title: proteins
the presentation is about proteins and its building block its types and how amino acid are important? how they function and proteins are very crucial because all of our body is made up of proteins.
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It defines monomers and polymers, noting that biomolecules are polymers made of repeating monomer units. Carbohydrates are introduced, with monosaccharides as monomers, and examples including starch and glucose. Nucleic acids are then covered, with nucleotides as monomers, and DNA and RNA as examples. The key points about each biomolecule are outlined.
The document discusses the importance of water and its properties. Water is a polar molecule with unequal charge distribution, allowing it to dissolve many ionic and polar compounds. Water molecules are also attracted to each other through hydrogen bonding. This property allows water to absorb large amounts of heat, maintaining stable conditions for organisms. The document also summarizes the key biomolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic monomers, polymers, and functions of each biomolecule.
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen to produce ATP. In aerobic respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing pyruvate, and then the pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to yield much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The mitochondria are specialized organelles that contain an inner membrane with cristae to increase surface area for ATP production via ATP synthase using a proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.
Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles found in cells that contain two membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae which increases its surface area. It contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes that produce ATP from ADP using a hydrogen ion gradient established by the electron transport chain. The matrix contains enzymes for the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. During anaerobic respiration without oxygen, yeast perform alcoholic fermentation by converting pyruvate to ethanol to regenerate NAD+, while mammals produce lactic acid from pyruvate. Mitochondria can also respire lipids and amino acids by breaking them down into acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle. Lipids have
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - to break down glucose and harvest its chemical energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces more ATP and waste carbon dioxide. During the electron transport chain, electrons are passed down a chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. This powers ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis and produces water as a waste product. Anaerobic respiration can also occur through fermentation if oxygen is absent, producing only a small amount of ATP.
The document provides instructions for a task explaining the functioning of body systems associated with energy metabolism. It includes learning objectives and scenarios for the task. It discusses the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems' roles in transporting and breaking down nutrients and oxygen to cells. The digestive system is explained in detail, including the roles of enzymes and villi in breaking down and absorbing food. Excess nutrients are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or converted to fat. The kidneys and liver help regulate waste removal and storage.
This document provides an overview of the major biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It defines monomers and polymers, noting that biomolecules are polymers made of repeating monomer units. Carbohydrates are introduced, with monosaccharides as monomers, and examples including starch and glucose. Nucleic acids are then covered, with nucleotides as monomers, and DNA and RNA as examples. The key points about each biomolecule are outlined.
The document discusses the importance of water and its properties. Water is a polar molecule with unequal charge distribution, allowing it to dissolve many ionic and polar compounds. Water molecules are also attracted to each other through hydrogen bonding. This property allows water to absorb large amounts of heat, maintaining stable conditions for organisms. The document also summarizes the key biomolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic monomers, polymers, and functions of each biomolecule.
Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence or absence of oxygen to produce ATP. In aerobic respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing pyruvate, and then the pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to yield much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The mitochondria are specialized organelles that contain an inner membrane with cristae to increase surface area for ATP production via ATP synthase using a proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain.
Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles found in cells that contain two membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae which increases its surface area. It contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes that produce ATP from ADP using a hydrogen ion gradient established by the electron transport chain. The matrix contains enzymes for the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. During anaerobic respiration without oxygen, yeast perform alcoholic fermentation by converting pyruvate to ethanol to regenerate NAD+, while mammals produce lactic acid from pyruvate. Mitochondria can also respire lipids and amino acids by breaking them down into acetyl-CoA for the citric acid cycle. Lipids have
This document summarizes the key chemical constituents of cells. It describes that chemicals in cells can be divided into organic and inorganic substances. The four major inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts. The four main organic macromolecules that make up living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has distinct structures and performs important functions for cellular metabolism and heredity.
Cellular respiration involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain - to break down glucose and harvest its chemical energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces more ATP and waste carbon dioxide. During the electron transport chain, electrons are passed down a chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. This powers ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis and produces water as a waste product. Anaerobic respiration can also occur through fermentation if oxygen is absent, producing only a small amount of ATP.
The document provides instructions for a task explaining the functioning of body systems associated with energy metabolism. It includes learning objectives and scenarios for the task. It discusses the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems' roles in transporting and breaking down nutrients and oxygen to cells. The digestive system is explained in detail, including the roles of enzymes and villi in breaking down and absorbing food. Excess nutrients are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or converted to fat. The kidneys and liver help regulate waste removal and storage.
Mitochondria are organelles found within eukaryotic cells that are responsible for producing ATP, the main source of energy for cells. They were first observed in 1886 and named "mitochondria" in 1898. Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes and are bounded by an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane forms infoldings called cristae that increase the surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria break down nutrients through cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. They play a vital role in supplying energy to drive cellular processes and are thus referred to as the "powerhouses" of cells.
The document discusses the basic building blocks of living things. It introduces cells as the smallest unit of life and notes that all cells are made of macromolecules. It defines macromolecules as large molecules formed by joining many smaller molecules together. The four main types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are synthesized from simple precursor molecules called monomers that join together in chains to form larger polymer molecules.
This biology class covers energy, metabolism, and ATP. The lesson defines key terms like energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and ATP. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, and the second law is that energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy. Metabolism includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, providing energy for cellular work.
The document discusses the role of energy in the body and how three body systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive) work together to metabolize energy. It begins by explaining where the body gets energy from foods and the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during digestion. Next, it describes how the respiratory system supplies cells with oxygen for cellular respiration to produce ATP, the cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, and the digestive system breaks down foods into simple molecules that can be absorbed and circulated. The document emphasizes how the three systems interrelate and collaborate to provide energy for bodily functions.
Energy flow in_the_cell_presentation_teacher_versionErin Maccarelli
Cells obtain energy through respiration, which breaks down glucose and releases energy. Glucose comes from foods a person eats, which are broken down through digestion and absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose then enters cells, where it undergoes two stages of respiration - stage one in the cytoplasm releases a small amount of energy, while stage two in the mitochondria fully breaks down glucose using oxygen to release much more energy. Respiration and photosynthesis are opposite but interconnected processes that allow energy transfer between organisms.
This document discusses the four main macromolecules found in cells: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates act as fuel for cells and are made of sugars. Lipids are mainly non-polar compounds that function in energy storage as triglycerides and in cell membranes as phospholipids. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information using nucleotides. Proteins have seven major functions and are made of amino acids arranged in unique sequences that determine 3D structure.
The document discusses the four main molecules of life: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and serve as energy sources. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and are essential for structure and enzymes. Lipids function as insulators and stores of energy and include fats, oils, and hormones. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and are made of nucleotides consisting of phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous bases.
Photosynthesis has two main stages: 1) The light-dependent reaction uses chlorophyll and sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through a series of electron transfers in the thylakoid membranes. 2) The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic carbohydrates like glucose through enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the chloroplast stroma, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Photosynthesis is essential for converting sunlight into chemical energy that fuels life on Earth.
Organisms obtain energy through cellular processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Cellular respiration breaks down food molecules to release energy, some as heat and some stored as ATP, which cells can use like money. Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce food molecules. Autotrophs like plants can produce their own food using photosynthesis, while heterotrophs must ingest food to get energy through cellular respiration.
This document summarizes key concepts about protein structure and collagen. It discusses the forces involved in protein folding like hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. It describes accessory proteins that assist folding like chaperones. Collagen is introduced as the most abundant protein, composed of tropocollagen triple helices with characteristic Gly-X-Y motifs. Post-translational modifications of collagen including hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and cross-linking are outlined.
The document contains questions and answers related to biochemistry, techniques in biochemistry, animal biotechnology, and bioinformatics. Some key topics covered include the first person to introduce the term biochemistry, the first protein sequenced, discoveries related to nucleic acids and viruses, techniques like paper chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation, molecular farming in animal biotechnology, early bioinformatics databases, tools for sequence alignment and analysis, and relationships between genomics and drug identification.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.8 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
This document discusses bioenergetics and energy production through the TCA (Krebs) cycle. It defines bioenergetics as the part of biochemistry concerned with energy flow through living systems. It explains that living organisms obtain energy through breaking chemical bonds and oxidizing materials, often with oxygen. The energy is used to produce ATP, which acts as an energy battery. The TCA cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions that starts and ends with oxaloacetate, and produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn to generate energy.
This document summarizes a chapter on photosynthesis from a cell biology textbook. It describes how photosynthetic organisms like plants, algae and cyanobacteria are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages - the light-dependent reactions where oxygen is released and energy carriers are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates. Chloroplasts in plant leaves contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb sunlight to drive these photosynthetic reactions.
The document discusses bioenergetics and the electron transport chain. It begins with an introduction to bioenergetics and its history. It then describes the electron transport chain, including the four complexes, carriers that transport electrons and protons, and how a proton gradient is generated. Iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are metalloproteins that transport electrons in the electron transport chain.
I apologize for any confusion, but I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest. I don't actually take exams or have personal experiences.
This document summarizes photosynthesis. It discusses the history of discoveries about photosynthesis and defines key terms like autotrophs and heterotrophs. It then explains that photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This occurs in two reactions in chloroplasts - the light-dependent reaction uses light to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle uses those products to produce sugars from CO2. Factors like temperature, light intensity, and water influence photosynthesis.
Biology 12 - Solar Energy Converters - Section 7-2JEmmons
This document summarizes a chapter on photosynthesis from a biology textbook. It discusses how pigments like chlorophylls and carotenoids absorb different wavelengths of light during photosynthesis. Chlorophylls absorb violet, indigo, blue and red light most efficiently, while leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light. The chapter then describes the two light reactions of photosynthesis - the noncyclic and cyclic electron pathways - and how they produce ATP and NADPH. It also explains how the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane stores energy for the ATP synthase complex to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.
This document summarizes key concepts in chemistry that are relevant to understanding the chemical basis of life. It defines matter and its composition of elements and atoms. It describes the structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons and electron shells. It explains the formation of molecules, compounds, and different types of chemical bonds. It discusses the unique properties of water and its role in biological systems. It also summarizes the main macromolecules that make up living things - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids - and describes their structure and functions.
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES
Simplified biochemistry for easy understanding. Meant all Biochemistry students. A special dedication to all FST 2019/2020
Biology review for anatomy and physiologyHReinhardt
This document provides an overview of key biology concepts from the level of atoms and molecules up to cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. It defines terms like atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues and organs. It also describes the basic units of organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Additionally, it outlines the structure and functions of important organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and cell membrane. It explains cellular processes like membrane transport, cellular respiration and the stages of the cell cycle.
Mitochondria are organelles found within eukaryotic cells that are responsible for producing ATP, the main source of energy for cells. They were first observed in 1886 and named "mitochondria" in 1898. Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes and are bounded by an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane forms infoldings called cristae that increase the surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria break down nutrients through cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. They play a vital role in supplying energy to drive cellular processes and are thus referred to as the "powerhouses" of cells.
The document discusses the basic building blocks of living things. It introduces cells as the smallest unit of life and notes that all cells are made of macromolecules. It defines macromolecules as large molecules formed by joining many smaller molecules together. The four main types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are synthesized from simple precursor molecules called monomers that join together in chains to form larger polymer molecules.
This biology class covers energy, metabolism, and ATP. The lesson defines key terms like energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and ATP. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, and the second law is that energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy. Metabolism includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, providing energy for cellular work.
The document discusses the role of energy in the body and how three body systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive) work together to metabolize energy. It begins by explaining where the body gets energy from foods and the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during digestion. Next, it describes how the respiratory system supplies cells with oxygen for cellular respiration to produce ATP, the cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, and the digestive system breaks down foods into simple molecules that can be absorbed and circulated. The document emphasizes how the three systems interrelate and collaborate to provide energy for bodily functions.
Energy flow in_the_cell_presentation_teacher_versionErin Maccarelli
Cells obtain energy through respiration, which breaks down glucose and releases energy. Glucose comes from foods a person eats, which are broken down through digestion and absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose then enters cells, where it undergoes two stages of respiration - stage one in the cytoplasm releases a small amount of energy, while stage two in the mitochondria fully breaks down glucose using oxygen to release much more energy. Respiration and photosynthesis are opposite but interconnected processes that allow energy transfer between organisms.
This document discusses the four main macromolecules found in cells: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates act as fuel for cells and are made of sugars. Lipids are mainly non-polar compounds that function in energy storage as triglycerides and in cell membranes as phospholipids. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information using nucleotides. Proteins have seven major functions and are made of amino acids arranged in unique sequences that determine 3D structure.
The document discusses the four main molecules of life: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and serve as energy sources. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and are essential for structure and enzymes. Lipids function as insulators and stores of energy and include fats, oils, and hormones. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and are made of nucleotides consisting of phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous bases.
Photosynthesis has two main stages: 1) The light-dependent reaction uses chlorophyll and sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through a series of electron transfers in the thylakoid membranes. 2) The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic carbohydrates like glucose through enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the chloroplast stroma, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Photosynthesis is essential for converting sunlight into chemical energy that fuels life on Earth.
Organisms obtain energy through cellular processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Cellular respiration breaks down food molecules to release energy, some as heat and some stored as ATP, which cells can use like money. Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce food molecules. Autotrophs like plants can produce their own food using photosynthesis, while heterotrophs must ingest food to get energy through cellular respiration.
This document summarizes key concepts about protein structure and collagen. It discusses the forces involved in protein folding like hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. It describes accessory proteins that assist folding like chaperones. Collagen is introduced as the most abundant protein, composed of tropocollagen triple helices with characteristic Gly-X-Y motifs. Post-translational modifications of collagen including hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and cross-linking are outlined.
The document contains questions and answers related to biochemistry, techniques in biochemistry, animal biotechnology, and bioinformatics. Some key topics covered include the first person to introduce the term biochemistry, the first protein sequenced, discoveries related to nucleic acids and viruses, techniques like paper chromatography, electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation, molecular farming in animal biotechnology, early bioinformatics databases, tools for sequence alignment and analysis, and relationships between genomics and drug identification.
Guided notes covering material from Topic 2.8 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
This document discusses bioenergetics and energy production through the TCA (Krebs) cycle. It defines bioenergetics as the part of biochemistry concerned with energy flow through living systems. It explains that living organisms obtain energy through breaking chemical bonds and oxidizing materials, often with oxygen. The energy is used to produce ATP, which acts as an energy battery. The TCA cycle is described as a series of chemical reactions that starts and ends with oxaloacetate, and produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn to generate energy.
This document summarizes a chapter on photosynthesis from a cell biology textbook. It describes how photosynthetic organisms like plants, algae and cyanobacteria are able to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages - the light-dependent reactions where oxygen is released and energy carriers are produced, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates. Chloroplasts in plant leaves contain chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb sunlight to drive these photosynthetic reactions.
The document discusses bioenergetics and the electron transport chain. It begins with an introduction to bioenergetics and its history. It then describes the electron transport chain, including the four complexes, carriers that transport electrons and protons, and how a proton gradient is generated. Iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are metalloproteins that transport electrons in the electron transport chain.
I apologize for any confusion, but I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest. I don't actually take exams or have personal experiences.
This document summarizes photosynthesis. It discusses the history of discoveries about photosynthesis and defines key terms like autotrophs and heterotrophs. It then explains that photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This occurs in two reactions in chloroplasts - the light-dependent reaction uses light to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle uses those products to produce sugars from CO2. Factors like temperature, light intensity, and water influence photosynthesis.
Biology 12 - Solar Energy Converters - Section 7-2JEmmons
This document summarizes a chapter on photosynthesis from a biology textbook. It discusses how pigments like chlorophylls and carotenoids absorb different wavelengths of light during photosynthesis. Chlorophylls absorb violet, indigo, blue and red light most efficiently, while leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light. The chapter then describes the two light reactions of photosynthesis - the noncyclic and cyclic electron pathways - and how they produce ATP and NADPH. It also explains how the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane stores energy for the ATP synthase complex to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.
This document summarizes key concepts in chemistry that are relevant to understanding the chemical basis of life. It defines matter and its composition of elements and atoms. It describes the structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons and electron shells. It explains the formation of molecules, compounds, and different types of chemical bonds. It discusses the unique properties of water and its role in biological systems. It also summarizes the main macromolecules that make up living things - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids - and describes their structure and functions.
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES
Simplified biochemistry for easy understanding. Meant all Biochemistry students. A special dedication to all FST 2019/2020
Biology review for anatomy and physiologyHReinhardt
This document provides an overview of key biology concepts from the level of atoms and molecules up to cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. It defines terms like atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues and organs. It also describes the basic units of organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Additionally, it outlines the structure and functions of important organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and cell membrane. It explains cellular processes like membrane transport, cellular respiration and the stages of the cell cycle.
Amino acisd structure
Peptide bond formation
Analysis of protein Structure- X-ray Crystallography
Different structural levels of proteins with examples.
Importance of protein structure
Creutzfeldt-Jacob-Disease due to changes in normal protein conformation.
Protien structure and Methods of protein structure determination Rajesh Kumar...RajeshKumarKushwaha5
This document provides an overview of methods for determining protein structure, including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and cryo-electron microscopy. It discusses how X-ray crystallography involves growing protein crystals and bombarding them with X-rays to generate diffraction patterns used to build 3D electron density maps. Nuclear magnetic resonance measures distances between atomic nuclei by analyzing signals from atomic spins in magnetic fields. Cryo-electron microscopy images flash-frozen protein samples to determine structure at near-atomic resolution.
The document discusses protein biochemistry and includes the following information:
- It provides contact information for the lecturer, Dr. Burger, and class representatives. It also lists test dates for the semester.
- It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes in living organisms and notes that proteins are essential biomolecules involved in most biological functions.
- It explains that genes direct protein production through transcription and translation, and that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid sequence is determined by the DNA sequence.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It emerged in the early 20th century by applying principles of chemistry to biological systems. The four main types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are made up of monomers linked together into polymers. The goal of biochemistry is to describe and explain all chemical processes that occur within living cells on a molecular level in order to understand functions of life. Knowledge of biochemistry is essential to fields like genetics, physiology, pharmacology and pathology.
This document provides information about macromolecules and their structure and function. It begins by stating the learning objectives of determining the structure and functions of biomolecules. It then defines macromolecules as large organic compounds formed from monomers joining together to create polymers. The four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are introduced along with their monomer and polymer subunits. Specific examples and functions of each macromolecule type are then described in more detail over several pages.
The document discusses the four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details about each macromolecule group, including their monomers, polymers, chemical composition, functions in living things, and examples. Macromolecules are large molecules formed from combinations of smaller molecular units (monomers) that join together in chains (polymers). The four groups are distinguished based on their chemical makeup and roles in structures, energy storage, synthesis, and heredity.
the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms.
the processes and substances with which the science of biochemistry is concerned.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms. Biochemists focus heavily on the role, function, and structure of biomolecules. The study of the chemistry behind biological processes and the synthesis of biologically active molecules are examples of biochemistry.
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. There are over 20 types of amino acids that can make up a protein, determining its unique structure and function in the body. Proteins serve important roles as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components of tissues like muscle, bone, skin, and more. Heating a protein above 40 degrees Celsius can cause it to unfold and lose its shape and normal functions.
Proteins are nitrogen-containing compounds found in both plants and animals. They serve as tissue builders and contribute to the growth and development of living organisms.
They are polymers made up of hundreds of amino acid monomers made from 20 different amino acids that can be joined in any sequence. Amino acids have the basic structure except for their side chain which makes each one different from the rest.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PPT(MD MOBARAK HOSSAIN).pptxMDMOBARAKHOSSAIN12
This document provides an overview of protein structure and function. It discusses the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence. Secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure describes the overall 3D shape formed by interactions between amino acid side chains. Quaternary structure involves the clustering of multiple peptide chains. Finally, it outlines several key functions of proteins, including structural proteins, transport proteins, and enzymes/receptors.
Metabolism describes chemical reactions that maintain living cells and organisms. There are two main types of metabolic reactions: catabolism breaks down molecules, releasing energy, while anabolism uses this energy to build complex molecules. Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and allow organisms to couple spontaneous reactions that release energy to drive other reactions. The main biomolecules that make up living things - amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides - are broken down and synthesized through metabolic pathways.
This document provides information about the basic elements and compounds that make up living things. It states that all matter is composed of elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. Organic compounds in living things include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids are fats and oils that serve as stored energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform structural and functional roles. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nitrogen bases and direct cellular functions.
Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that fold into complex 3D shapes defined by their sequence. There are 20 types of amino acids that can be combined to form the primary structure of a protein. The sequence determines the unique secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary structures which define a protein's specific function. Proteins perform most of the work in cells and have roles in structure, function, regulation and catalysis. The seven main types of proteins include enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins and more, each with distinct functions in the body.
Proteins are the building blocks of life and are composed of long chains of amino acids. There are two main types of protein structures - fibrous proteins which are insoluble and form fiber-like structures, and globular proteins which are spherical and soluble. Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, secondary structures include alpha helices and beta pleated sheets, tertiary is the overall protein folding, and quaternary involves the arrangement of multiple protein subunits. Proteins play important roles in the body such as digestion, movement, structure and support, and cellular communication.
Prevention and maangment of hypotension by aniqa attaaniqaatta1
title: Management and prevention of hypotension during dialysis
this presentation will cover all aspects of hypotension management occurs during dialysis. Its sign and symptoms and treatment strategies
title: nausea and vomitting
this lecture is about the complication i.e nausea and vomiting occurs during dialysis. this will cover the prevention management and of nausea and vomitting and its causes.
Muscle cramps during hemodialysis by aniqa attaaniqaatta1
title: muscle cramps
this lecture is about muscle cramps which is an cute complication occurs during dialysis, Causes, prevention and management of muscle cramps is given in the lecture
title: headache during dialysis
this lecture is about the headache an acute complication during dialysis. it will cover all the aspects of headache like its prevention management and causes.
Causes of hypotension during dialysis by aniqa attaaniqaatta1
title; hypotension and causes of hypotension
this lecture will cover the hemodialysis related hypotension and causes of hypotension during dialysis. like cardiac related factors, idh related volume changes..
Recombinant dna technology and DNA sequencinganiqaatta1
title: recombinant DNA technology and DNA sequencing
this lect will cover the pcr, isolation of DNA, detection of DNA and DNA manipulation joining DNA together. this is very important and it is required in research of every field especially medical related field.
proteomics scope and its importance by aniqa attaaniqaatta1
Title: proteomics scope and its importance
this lect will cover that what is proteomics? why it is important and also this helps us in understanding biological processes and advancing the field of system biology. for identification of proteins in normal and diseadse condition etc. this lecture will help all the students in field of biotechnology, molecular biology and field of proteomics students,
title: fats(lipids)
fat is an essential nutrients. it is important for preforming body functions , utilization absorption of some vitamins , this lecture will cover all the aspects of fats..
Title of this presention is minerals. which is very essential for human and it has a nutritional value, this presentation will cover all aspects of minerals in health.
the lecture is about hemolysis during hemodialysis, which is an acute complication arising during hemodialysis session, this lectures will cover the all aspects of hemolysis including prevention , management, investigation, , sign and symptoms arises due to hemolysis. the mechanical shear stress related hemolysis, dialysate related factors, as well as patient related factors induces hemolysis.
The topic is about carbohydreates.
This lecture will cover an introduction to carbohydrates, its classification and exmaples. it will also cover the difference between glycemic index, difference between complex vs simple carb and also what are the fuctions of carbohydrates. this content will be helpful for all categories of students. 2014 study published in JAMA and youtube sources helps me in preparing lecture.
Minerals are inorganic substances required by the human body. There are over 50 minerals found in the body that serve important functions. Minerals can be categorized as major minerals, which are required in larger amounts (>100mg/day), or trace minerals, which are required in smaller amounts (<20mg/day). Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Calcium is the most abundant mineral found in bones and teeth and is important for blood clotting, muscle contraction, and enzyme activation. Phosphorus also plays a key role in bone and teeth formation and is involved in cell structure, energy metabolism, and nucleic acid synthesis. The bioavailability of minerals depends on factors like current need, interactions
Hemolysis is the rupturing of red blood cells which can have significant health impacts for patients undergoing hemodialysis. It can be caused by mechanical factors related to the dialysis process like blood flow rates or issues with the dialysis membrane. Other contributors include temperature or osmolality problems with the dialysate. Patient medical conditions or medications may also induce hemolysis. Symptoms include back pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and dark urine or blood. If severe hemolysis occurs, hyperkalemia can potentially lead to cardiac arrest. The first steps in management are to stop the blood pump, clamp the blood line, check potassium and hemoglobin levels, and identify the cause.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
2. What are proteins?
• Proteins are large size molecules (macromolecules)
• Polymers of structural units called amino acids
• Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who in 1838 coined the
term protein, a word derived from the Greek prōteios, meaning
“holding first place
• ” Proteins are species-specific
• Organ-specific
• Within a single organism, muscle proteins differ from those of
the brain and liver
3. Amino acids
• Building blocks of proteins are amino acids,
• Small organic molecules that consist of an alpha (central) carbon
atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom,
and a variable component called a side chain
• Multiple amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby
forming a long chain
• Peptide bonds are formed by a biochemical reaction that extracts a
water molecule as it joins the amino group of one amino acid to the
carboxyl group of a neighboring amino acid