and others playing important roles in cells and tissues.
Introduction to Carbohydrates and its Chemistry
A Comprehensive Introduction to Carbohydrates its chemistry, classification, qualitative tests an disorders related to its metabolism. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome
What's hot (20)
Similar to Macromolecules1
Macromolecules1
Macromolecules are large organic molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids are not soluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids that function to store energy. Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds and perform important functions in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
2-3: Carbon Compounds
This document outlines the key topics covered in a biology chapter on the chemistry of life, including the nature of matter, properties of water, carbon compounds, and chemical reactions. It discusses the basic units that make up biological molecules like carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are formed from monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Lipids store the most energy and include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acids linked through peptide bonds, and can have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
Macromolecules scf 1.4.1
Macromolecules are large organic molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis which combines monomers, and they are broken down through hydrolysis which separates monomers by adding water.
Chapter_2_-_Part_2_Chemical_Reactions.pptx
The document discusses the key chemical constituents of cells, including inorganic and organic substances. Inorganic substances that are important to cells include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts. Organic substances discussed include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy and building materials to cells. Lipids are used primarily for energy storage and as structural components of cell membranes. Proteins serve as structural materials, enzymes, and hormones. Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA carry genetic information and encode protein sequences.
Macromolecules and their subunits and its chemical bonding
The document discusses the key macromolecules and chemical bonds found in living organisms. It describes the four main macromolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids - and their subunits. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups, and the sugars deoxyribose or ribose. Lipids are esters of fatty acids and glycerol. The document also discusses primary chemical bonds including glycosidic bonds, peptide bonds, ester bonds, and phosphodiester bonds that form the
Carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, which are one of the four major classes of biomolecules along with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be either aldoses or ketoses depending on whether the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or ketone. Disaccharides are formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides serve important energy storage roles as starch and glycogen. The document also reviews lipid structure including fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols and their role in biological membranes.
Bio f4 chap_4_chemical_composition_of_the_cell
The document summarizes the chemical composition of cells. It discusses the main elements found in cells like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and others. It also describes the main organic compounds in cells including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Lipids are made of triglycerides, phospholipids and waxes. Proteins are made from amino acid subunits that join through peptide bonds.
Chemical composition of the body
This document discusses the chemical composition of the human body. It begins by explaining atoms and their components, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then discusses the four main elements found in living organisms: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Various types of bonds are also explained, including covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. The main classes of organic molecules that make up the body are then outlined, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. For each class, some of the main subgroups and characteristics are defined.
Chapter2 Biology Molecules
The document summarizes key biological molecules and their structures and functions. It discusses monomers that make up carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then explains lipids, made of triglycerides, and proteins, composed of amino acid chains that fold into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. It also briefly mentions the roles of water and inorganic ions in living organisms.
Chapter 1 the chemical nature of cells
This document provides an overview of the key biomolecules found within cells, including their structure and functions. It discusses the roles of water, carbohydrates like glucose and glycogen, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. These biomolecules are involved in essential cellular processes like metabolism, protein synthesis, and storage of genetic information. The document also examines how biomolecules interact and are organized within cells and cellular structures.
AS Biology- Carbohydrates 1
This document discusses carbohydrates and their structure. It explains that monosaccharides are single unit sugars that can join through condensation reactions to form disaccharides, linked by glycosidic bonds. Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of sugars. Monosaccharides are the basic building blocks, and include common hexoses like glucose. They can polymerize into larger carbohydrates through dehydration reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Macromolecule intro
The document discusses the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides) that polymerize to form each macromolecule, and their structures, functions, and important examples like glucose, glycogen, amino acids, DNA, RNA, glycerol, and fatty acids. It also covers general concepts like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and protein structure levels from primary to quaternary.
Macromolecule intro
The document discusses the four major macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple molecules) that make up each macromolecule and how they polymerize through dehydration reactions to form larger molecules. The key functions of each macromolecule type are also summarized, such as carbohydrates serving as energy sources, proteins providing structure and performing important functions, lipids storing energy and insulating cells, and nucleic acids carrying genetic instructions.
chapter-1-molecules-of-life-mqa-stdnt-copy.ppt
1. The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living things: water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. It describes the molecular structure of these biomolecules, including the structure of water molecules and how hydrogen bonding between water molecules contributes to its important properties.
3. The main classes of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are defined. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Proteins are made up of amino acids chained together.
Organic Chemistry
The document discusses the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes their basic structures, subunits, examples, and functions. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used for fuel, structure, and receptors. Lipids are diverse hydrophobic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen used for energy storage and insulation. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds and are the molecular tools of the cell, serving structural, enzymatic, and other functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and are made of nucleotides consisting of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphates.
macromoleculesppt-151004121034-lva1-app6892.pdf
All living things are primarily composed of large biomolecules called biomolecules, which are made up of many atoms bonded together. Biomolecules contain carbon and are classified into four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids are fats and oils, proteins are made of amino acids, and nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. These macromolecules are essential for life and perform important functions in cells and organisms.
Ch6.4 - Building Blocks of Life
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
Molecular Biology 1-3
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino Acids: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.
3.2 carbs, lipids & proteins notes
This document discusses carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It defines organic compounds and identifies examples like glucose, ribose, and fatty acids. It lists examples of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose), disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose), and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose). It describes the functions of glucose, lactose, glycogen in animals and fructose, sucrose, cellulose in plants. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions are described in forming monomers, dimers, and polymers of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Lipid functions include energy storage, insulation, and structural roles. Carbohydrates and lipids are compared
Class 2 Carbohydrates 273837!$$($("(+$($.pdf
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve important functions as energy sources and structural components. There are three main classes of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can form rings and exist as different isomers. Monosaccharides can join through glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides and polysaccharides for energy storage. Polysaccharides like cellulose provide structure, while glycoproteins are carbohydrates attached to proteins that play important roles in cellular processes.
Similar to Macromolecules1 (20)
Macromolecules and their subunits and its chemical bonding
Macromolecules and their subunits and its chemical bonding
More from legoscience
Protists part 2
Protists use various methods of locomotion including amoeboid movement, cilia, flagella, and some are nonmotile. They reproduce through mitosis, conjugation which involves the exchange of micronuclei between two cells, or alternation of generations with both asexual reproduction via mitosis and sexual reproduction through meiosis and fertilization.
Protista
This document discusses the challenges of classifying protists, which are eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Protists exhibit a wide variety in their characteristics such as being photosynthetic or motile, unicellular or multicellular, and living in various habitats. They are difficult to classify because some protists share similarities with organisms from other kingdoms. While classification of protists continues to evolve, they are believed to have been the first eukaryotes and some protist ancestors gave rise to plants, animals and fungi based on their evolutionary relationships.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that are classified as bacteria or archaea. They vary greatly in size, shape, movement, nutrition, and metabolism. Prokaryotes play important roles in the living world as decomposers, producers, and nitrogen fixers, recycling nutrients and producing food and biomass that supports food chains. They are ecologically important due to their diversity and roles in ecosystems.
Viruses
Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living cells. There are two main types of viral infections: lytic infections immediately use the host cell to replicate new viruses which then burst out and kill the cell, while lysogenic infections insert viral DNA into the host cell's genome where it remains inactive for many generations before replicating in a lytic cycle. Viruses either replicate immediately through lytic infection or initially persist in an inactive state through lysogenic infection within the host cell before replicating.
Evolutionary Classification
This document discusses modern evolutionary classification and how it differs from Linnaean classification. It explains how to make and interpret cladograms using shared derived characters to show evolutionary relationships between organisms. DNA sequences are also used in classification. Cladograms place organisms in clades based on shared ancestors and can be used to classify organisms differently than traditional taxonomic groups. Constructing cladograms involves identifying derived characters in organisms.
Chapter 10 lecture
The document discusses several topics related to land use including the tragedy of the commons, externalities, maximum sustainable yield, public lands management, rangelands, forests, timber harvesting practices, fire management, federal land regulations, residential land types, urban sprawl, and government policies influencing land use and development. It also introduces the concept of smart growth which promotes mixed land uses, transportation choices, and preserving open spaces.
Non-Mendelian Genetics
Genes do not always follow Mendel's principles of dominance and segregation. Some alleles show incomplete dominance where neither is fully dominant. Others show codominance where both alleles are expressed simultaneously. Multiple alleles exist for some genes with more than two variants. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple interacting genes and show wide variety in phenotypes. Maternal inheritance and genetic imprinting also influence traits. While an organism's genotype determines traits, its phenotype is also influenced by environmental conditions interacting with its genes.
Using Mendel's Ideas
This document discusses Mendel's principles of genetics and probability. It explains how geneticists use Punnett squares to determine the likelihood of traits being passed from parents to offspring based on dominant and recessive alleles. The principles of independent assortment and segregation are described, where genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation. This allows geneticists to predict phenotypic outcomes and offspring ratios using Punnett squares and determine genotypes that are homozygous or heterozygous.
Dihybrid cross Tutorial
This document describes a dihybrid cross between two hypothetical traits: hair length and eye color. The parents are both heterozygous for short/long hair and black/red eyes. A Punnett square is constructed with the parents' alleles to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring. The offspring have 9 chances to be short haired with black eyes, 3 chances each for short haired with red eyes and long haired with black eyes, and 1 chance for long haired with red eyes.
Medel's Greatest Hits
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that (1) when he crossed plants with contrasting traits, the hybrid offspring only showed traits of one parent, (2) in the next generation, the traits separated and were expressed in a 3:1 ratio, with the dominant trait appearing more often. His findings supported that inheritance is determined by discrete units (genes and alleles) that are transmitted from parents to offspring and can be dominant or recessive.
Mutations
Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information that fall into two categories: gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. Gene mutations include point mutations such as substitutions that change a single base, and insertions or deletions that add or remove a single base. Chromosomal mutations involve deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of larger chromosomal segments. Mutations can harm organisms by dramatically changing proteins or gene activity, help organisms by producing useful new proteins, or have no effect.
Rna protein-synthesis
This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Stem Cells
During development, cells differentiate to become specialized cell types like muscle, nerve, or skin cells. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into various cell types. There are embryonic stem cells found in early-stage embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues like bone marrow. Stem cells may help with regenerative medicine by repairing or replacing damaged cells and tissues, but embryonic stem cell research raises ethical issues because it involves human embryos.
The Process of Cell Division
The document discusses the process of cell division in eukaryotic cells. It describes that cell division occurs through the cell cycle, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is further broken down into 4 main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these stages, the chromosomes condense, align, separate, and the nuclear envelope reforms. Cytokinesis then partitions the cytoplasm to complete cell division into two daughter cells.
Cell Growth, Division, Reproduction
As cells grow larger, they face problems related to their surface area to volume ratio decreasing. This causes issues like an information overload for the DNA and insufficient material exchange. To address this, cells undergo cell division to split into two smaller daughter cells, maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio. Cells can also reproduce asexually by separating after duplicating their DNA, or sexually by fusing with another cell to produce offspring with a mix of both parents' genetic information.
Cellular Respiration
The document describes the process of cellular respiration which occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules while producing ATP and NADH. The Krebs cycle further breaks down pyruvic acid to extract more energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Finally, the electron transport chain uses the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power ATP synthesis, producing about 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the entire cellular respiration process.
ATP is NRG
ATP is an important energy-storing molecule in cells that is produced when phosphate groups are added to ADP. Cells store energy by converting ADP to ATP, and release energy by breaking ATP back down. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates, allowing plants to produce ATP and be autotrophs.
Photosynthesis Overview
Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, captured by the pigment chlorophyll in chloroplasts, to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich sugars. Electrons produced during light absorption are transferred by electron carrier molecules like NADPH to drive the chemical reactions that ultimately fix carbon into sugars. The overall equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water + light energy → sugars + oxygen.
More from legoscience (20)
Recently uploaded
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneWhat is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Recently uploaded (20)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Macromolecules1
- 1. 1 Macromolecules copyright cmassengale
- 2. 2 Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. • Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale
- 3. 3 Carbon (C) • Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. • Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). • Usually with C, H, O or N. • Example: CH4(methane) copyright cmassengale
- 4. 4 Macromolecules • Large organic molecules. • Also called POLYMERS. • Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. • Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale
- 5. 5 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale
- 6. 6 Answer: Dehydration Synthesis • Also called “condensation reaction” • Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H HO H H2O HO H copyright cmassengale
- 7. 7 Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale
- 8. 8 Answer: Hydrolysis • Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H HO H copyright cmassengale
- 9. 9 Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale
- 10. 10 Carbohydrates • Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. • Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide copyright cmassengale
- 11. 11 Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose copyright cmassengale
- 12. 12 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose) – Lactose (glucose+galactose) – Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose glucose copyright cmassengale
- 13. 13 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose copyright cmassengale
- 14. 14 Lipids copyright cmassengale
- 15. 15 Lipids • General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. • Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. • Remember: “stores the most energy” • Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. co pTyrigrhti cgmalsysecngaelerides
- 16. 16 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale
- 17. 17 Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H-C----O H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH copyright cmassengale
- 18. 18 Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-saturated CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH2-CH2-CH2unsaturated -CH copyright cmassengale
- 19. 19 Proteins copyright cmassengale
- 20. 20 Proteins (Polypeptides) • Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). • Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions copyright cmassengale
- 21. 21 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale
- 22. 22 Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds copyright cmassengale
- 23. 23 Secondary Structure • 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. • Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale
- 24. 24 Tertiary Structure • Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides • Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) • Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale
- 25. 25 Quaternary Structure • Composed of 2 or more “subunits” • Globular in shape • Form in Aqueous environments • Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale
- 26. 26 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale
- 27. 27 Nucleic acids • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) • Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. copyright cmassengale
- 28. 28 Nucleic acids • Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) copyright cmassengale
- 29. 29 Nucleotide Phosphate Group O O=P-O O N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale
- 30. 30 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 3 5 4 5 3 5 P P P O 5 2 3 O O 1 4 5 5 3 3 G C T A copyright cmassengale