The document provides instructions for a task explaining the functioning of body systems associated with energy metabolism. It includes learning objectives and scenarios for the task. It discusses the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems' roles in transporting and breaking down nutrients and oxygen to cells. The digestive system is explained in detail, including the roles of enzymes and villi in breaking down and absorbing food. Excess nutrients are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles or converted to fat. The kidneys and liver help regulate waste removal and storage.

1. The Fundamentals of
Anatomy and Physiology
 Task 3 Functioning of the Body Systems associated
with Energy Metabolism.
 The role of energy in the body (P4, M1, D1)
 Hand in 2nd
March

2. Learning objective:
2 Understand the functioning of the body
systems associated with energy
metabolism
Scenario:
You have been asked as an advisor in a local sports
centre to produce a booklet to explain to clients how the
body requires and uses energy.

3. Task ref. Evidence
submitted
Page numbers
or
description
P4 explain the physiology of two
named body systems in relation
to energy metabolism in the
body
M1 discuss the role of energy in
the body
D1 analyse how two body
systems interrelate to
perform a named
function/functions
Additional comments to the Assessor:

4. Functioning of the Body Systems associated with
Energy Metabolism.
You have been asked as an advisor in a local sports centre to produce a
booklet to explain to clients how the body requires and uses energy.
Briefly describe the role of energy in the body, why it is needed and what it
is used for.
Explain how the cardiovascular system, respiratory system and digestive
system interrelate with each other.
Include;
Blood circulation as the main transport system of the body.
The raw materials and waste products involved in energy metabolism that
are transported to and from cells.
Maintenance of oxygen provision to the cells and removal of carbon
dioxide.
The process of digestion, explaining what happens in each part of the
digestive system. Include absorption and the fate of the end products of
digestion.
M1 – consider 2 main body systems, how does their physiology (structure)
help them to perform their function in relation to energy metabolism.
D1 – using specific examples show clearly how the body systems interrelate
to each other. Diagrams are required.

5. Learning Intentions:
Overall aim: To understand the
functioning of the body systems
associated with energy metabolism
 To secure knowledge by being able to
define energy, identify how much
energy the human body needs and
specify where energy comes from
 To further develop knowledge by
describing the laws of energy, forms of
energy and energy metabolism and
how body systems collaborate to
provide us with energy.
 To show excellence by explaining the role of
energy in the body and identify the role that
the cardiovascular and respiratory system play
in energy metabolism.

6. Where do we get energy
from?
• From the foods we eat; specifically,
carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
• First, the carbohydrates, proteins and
fats are broken down in the intestine and
is absorbed as glucose, amino acids
and fats.
• the most important source of energy is
derived in the cells of the body, where
these food molecules are further broken
down.

7. Some Facts about energy
 Energy exists in several forms with chemical
energy the most common
 Energy is the chemical bond which unites
atoms or molecules together
 Heat, light, sound are other forms of energy
 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical
reactions in human physiology
 Energy is not only concerned with muscular
activity and movement.
 Energy is necessary to circulate blood and
lymph, for breathing, making new cells and
transmitting nerve impulses (electrical).
 Energy is needed to build complex molecules
like enzymes to digest food.

8. More facts…….
 The sun provides light energy
 Chemical energy in glucose is
transferred into modules called ATP
during respiration.
 ATP stores energy in its bonds.
 Some chemical energy is transferred
into heat energy during respiration
 Splitting ATP provides energy in the right
amounts for use in the body.
 Reactions in cells are arranged in
pathways

9. Energy Laws; Conservation of Energy
The energy balance
Energy is used up all the time for body processes.
The amount of energy you need depends upon your
age, sex and your level of activity. Food provides the
energy we use.
The effect of increasing, decreasing and
maintaining energy intake
•If you eat food with more energy than you use up
your body will store the excess as body fat - you
will gain weight.
•If you eat food with less energy than you require
your body will use up stored fat - you will lose weight.
•If your energy intake equals your energy use your
weight will remain the same.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biol
ogy/the_body_in_action/the_need_for_ener
gy/revision/2/

10. Energy Laws; Transformation of
energy
How do we transform energy?
 The digestive system breaks down
sugars/starches into glucose.
 The circulatory system delivers the
glucose along with insulin to cells
 The respiratory system is responsible for
cellular respiration. It produces ATP
which stores then releases energy that
fuels all the metabolic chemical
reactions needed by the body.

11. Metabolic Pathways
There are 2 types:
Catabolic Pathways – break down large
molecules into simple smaller ones.
Catabolic reactions release energy.
Anabolic Pathways – build up small
molecules into larger ones. Anabolic
reactions need energy.

12. A summary of how these work
together:
 We need food for energy
 We need oxygen to release the energy
 Energy is released from food through
respiration.
 The respiratory system takes in air and
diffuses oxygen to the blood stream.
 Digestive system breaks down food into
simple molecules.
 Cardiovascular system moves absorbed
food and oxygen to cells and takes away
waste.

13. P4 explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to
energy metabolism in the body
D1 analyse how two body systems interrelate to perform a named
function/functions
The Systems involved in providing us with
energy.
Choose two of the following;
 The cardiovascular system
 The respiratory system
 The digestive system( the following
slides explains this one but you will
have to research your second
system)

14. The
Digestive
system
and
energy

15. Digestion Enzymes
What do they do?
Chemical breakdown of food into
component nutrients

16. The nutrient protein is
found in meats, fish,
eggs, pulses and dairy
products
Proteins
The body requires
protein (amino
acids) for growth
and repair.
Growth of cells, nails
and hair etc.
Repair of cells after
injuries

17. The enzyme protease is produced in
the pancreas and found in the
stomach and small
intestines.
It breaks down
proteins into amino acids which can
then be absorbed into the blood.
Protein > Protease

18. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcse
bitesize/science/add_aqa/proteins/
proteinsrev1.shtml
 Lots of amino acid molecules → a protein molecule
 There are only about 20 different naturally occurring
amino acids. However, each protein molecule has
hundreds, or even thousands, of them joined together in
a unique sequence. This gives each protein its own
individual properties.

19. Different proteins
The long chains of amino acids fold to give each
type of protein molecule a specific shape. Proteins
act as:
Structural components of tissues (such as
muscles)
Hormones (such as insulin)
Antibodies (part of the body's immune system)
Biological catalysts (enzymes)
The particular shape that a protein molecule has
allows other molecules to fit into it. This is
particularly important for antibodies and enzymes.

20. Starches
The nutrient starch is
found in cereals,
bread and
potatoes.
The body needs
starch for energy for
cells in the body.

21. The enzyme carbohydrase is produced
in the saliva glands (amylase) the
pancreas and the small intestines.
It breaks down starches into simple
sugars such as glucose
Starch > carbohydrase

22. The nutrient fat (there
are different types)
they are found in
meats, dairy products
and avocado pears!
Fats
The body
needs fat for
insulation and
energy

23. The enzyme lipase is produced
in the pancreas and the small
intestines.
It breaks down fats into fatty
acids and glycerol
Fats > Lipase

24. Enzymes mix with food to break it down into
molecules which can be absorbed.
Food+enzyme=molecules

25. The Eat well plate,
Other guideline
include; 5 a day fruit
and veg & 3 a day
calcium( yogurt
dairy etc.)Everything
in moderation!
Without adequate
nutrition you can
become
malnourished.
Healthy diet

26. Absorption
 The ultimate aim of
digestion is absorption
of food molecules
 Structure of villi is
designed to maximise
surface area(just like
alveoli in the lungs)
and thus increase
absorption of food
molecules

27. The villi
The inner surface of the small intestine
is folded into finger-like structures which
are connected to blood vessel's

28. Each villus is
lined with
microvilli and
has a single cell
membrane for
easy absorption
of food
molecules into
the blood
stream
Structure of a villus

29. Absorption of food; the lacteals
 A lacteal is one of the lymphatic capillaries that help to
absorb dietary fats in the small intestine. Lacteals were
discovered by Gaspare Aselli, an Italian physician,
anatomist and surgeon who worked at the end of the 16th
century and at the beginning of the 17th century. When a
meal is being digested in the small intestine, the lacteals
usually take on a white color due to the accumulation of
fat globules in their chyle, or lymph. Lacteals are typically
found in the villi of the small intestine.
 A lacteal's purpose is to move chyle, a type of lymph,
through the intestines. This can help to keep lymph
circulating through the small intestine. Lacteals can also
help to transfer nutrients from the small intestine into the
blood stream.

30. Continued..
 When food is digested, it's generally broken down in
the stomach and passes into the small intestine. There,
small nutrient molecules typically pass into the villi,
which line the intestinal wall. These tiny projections
allow nutrients to pass from the small intestines into the
bloodstream, where they can nourish the body.
 Not all of the nutrient molecules that pass into the villi
may enter the bloodstream. Each villus contains a
lacteal, or lymphatic capillary, in its center. Many of
the dietary fats in digested food enter these lymphatic
capillaries. There, the dietary fats typically mix with
lymph to form chyle, a particular type of lymph
generally produced by the lacteal.

31. 1. The average number of villi in an adult human
is about 10 to 40 per square millimeter) of tissue.
2. They are most prevalent at the beginning of
the small intestine and diminish in number
toward the end of the tract.
3. The large number of villi give the internal
intestinal wall a velvety appearance
Interesting facts

32. Storage of excess fats and
carbohydrates
 http://www.livestrong.com/article/517328-the-main-
storage-of-carbohydrates-in-the-human-body/
 Carbohydrates are the body's preferred energy
source. Eating carbohydrates provides energy to your
muscles, brain and nervous system; facilitates the
metabolism of fat; and ensures that the protein in your
muscles is not broken down to supply energy. Because
carbohydrates are so important to your body's
function, any excess carbs you eat will be stored in
your liver and muscles

33. How Carbohydrates Are
Stored?
 When you eat carbohydrates, they are broken down into small
sugar molecules in your stomach. These molecules are
transported through your digestive system and then converted
into glucose by the liver to make a usable form of energy for the
brain and your muscles. Any glucose that is not needed
immediately for energy is converted into glycogen and stored
for later use. Your body can store around 2,000 calories' worth of
glycogen, which can be used when you need more energy
than is currently available in your bloodstream.
Loading Up the Liver
 Your liver stores the most concentrated amount of glycogen of
all the storage sites in your body. It can hold up to about 90 to
110 grams of glycogen at any time, and this glycogen is
primarily used to maintain blood sugar levels and energy levels
throughout the day. Research published in the "Journal of
Clinical Investigation" in 1996 found that approximately 19
percent of the carbohydrates from each meal are stored as liver
glycogen.

34. Massing in the Muscles
Your muscles account for 20 percent to 30 percent of
your total mass and therefore provide storage for a larger
total amount of glycogen than the liver does. A healthy
adult who is well-nourished can have about 400 grams of
muscle glycogen. Your muscles are the secondary
storage facility, filling up only when the liver has reached
its storage capacity. Muscle glycogen is used for energy
during prolonged strenuous activity.
Found in Fat
According to a report from Iowa State University
Extension, your liver and muscles can store around 500
grams of total carbohydrate as glycogen. If your intake
exceeds the amount required to fill your liver and muscle
tissue, your liver will convert the excess carbohydrate into
glucose and release it into the bloodstream. At this point,
insulin released from the pancreas will signal to your fat
cells to take up the excess glucose and store it for future
use.

35. Deamination of excess
proteins
 One of the liver's functions is to secrete bile into the small
intestine to aid in digestion. It also plays an important role in
metabolizing proteins. The liver synthesizes all nonessential
proteins and most plasma proteins, like albumin, which
moves molecules through the blood and prevents fluid in the
blood from leaking out into the tissues, according to
MedlinePlus. The liver is also responsible for the deamination
and transamination of amino acids.
 When we take in more protein than needed, the liver breaks
down the excess into fatty acids and triglycerides that are
then stored as adipose tissue, or fat. Part of the liver’s house-
cleaning function is to produce urea, which removes wastes
such as ammonia from our system. If we take in too much
protein, we can get a build up of the toxic ammonia, which
can cause nervous system disease, according to
MayoClinic.com.

36. The role of the Kidneys
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/kidn
eys/kidneys.shtml
 Balancing your blood
 For your body to work properly, the conditions inside it, such as
water, pH and salt levels, need to be kept constant. Your kidneys
play a vital role in keeping your blood composition constant.
They filter your blood to remove excess water and waste
products, which are secreted from your kidneys as urine.
 One quarter of your blood supply passes through your kidneys
every minute. It enters your kidney and is distributed to minute
filtration units known as nephrons. Each of your kidneys contains
more than one million nephrons.

37. The main substances your nephrons filter out of your blood are:
•Water
•Nitrogen-containing compounds like urea that are produced when your
body breaks down proteins
•Salts
•Acids
•Alkalis
Your nephrons filter these substances out of your blood and then reabsorb some
of them back into your blood. This keeps your blood composition constant.
Excess water and waste products are then secreted as urine. Your kidneys
vary the amount of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood or secreted as
urine. This determines the volume and composition of your urine. For example,
when you drink a lot of water, your kidneys produce a lot of urine to stop the
water levels in your body getting too high. But, if you don't drink much, your
kidneys only produce a small amount of concentrated urine, keeping as much
water as possible in your body.
In 24 hours, your kidneys filter around 150 litres of blood and produce
roughly 1.5 litres of urine.
Regulating blood pressure
When your kidneys detect that your blood pressure is dropping, they secrete an
enzyme called renin. This enzyme triggers a chain of events that makes your
kidneys reabsorb more salt and water, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

38. When kidneys go wrong
People can live healthily with one functioning
kidney. However, when about 90% of kidney
function has been lost, a person can only
survive by having dialysis.
Dialysis works by using a machine that
replicates the blood-cleaning function of
healthy kidneys. In the most extreme cases
of kidney failure, survival depends on the
person receiving a donor organ.

39. Absorption and egestion
These are the processes that happen in the digestive system:
ingestion (eating) → digestion (breaking down) → absorption → egestion
We've already looked at how foods are broken down by enzymes in
digestion. Now we will look at how the products of digestion are absorbed
into the body.
Absorption
Digested food molecules are absorbed in the small intestine. This means
that they pass through the wall of the small intestine and into our
bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the digested food molecules are
carried around the body to where they are needed.
Only small, soluble substances can pass across the wall of the small
intestine. Large insoluble substances cannot pass through. Study the
slideshow to check your understanding of this.
Egestion
Excess water is absorbed back into the body in the large intestine. What is
left then is undigested food. This is stored in the rectum, the lower part of the
large intestine, until we are ready to go to the toilet. It then comes out of the
rectum through the anus as faeces. This process is called egestion.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/o
rganisms_behaviour_health/diet_drugs/revi
sion/6/