Dynamics Of Microbial Protein Synthesis In The Rumen
.
Introduction
Protein is a relatively high input cost in dairy rations. Protein available for absorption in the ruminant intestine is derived from ruminal microbes and dietary protein that escapes degradation during passage through the rumen.
Protein is one of the major limiting nutrients in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Feeding a diet containing more protein is not a satisfactory solution because the breakdown of dietary protein in the rumen is one of the most inefficient processes as it leads to more waste and nitrogen (N) excretion into the environment
(Koenig and Rode, 2001)
Methionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys) have been shown to be first for synthesis of protein. Met deficiencies have most often been suggested to affect milk fat synthesis because Met is a methyl donor in the transmethylation reactions of lipid biosynthesis. Lactation has been demonstrated to increase the demand for methylated compounds
(Yang et al., 2010).
Efficient utilization of dietary protein depends on the ability to formulate diets that deliver the optimal amount of metabolizable amino acids (AA) meaning that are actually absorbed from the intestine in the right proportions to meet the protein needs (maintenance, pregnancy and milk protein) of the cow.
Animal feed contains proteins mainly from the two sources 1 Proteins and 2 Non Nitrogenous sources (NPN).
Proteins are classified mainly into two forms i.e Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP).
RUP escapes the rumen fermentation and directly absorb in the intestine in the form of dietary amino acids whereas RDP and NPN sources after digestion converted to peptides, amino acid which is under the influence of ruminal bacteria converted into microbial protein and finally available in the small intestine.
During the process of digestion the most of the RDP and NPN compound are converted to ammonia which may be converted to microbial protein or may be absorbed by the blood to reach the liver where it converted to urea which may be recycled through the saliva of cow or excreted through the kidney via excretion.
Digestion and Absorption of Protein and Nonprotein Nitrogenous Compounds in Ruminants
.
.
The key to nitrogen metabolism in the ruminant is the ability of the microbial population to utilize ammonia in the presence of adequate energy to synthesize the amino acids for their growth.
Most (80% of the rumen bacterial species, especially cellulolytic, can utilize ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen for growth while 26% require it absolutely and 55% could use either ammonia or amino acids.
A few species can use peptides as well. Protozoa can not use ammonia
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Manipulation of rumen function to augment livestock productivityUCV&AS IUB
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in Ruminants Carbohydrate Digestion...Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
The rumen of such animals will have higher amylolytic bacteria than cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen of roughage- and pasture-fed animals.
Factors such as the forage:concentrate ratio, the physical form of the diet (ground vs. pelleted), feed additives, and animal species can affect the rumen fermentation process and VFA production.
Molar ratios of VFAs are dependent on the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. Cellulolytic bacteria tend to produce more acetate, while amylolytic bacteria produce more propionic acid.
Typically three major VFA molar ratios are 65:25:10 with a roughage diet and 50:40:10 with a concentrate-rich diet.
Changes in VFA concentration can lead to several disorders of carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.
Rumen acidosis occurs when animals are fed high-grain-rich diets or when animals are suddenly changed from pasture- or range-fed to feedlot conditions
Very little digestion occurs in the mouth in farm animals.
The small intestine is the site of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics.
Pancreatic amylase acts on alpha 1,4 links, and other disaccharidases and remove disaccharide units.
The end product (mainly glucose) diffuses into the brush-border using ATP-dependent glucose transporters.
Undigested (fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides [NSP]) in the hindgut can serve as an energy source for hindgut microbes in monogastrics.
Ruminant carbohydrate digestion is very different from monogastrics. First, there is no amylase secreted in the saliva and then most carbs are fermented in the rumen by microbial enzymes.
Carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen. These include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
VFAs are absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal vein and are carried to the liver.
Ratios of the VFAs change with the type of diet. Roughage diets favor microbes that produce more acetic acid, whereas concentrate diets favor microbes that produce more propionic acid.
Carbohydrate fermentation disorders in ruminants include rumen acidosis (grain overload), when cattle are fed high-starch-based cereal or grain-rich diets or when there is a sudden change from pasture to feedlot FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES
Cellulose and hemicellulose bound with lignin in plant cell walls or fiber. Provide bulk in the rumen. Fermented slowly.
The lignin content of fiber increases with plant maturity and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation in the rumen decreases.
Fiber in the form of long particles essential to stimulate rumination. Which enhances the breakdown and fermentation of fiber and stimulates ruminal contraction, and increases the flow of saliva to the rumen.
Saliva contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and phosphate salts which help to maintain pH of the rumen close to neutral.
Rations lacking fiber generally result in a low percentage of fat in the milk and contribute to digestive disturbances (e.g., displaced abomasum, rumen acidosis).
Non-fibrous carbohydrat
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Manipulation of rumen function to augment livestock productivityUCV&AS IUB
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Rdp,udn and kinetics, Rumen undegradable protein, Rumen degradable protein and their kinetics, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism in Ruminants Carbohydrate Digestion...Dr. Rahul kumar Dangi
The rumen of such animals will have higher amylolytic bacteria than cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen of roughage- and pasture-fed animals.
Factors such as the forage:concentrate ratio, the physical form of the diet (ground vs. pelleted), feed additives, and animal species can affect the rumen fermentation process and VFA production.
Molar ratios of VFAs are dependent on the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. Cellulolytic bacteria tend to produce more acetate, while amylolytic bacteria produce more propionic acid.
Typically three major VFA molar ratios are 65:25:10 with a roughage diet and 50:40:10 with a concentrate-rich diet.
Changes in VFA concentration can lead to several disorders of carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.
Rumen acidosis occurs when animals are fed high-grain-rich diets or when animals are suddenly changed from pasture- or range-fed to feedlot conditions
Very little digestion occurs in the mouth in farm animals.
The small intestine is the site of carbohydrate digestion in monogastrics.
Pancreatic amylase acts on alpha 1,4 links, and other disaccharidases and remove disaccharide units.
The end product (mainly glucose) diffuses into the brush-border using ATP-dependent glucose transporters.
Undigested (fiber, nonstarch polysaccharides [NSP]) in the hindgut can serve as an energy source for hindgut microbes in monogastrics.
Ruminant carbohydrate digestion is very different from monogastrics. First, there is no amylase secreted in the saliva and then most carbs are fermented in the rumen by microbial enzymes.
Carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen. These include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid.
VFAs are absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal vein and are carried to the liver.
Ratios of the VFAs change with the type of diet. Roughage diets favor microbes that produce more acetic acid, whereas concentrate diets favor microbes that produce more propionic acid.
Carbohydrate fermentation disorders in ruminants include rumen acidosis (grain overload), when cattle are fed high-starch-based cereal or grain-rich diets or when there is a sudden change from pasture to feedlot FIBROUS CARBOHYDRATES
Cellulose and hemicellulose bound with lignin in plant cell walls or fiber. Provide bulk in the rumen. Fermented slowly.
The lignin content of fiber increases with plant maturity and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation in the rumen decreases.
Fiber in the form of long particles essential to stimulate rumination. Which enhances the breakdown and fermentation of fiber and stimulates ruminal contraction, and increases the flow of saliva to the rumen.
Saliva contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and phosphate salts which help to maintain pH of the rumen close to neutral.
Rations lacking fiber generally result in a low percentage of fat in the milk and contribute to digestive disturbances (e.g., displaced abomasum, rumen acidosis).
Non-fibrous carbohydrat
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutryzyme® supplemented dietsAI Publications
The study assessed the zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. This study aimed at determining the zoo-technical performances of the weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets while we specifically determined the zoo-technical performances, the apparent nutrient digestibility as well as the hematological and serum Biochemical of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. Eighteen rabbits were allotted into three dietary treatments with each having three replicates in a completely randomized design format. Each replicate (unit) housed two rabbits. The Nutrizyme powder was incorporated in the diets at 0, 125, and 250 ppm respectively. The parameters appraised include average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, average final weight and the heamatological and serum profiles. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical packages for social sciences (SSPM) packages. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weight, average daily weight, average daily feed intake as well as the feed efficiency. Rabbits fed diets 3 (250mg/kg Nutrizyme inclusion) had the best result in terms of the total weight (1068g), average daily (0.25), respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the digestibility of nutrients among the rabbits as indicated in the results. The crude protein digestibility improved with increased enzyme inclusion in the diets. Rabbits fed the control diet had the least nutrient digestibility. The heamoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and serum metabolites were not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The packed cell volumes (PCV) of 36.03 to 41.06% were within the normal values of 35 to 45%, also red blood cell counts and the mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC), were within the range reported for rabbits. Enzyme was found to be good nutrient metabolite that could enhance the growth of weaned rabbits. The already established quantity (125g/ton of feed) should be maintain as either increase or decrease in the internationally recommended quantity did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the zoo-technical performances nutrient digestibility, heamatological and serum metabolites of weaner rabbits.
Not only has gentics and nutrition played a major role in maximizing milk production, but farm management, labor, and facilities all play a role as well. Jaylor's Ruminant Nutritionist, Janet Kleinschmidt, discusses how.
Presentation for first doctoral seminar on Advances in poultry nutrition.pptxPallaviMali14
Due to ban on use of antibiotics, introduction of probiotics/ prebiotics
/synbiotic (combination of pro-prebiotic) / organic
acids in poultry nutrition as replacement for
antibiotics.
1
5
Does Protein Affect the Metabolic Rate of ZebraFish
Statement of the Problem
Dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect its growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al. 5354). Moreover, numerous epidemiological studies undertaken indicate that several prenatal are important in the growth and development of Zebrafish (Daniorerio)(Acheson et al. 456) As a way of providing a standardized dietary framework, a need emerges for the provision of specific dietary and nutritional standard aimed at improving the growth and development of Zebra fish. Thus, the necessity to investigate the growth and metabolic rate of Zebrafish (Daniorerio) when fed with different commercial diets.
BACKGROUND
The consumption of proteins in a diet could have significant effects on the body metabolism. The high calories contents of proteins commonly require more calories for breakdown that carbohydrates and this could have significant effects of various metabolic aspects. The amount nature of proteins makes them significantly different from other dietary constitutes that people consume routinely. In general, proteins cause an increase in the metabolic rate of organisms because of a variety of reasons Like for instance, Weight maintenance is actually a simple matter of the energy balance and also energy balance is attained when "energy in" is corresponding to "energy out
Thermic affects accounts for the numerous ways in which proteins increase the metabolic rate of the body. Due to the strong bond making the protein molecules, a lot of energy is required to break down the high protein that has been consumed. The thermic effect of proteins means that about 30% of the calories in proteins are burned in the process of digesting proteins(Acheson et al. 528). The heat generated in the process increases the general body heat output hence influencing metabolism.
The consumption of protein in diet has been established as a factor that increases the metabolic rate in human beings (Howard et al. 117).This is mainly because proteins require a lot of energy to be broken down and the body must provide such energy, hence it increase the metabolic rate. The process of protein synthesis in the body causes the amino acid structures of the proteins consumed to begin the process of building body muscles. The construction of these tissues in the body is a process that consumes high amounts of energy hence the body requires increased energy to undertaken the process. As a result on the increased energy requirements, high metabolic rate occurs in order to maintain the required amount of energy necessary to sustain the activities of breaking down amino acids to form muscle tissues.
Within marine environments, hypoxia episodes remain prevalent due to a variety of reasons. The presence of oxygen within the marine environmen ...
rumen, microbes of the rumen, bacteria of the rumen, process in ruminant animals, gut of ruminant animals, bacterial concentrations in ruminant animals, bacterial fluctuations in ruminant animals
Microbiological Sources and Nutritional Value of Single Cell Protein (SCP)AnuragSingh1049
Working to achieve food security through the development of a food protein food renewable able to meet the daily dietary needs of protein and the production of food safe and healthy and healthy value added because of its production on the media (substrates) cheap and technological requirements available locally. It is a single-cell protein in addition to finding new and radical solutions to the problem of environmental pollution resulting from the dumping of large quantities of incidental substances, which cause a great deal of pollution and the destruction of useful microorganisms and useful and imbalance in the environmental balance, so it is possible to use microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi, algae) in the production of biomass It can be used to feed both humans and animals.
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
Dog Nutrition
Dr Rahul Dangi
Dog Nutrition
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
The requirements of various nutrients discussed here are Energy, Water, Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat.
Energy
Factors influences on energy requirements
Physiological State
Compared to adult dog, growing puppies require two to four times more energy per kg of body weight. As the puppy approaches adulthood, energy requirement is reduced.
Similarly for reproducing females, energy requirements at the end of gestation and during early lactation is two to four times greater than that of adult maintenance requirements.
Environment
Dogs housed outdoors and exposed to extreme weather have higher caloric requirements. During hot weather, energy needs decrease and less food may be required and during cold weather energy needs increase to maintain body temperature & more food may be required.
Activity
During hard work dogs' energy requirements will be increased above that of maintenance. Hardworking dogs require more energy intake per Kg of BW during their training/ working.
When the animal is not training or working, their energy requirement is lower and a maintenance-type food may be fed. Feeding high-calorie, nutrient dense foods to dogs when they are not training or working could contribute to excessive weight gain.
Regulation of feed intake
Animals eat to meet their energy needs. The intake of all nutrients is influenced by the amount of energy present in the diet.
The energy content of the diet generally limits the amount of food an animal will consume.
Calculation of Energy requirements in Dogs
Adult Maintenance - ME requirement = K x W Kg0.67
K = 132 Inactive, 145 Active, 200 Very Active, 300 Endurance performance.
WATER
Water requirement is determined by the amount of food that the animal consumes. A general guideline is that animals require 1 ml of water for each kcal of energy. A dog-requiring 1000 kcal per day would require 1000 ml of water. As food intake increases, water intake also increases. When the water content of a diet increases, the animal usually drinks less water.
PROTEIN
Dietary proteins that are digested in the stomach and small intestine are broken down to form free amino acids, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Amino acids are distributed to all body cells and are utilized to build body proteins. Out of the twenty amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in the body only ten of these are essential for dogs that include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.
Protein Requirements
A dog's protein requirement depends upon the life stage and activity of the dog. Puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
Protein needs of a puppy can be met by a high quality protein providing 20 to 25% of dietary calories. Severe protein deficiency in dogs results in growth retardation or weight loss, subnormal concentrations of blood proteins, muscle wasting, emaciation and
Types of chicken combs
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
What is comb shape in poultry?
There are three types of comb shape in poultry, viz., rose, pea and single. The comb shape is controlled by two pairs of alleles. The rose comb is governed by a dominant gene R and pea comb by a dominant gene P. The single comb is governed by two recessive genes (rrpp).
Carnation. Carnation combs, also known as King's combs, are rare.
Cushion. Cushion combs are small, close to the chicken's head, and look like a cushion sitting on top of the head. ...
Pea. Pea combs are small to medium-sized and sit low on the head.
Single. Single combs are the most common type of comb.
What is a healthy comb on a chicken?
The bright comb in laying hen indicates the good health of the bird. A pale but plump comb is likely to mean the hen is healthy but off lay.
A comb with a blueish tinge, purple colouring or dark tips may indicate a circulatory problem. An adult hen with a tiny comb may indicate the hen has a serious health issue.
Do all chickens have combs?
Male and female chickens have different kids of combs. Males usually have a bigger comb. The comb size and shape is also different between different breeds of chicken. Combs are usually red, but they can also be purple in some breeds
Some of the most frequent comb infections reported in chickens include:
Epidermoid cysts:
Epidermoid cysts can occur on the chicken's comb. They appear as several firm, yellow, keratinized masses measuring 4-15 mm in diameter. They may be accompanied by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria spp. Cutaneous mycosis or cutaneous candidiasis:
A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, resulting in crusty white circular patches or lighter diffuse areas on the comb. It may occasionally also involve the wattles, face, ear lobes, and/or neck. Some birds may also have small black scabs within a few lesions, and others may concurrently occur with hyperemia and feather loss in the surrounding areas.
favus
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Similar to ANN 601 Dynamics Of Microbial Protein Synthesis In The Rumen.pptx
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutryzyme® supplemented dietsAI Publications
The study assessed the zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. This study aimed at determining the zoo-technical performances of the weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets while we specifically determined the zoo-technical performances, the apparent nutrient digestibility as well as the hematological and serum Biochemical of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. Eighteen rabbits were allotted into three dietary treatments with each having three replicates in a completely randomized design format. Each replicate (unit) housed two rabbits. The Nutrizyme powder was incorporated in the diets at 0, 125, and 250 ppm respectively. The parameters appraised include average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, average final weight and the heamatological and serum profiles. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical packages for social sciences (SSPM) packages. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weight, average daily weight, average daily feed intake as well as the feed efficiency. Rabbits fed diets 3 (250mg/kg Nutrizyme inclusion) had the best result in terms of the total weight (1068g), average daily (0.25), respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the digestibility of nutrients among the rabbits as indicated in the results. The crude protein digestibility improved with increased enzyme inclusion in the diets. Rabbits fed the control diet had the least nutrient digestibility. The heamoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and serum metabolites were not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The packed cell volumes (PCV) of 36.03 to 41.06% were within the normal values of 35 to 45%, also red blood cell counts and the mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC), were within the range reported for rabbits. Enzyme was found to be good nutrient metabolite that could enhance the growth of weaned rabbits. The already established quantity (125g/ton of feed) should be maintain as either increase or decrease in the internationally recommended quantity did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the zoo-technical performances nutrient digestibility, heamatological and serum metabolites of weaner rabbits.
Not only has gentics and nutrition played a major role in maximizing milk production, but farm management, labor, and facilities all play a role as well. Jaylor's Ruminant Nutritionist, Janet Kleinschmidt, discusses how.
Presentation for first doctoral seminar on Advances in poultry nutrition.pptxPallaviMali14
Due to ban on use of antibiotics, introduction of probiotics/ prebiotics
/synbiotic (combination of pro-prebiotic) / organic
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Does Protein Affect the Metabolic Rate of ZebraFish
Statement of the Problem
Dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect its growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al. 5354). Moreover, numerous epidemiological studies undertaken indicate that several prenatal are important in the growth and development of Zebrafish (Daniorerio)(Acheson et al. 456) As a way of providing a standardized dietary framework, a need emerges for the provision of specific dietary and nutritional standard aimed at improving the growth and development of Zebra fish. Thus, the necessity to investigate the growth and metabolic rate of Zebrafish (Daniorerio) when fed with different commercial diets.
BACKGROUND
The consumption of proteins in a diet could have significant effects on the body metabolism. The high calories contents of proteins commonly require more calories for breakdown that carbohydrates and this could have significant effects of various metabolic aspects. The amount nature of proteins makes them significantly different from other dietary constitutes that people consume routinely. In general, proteins cause an increase in the metabolic rate of organisms because of a variety of reasons Like for instance, Weight maintenance is actually a simple matter of the energy balance and also energy balance is attained when "energy in" is corresponding to "energy out
Thermic affects accounts for the numerous ways in which proteins increase the metabolic rate of the body. Due to the strong bond making the protein molecules, a lot of energy is required to break down the high protein that has been consumed. The thermic effect of proteins means that about 30% of the calories in proteins are burned in the process of digesting proteins(Acheson et al. 528). The heat generated in the process increases the general body heat output hence influencing metabolism.
The consumption of protein in diet has been established as a factor that increases the metabolic rate in human beings (Howard et al. 117).This is mainly because proteins require a lot of energy to be broken down and the body must provide such energy, hence it increase the metabolic rate. The process of protein synthesis in the body causes the amino acid structures of the proteins consumed to begin the process of building body muscles. The construction of these tissues in the body is a process that consumes high amounts of energy hence the body requires increased energy to undertaken the process. As a result on the increased energy requirements, high metabolic rate occurs in order to maintain the required amount of energy necessary to sustain the activities of breaking down amino acids to form muscle tissues.
Within marine environments, hypoxia episodes remain prevalent due to a variety of reasons. The presence of oxygen within the marine environmen ...
rumen, microbes of the rumen, bacteria of the rumen, process in ruminant animals, gut of ruminant animals, bacterial concentrations in ruminant animals, bacterial fluctuations in ruminant animals
Microbiological Sources and Nutritional Value of Single Cell Protein (SCP)AnuragSingh1049
Working to achieve food security through the development of a food protein food renewable able to meet the daily dietary needs of protein and the production of food safe and healthy and healthy value added because of its production on the media (substrates) cheap and technological requirements available locally. It is a single-cell protein in addition to finding new and radical solutions to the problem of environmental pollution resulting from the dumping of large quantities of incidental substances, which cause a great deal of pollution and the destruction of useful microorganisms and useful and imbalance in the environmental balance, so it is possible to use microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi, algae) in the production of biomass It can be used to feed both humans and animals.
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
Similar to ANN 601 Dynamics Of Microbial Protein Synthesis In The Rumen.pptx (20)
Dog Nutrition
Dr Rahul Dangi
Dog Nutrition
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
The requirements of various nutrients discussed here are Energy, Water, Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat.
Energy
Factors influences on energy requirements
Physiological State
Compared to adult dog, growing puppies require two to four times more energy per kg of body weight. As the puppy approaches adulthood, energy requirement is reduced.
Similarly for reproducing females, energy requirements at the end of gestation and during early lactation is two to four times greater than that of adult maintenance requirements.
Environment
Dogs housed outdoors and exposed to extreme weather have higher caloric requirements. During hot weather, energy needs decrease and less food may be required and during cold weather energy needs increase to maintain body temperature & more food may be required.
Activity
During hard work dogs' energy requirements will be increased above that of maintenance. Hardworking dogs require more energy intake per Kg of BW during their training/ working.
When the animal is not training or working, their energy requirement is lower and a maintenance-type food may be fed. Feeding high-calorie, nutrient dense foods to dogs when they are not training or working could contribute to excessive weight gain.
Regulation of feed intake
Animals eat to meet their energy needs. The intake of all nutrients is influenced by the amount of energy present in the diet.
The energy content of the diet generally limits the amount of food an animal will consume.
Calculation of Energy requirements in Dogs
Adult Maintenance - ME requirement = K x W Kg0.67
K = 132 Inactive, 145 Active, 200 Very Active, 300 Endurance performance.
WATER
Water requirement is determined by the amount of food that the animal consumes. A general guideline is that animals require 1 ml of water for each kcal of energy. A dog-requiring 1000 kcal per day would require 1000 ml of water. As food intake increases, water intake also increases. When the water content of a diet increases, the animal usually drinks less water.
PROTEIN
Dietary proteins that are digested in the stomach and small intestine are broken down to form free amino acids, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Amino acids are distributed to all body cells and are utilized to build body proteins. Out of the twenty amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in the body only ten of these are essential for dogs that include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.
Protein Requirements
A dog's protein requirement depends upon the life stage and activity of the dog. Puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
Protein needs of a puppy can be met by a high quality protein providing 20 to 25% of dietary calories. Severe protein deficiency in dogs results in growth retardation or weight loss, subnormal concentrations of blood proteins, muscle wasting, emaciation and
Types of chicken combs
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
What is comb shape in poultry?
There are three types of comb shape in poultry, viz., rose, pea and single. The comb shape is controlled by two pairs of alleles. The rose comb is governed by a dominant gene R and pea comb by a dominant gene P. The single comb is governed by two recessive genes (rrpp).
Carnation. Carnation combs, also known as King's combs, are rare.
Cushion. Cushion combs are small, close to the chicken's head, and look like a cushion sitting on top of the head. ...
Pea. Pea combs are small to medium-sized and sit low on the head.
Single. Single combs are the most common type of comb.
What is a healthy comb on a chicken?
The bright comb in laying hen indicates the good health of the bird. A pale but plump comb is likely to mean the hen is healthy but off lay.
A comb with a blueish tinge, purple colouring or dark tips may indicate a circulatory problem. An adult hen with a tiny comb may indicate the hen has a serious health issue.
Do all chickens have combs?
Male and female chickens have different kids of combs. Males usually have a bigger comb. The comb size and shape is also different between different breeds of chicken. Combs are usually red, but they can also be purple in some breeds
Some of the most frequent comb infections reported in chickens include:
Epidermoid cysts:
Epidermoid cysts can occur on the chicken's comb. They appear as several firm, yellow, keratinized masses measuring 4-15 mm in diameter. They may be accompanied by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Alternaria spp. Cutaneous mycosis or cutaneous candidiasis:
A fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, resulting in crusty white circular patches or lighter diffuse areas on the comb. It may occasionally also involve the wattles, face, ear lobes, and/or neck. Some birds may also have small black scabs within a few lesions, and others may concurrently occur with hyperemia and feather loss in the surrounding areas.
favus
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Title: Feeding standard (Comparative Type)
By Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
What is feeding standard
Feedings standards are the tables showing the quantities of nutrients to be fed to the various classes of livestock for different physiological functions like growth, maintenance, lactation, egg production and wool growth.
Feeding standards may be expressed in quantities of nutrients or in dietary proportions. The nutrient requirements are generally expressed separately for each function or an overall figure for the combined functions. In case of dairy animal, nutrient requirements are generally expressed for the separate body functions but in case of poultry and pigs combined requirements of maintenance and other body functions are given.
Objectives of Feeding Standards
To Guide Farmers to selecting properly balanced rations for their livestock.
To classify different physiological functions like growth , maintenance , lactation , egg production and wool growth.
Considering individual animal for preparation of FS due to their ability to digest and utilize feed.
Glossary of terms
Nutrient requirement: A nutrient requirement is the average amount required for a particular function,
Nutrient allowance: A nutrient allowance is greater than this by a safety margin designed primarily to allow for variations in the requirement between individual animals.
Albuminoid ratio: Albuminoid ratio is the ratio of digestible protein to digestible
carbohydrate used. The term was used in Wolff’s Feeding Standard.
Nutritive ratio : Nutritive ratio is the sum of the digestible carbohydrate, digestible
protein, and 2.25 × digestible fat, divided by digestible protein.
Nutritive ratio: (Digestible carbohydrate + Digestible ether extract X 2.4)
Digestible protein
Physiological Fuel Value (PFV) : Physiological Fuel Value is "available fuel values" of the feeds, which is obtained by multiplying gross energy of the nutrients by digestibility coefficient. Physiological Fuel Values are 4.0 kcal/g for carbohydrates, 9.0 kcal/g for fat and 4.0 kcal/g for protein.
Various units are used for feeding standards
The energy requirements of ruminants may be stated in terms of
Net energy (NE),
Metabolisable energy (ME),
Digestible energy (DE) or feed units
Protein requirements in terms of crude protein (CP),
Digestible crude protein (DCP)
Metabolisable protein (MP) etc.
COMPARATIVE TYPE FEEDING STANDARD
1. Hay standard
In 1810 German scientist Albert Thaer gave a concept of “hay equivalent” as measures of relative value based on determining the materials in feed extractable with water or other solvents.
He suggested that different feeds should be compared using meadow hay as a unit.
Thaer, in selecting hay, states: "As hay is more known and more used than any of the other kinds of fodder, I shall make that article the standard by which all the others may be compared."
He gave the
Dog NutritionBy Dr. Rahul Dangi
Presenter Name
Dog Nutrition
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
The requirements of various nutrients discussed here are Energy, Water, Protein, Carbohydrate, Fat.
Energy
Factors influences on energy requirements
Physiological State
Compared to adult dog, growing puppies require two to four times more energy per kg of body weight. As the puppy approaches adulthood, energy requirement is reduced.
Similarly for reproducing females, energy requirements at the end of gestation and during early lactation is two to four times greater than that of adult maintenance requirements.
Environment
Dogs housed outdoors and exposed to extreme weather have higher caloric requirements. During hot weather, energy needs decrease and less food may be required and during cold weather energy needs increase to maintain body temperature & more food may be required.
Activity
During hard work dogs' energy requirements will be increased above that of maintenance. Hardworking dogs require more energy intake per Kg of BW during their training/ working.
When the animal is not training or working, their energy requirement is lower and a maintenance-type food may be fed. Feeding high-calorie, nutrient dense foods to dogs when they are not training or working could contribute to excessive weight gain.
Regulation of feed intake
Animals eat to meet their energy needs. The intake of all nutrients is influenced by the amount of energy present in the diet.
The energy content of the diet generally limits the amount of food an animal will consume.
Calculation of Energy requirements in Dogs
Adult Maintenance - ME requirement = K x W Kg0.67
K = 132 Inactive, 145 Active, 200 Very Active, 300 Endurance performance.
WATER
Water requirement is determined by the amount of food that the animal consumes. A general guideline is that animals require 1 ml of water for each kcal of energy. A dog-requiring 1000 kcal per day would require 1000 ml of water. As food intake increases, water intake also increases. When the water content of a diet increases, the animal usually drinks less water.
PROTEIN
Dietary proteins that are digested in the stomach and small intestine are broken down to form free amino acids, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Amino acids are distributed to all body cells and are utilized to build body proteins. Out of the twenty amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in the body only ten of these are essential for dogs that include: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.
Protein Requirements
A dog's protein requirement depends upon the life stage and activity of the dog. Puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
Protein needs of a puppy can be met by a high quality protein providing 20 to 25% of dietary calories. Severe protein deficiency in dogs results in growth retardation or weight loss, subnormal concentrations of blood proteins, muscle wasti
Presentation title: designer eggs
Ann: 606
Egg - Nutrient Rich Source
Egg - Nutrient Rich Source
Balanced diet - good health
Egg is an important and easily available food delivering balanced essential
The designer food approach
Introduction
Designer eggs
Animal-derived designer foods are made either by feeding specific diets or by using advanced technologies such as genetic engineering and cross-breeding (Alagawany et al., 2018).
In the food sector, designer eggs are a popular category of Nutri-functional food.
Advanced progressing of the poultry sector, there is a growing interest in poultry biotechnology for modifying egg composition for human health through genetic and nutritional alterations.
As per Narhari (2005), the egg is an increasingly popular option for incorporating a variety of health-promoting ingredients. For this purpose, nutritional modification of the laying hens’ feed, it could be effectively producing an alteration of numerous nutrients in an egg (Hu et al., 2001).
This can be achieved by adjusting sterol (Cholesterol) levels, lipid profiles, minerals and amino acids (AA) or by introducing beneficial pharmacological compounds (Alagawany et al., 2018)
.
Designer eggs are vegetarian, immune-boosting, speciality or organic breakfast and lunch with rich in vitamins, minerals, balanced omega-6:3 FA ratio, low cholesterol, high IgG and vital pigment like Flavonoids.
Now a day for humans, eggs remain a healthy, highly nutritious with a high nutritional content and quality.
Eggs are one of the most popular foods in worldwide because of its nutritious profile, variety, and low cost as a foodstuff. In human diet phospholipids and fatty acids (saturated) are all major contributed through only by animal products (Eaton, 1992).
PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) were found possess unique governing functions, throughout a creation of various physiologically potent chemicals comprising like eicosanoids.
The n-6/omega-6 (FA) is two of the most significant PUFA in modern diet. These PUFAs must be obtained through the diet (Parra Cabrera et al., 2011).
In the human body, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) (n-3 and n-6) being incompatible and have an impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis and inter-cellular communications (Surai, 2001).
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and (EPA; 20:5n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid and (DHA; 22:6n-3) docosahexaenoic acid can be formed by elongating and desaturating LA and ALA (Gregory et al., 2011). Due to the fact that these 2 classes of PUFAs are physiologically as well as functionally diverse, with often opposing physiological effects (Simopoulos, 1991).
Many physiological responses in the human body are hypothesised to be influenced by the absolute level and equilibrium of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the diet.
Nutrient content of egg
A single egg could provide 10% protein, 6% vit-A, 6% vit-D, 3% vit-E, 15% vit-B2, 4% vit-B6, 8% vit-B12, 6% folic acid, 2% thiamine, 4% zinc, and 4% iron of the RDI for human bei
Definition -
Disaster - A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
Floods - Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood.
Objectives
To identify the causes of floods
To describe the overall impact of flooding
To formulate the strategy for the flood affected areas
- Mitigation
- Preparation
- Response
- Recovery
Types of floods
Areal - Areal flooding begins in flat areas like floodplains and in local depressions not connected to a stream channel, because the velocity of overland flow depends on the surface slope. Endorheic basins may experience areal flooding during periods when precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Riverine (Channel)- When overland flow occurs on tilled fields, it can result in a muddy flood where sediments are picked up by run off and carried as suspended matter or bed load. Localized flooding may be caused or exacerbated by drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, debris, or beaver dams.
Estuarine and coastal- Flooding in estuaries is commonly caused by a combination of storm surges caused by winds and low barometric pressure and large waves meeting high upstream river flows.
Urban flooding- Urban flooding is a condition, characterized by its repetitive and systemic impacts on communities, that can happen regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water.
Catastrophic- Catastrophic riverine flooding is usually associated with major infrastructure failures such as the collapse of a dam, but they may also be caused by drainage channel modification from a landslide, earthquake or volcanic eruption.
Causes of floods
Natural causes-
Heavy rains
Melting of ice during volcano eruption
Under sea earthquake
Marine landship
Man made causes-
Bank erosion
Breach of dams/barrage/embankment
Flood impact
Primary effect-
The primary effects of flooding include loss of life and damage to buildings and other structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals.
Floods also frequently damage power transmission and sometimes power generation, which then has knock-on effects caused by the loss of power.
It may also cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities.
Lack of clean water combined with human sewage in the flood waters raises the risk of waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, giardia, cryptosporidium, cholera and many other diseases depending upon the location of the flood.
Damage to roads and transport infras
Artificial Intelligence
By Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
Who is the father of AI?John McCarthy
By Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
What is artificial intelligence with examples?
Machines today can learn from experience, adapt to new inputs, and even perform human-like tasks with help from artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence examples today, from chess-playing computers to self-driving cars, are heavily based on deep learning and natural language processing.
History of AI
What are 4 types of AI?
Reactive AI. Reactive AI algorithms operate only on present data and have limited capabilities. ...
Limited memory machines. Limited memory-based AI can store data from past experiences temporarily. ...
Theory of mind. ...
Self-aware AI
Types of AI
Expert System
An expert system has five basic components: knowledge base, inference engine, explanation component, user interface, and acquisition component.
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code.
What is natural language processing
It helps machines process and understand the human language so that they can automatically perform repetitive tasks. Examples include machine translation, summarization, ticket classification, and spell check.
An example of NLP in action is search engine functionality. Search engines leverage NLP to suggest relevant results based on previous search history behavior and user intent.
Natural language processing (NLP) refers to the branch of computer science—and more specifically, the branch of artificial intelligence or AI—concerned with giving computers the ability to understand text and spoken words in much the same way human beings can
Speech recognition
Speech recognition in AI works by converting spoken words into digital signals that can be analyzed and interpreted by machines. This process involves several steps, including signal processing, feature extraction, acoustic modeling, language modeling, and decoding.
Computer vision
Computer vision can automate several tasks without the need for human intervention. As a result, it provides organizations with a number of benefits: Faster and simpler process - Computer vision systems can carry out repetitive and monotonous tasks at a faster rate, which simplifies the work for humans.
Computer vision, a type of artificial intelligence, enables computers to interpret and analyze the visual world, simulating the way humans see and understand their environment. It applies machine learning models to identify and classify objects in digital images and videos, then lets computers react to what they see.
Robotics
Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and application of
Feed processing techniques for improving nutrients utilization in ANN
Feed processing techniques for improving nutrients utilization in farm animals
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi
Grain processing methods
Classification on the basis of thermal treatments
Hot process
Steam flaking, Steam rolling, Pressure Cooking, Exploding, Gelatinization, Pelleting, Roasting andMicronization.
Cold process
Cracking/dry rolling Crimping, Crumbling, Extrusion Water soaking, Reconstitution, Decortication
Classification on the basis of treatment
Physical treatment
Chemical treatment
Biological treatment
Cracking or dry rolling:
The process of disintegration of kernels into particles with the application of pressure by moving rollers is known as dry rolling or cracking. It is done by a combination of breaking and crushing of the grains. The rollers are adjustable forgetting the rolled products of desired particles size. However, there is generally considerable variation in the particle size if fine particles are not removed by screening.
Crimping:
The process of rolling of feed ingredients with the use of corrugated rollers is called crimping. The process may include conditioning cooling of the processed feed.
Pellets
Crumbles & Roasting
Crumbles: The feed of granular particle size produced from thegrinding of pelleted feeds is called crumbles. Such processing ismostly done for the feeding pigs and poultry.
Roasting: The treatment of grains with direct flame or applicationof hot sand is called roasting. It causes expansion in volume dueto heating and generally increases digestibility.
Grinding
Grinding is a process of particle size reduction with the application of pressure and shearing. The purposes of feed grinding are as follows:
It reduces particle size, breakage of cell wall resulting into release of nutrients and their availability
Increases compactness and reduces space requirementfor storage.
Facilitate uniform mixing of feed ingredient
Pelleting more efficient
Swelling efficiency of feed ingredients increases.
Reduced scope for sorting of less palatable feed
Improves digestibility of fat containing material resulting in improved energy availability.
Reconstitution
Reconstitution is a process of conditioning the grains to raise its moisture content to 25-30% and storing in anaerobic condition for approximately 21 days. It results in disruption of the protein matrix the grain and release of enzyme (amylase and protease).
Result in breakdown of cellular carbohydrates and/or alteration in the structure of intracellular starch. The only disadvantage with reconstitution of grains is high cost of drying wet material.
Improvement in nutritive value of barley on reconstitution which was attributed to reduced glucan content through activation of endogenous enzymes.
Reconstitution can raise the sorghum digestibility to near that of maize. Rolling and grinding of reconstituted grains results in complete breakdown of the endosperm of the grain.
Soaking and germi
It is a prolonged period of excessive heat often accompanied by excessive humidity.
Heat waves occurs when there are a number of consecutive days with above average temperature , than the body can not tolerate .
The unusual and uncomfortable hot whether can impact on the human and animal health and cause disruption to community infrastructure such as power supply, public transport and other services.
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has given the following criteria for Heat Waves: Heat Waves need not be considered till the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C for Plains and at least 30°C for Hilly regions. When the normal maximum temperature of a station is less than or equal to 40°C
The weather agency declares a heat wave when a place registers a temperature that is 4.5 to 6.4oC more than the normal temperature for the region on that day. If the temperature is over 6.4oC more than the normal, the IMD declares a ‘severe’ heat wave.
The IMD also uses another criteria to declare a heat wave which is based on absolute recorded temperatures. If the temperature crosses the 45oC mark , the Department declares a heat wave ; when it crosses 47, a ‘severe’ heat wave is declared.
heat waves in india
How bad has this year’s heat wave been in India?
The early heat waves of 2022 that began on March 11 have impacted 15 Indian states and Union territories (as of April 24), according to data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) that was analysed by Down To Earth.
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have suffered the most among the states, with 25 heat wave and severe heat wave days each during this period.
Surprisingly, after Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, the mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh has been the most affected by heat waves this year with 21 heat wave and severe heat wave days.
The IPCC report says that every additional 0.5oC of warming will increase hot weather extremes, along with extreme precipitation and drought.
Heat waves in India are likely to “last 25 times longer by 2036-2065” if carbon emissions remain high and push global temperature rise to 4oC by the end of the century, according to an international climate report published October 28, 2021, covering the G20 countries.
Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps us determine what the temperature actually ‘feels like’.
Humidity combined with heat is deadlier for human health and wellbeing.
Humans with their sweat-based cooling system, have been well-designed to beat the heat. But there is a limit to the level of heat and humidity we can cope with. A wet-bulb temperature of 35°C is considered the maximum limit of humidity that humans can handle. Beyond this, the body can no longer effectively cool itself via perspiration.
Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps us determine w
DANGI RAHUL ANN-609 saw dust and paper waste unconventional dry roughAGES.pptxDr. Rahul kumar Dangi
unconventional dry roughages
It refers to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used for animal feeding either by farmers or by feed manufacturers in commercial feeds.
These includes the agricultural waste and industrial byproducts used in animal feeds at certain percentages depending on their palatability, nutritional value and toxic factors .
Sugarcane bagasse is a co-product of the sugar and ethanol production industry, leaving a residue rich in fiber that can be used as a source of forage when feeding dairy cattle. Because of its low nutritional value, it is often used under conditions where forage is scarce, or where its use as a source of fiber is advantageous because of its lower cost. One example are areas where sugar or paper paste are produced, and the use of sugarcane can be a benefit over other more expensive sources of forage Many studies have been conducted to raise the nutritive value of sugarcane bagasse for ruminants through physical, chemical and biological treatments for ruminant feeding.
(Gunun et al., 2017;Balgees et al., 2007;Okano et al., 2006).
Chemical treatment, such as urea treatment, is considered effective to improve the nutritive value and nutrient digestibility of sugarcane bagasse; urea is an interesting alternative nitrogen source to anhydrous ammonia in the treatment of lignocellulose feedstuff due to its low cost, easy handling, low danger in handling and being non-toxic to animals reported that 5% urea and 3% ammonia treatments of sugarcane bagasse increased the CP content and in vitro dry matter digestibility. ...
(Ahmed et al., 2013;Ahmed and Babiker, 2015). Balgees et al. (2015)
Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed.
It has a number of different uses, including livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making.
Common name til straw.
Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed.
It has a number of different uses, including livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making.
Common name til straw.
NUTRITIOUS biscuits made from the leaves of the fast-growing fodder tree subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) can be fed to cattle and increase milk yields, say animal husbandry and social forestry experts.
Subabul leaves are collected and ground and mixed with molasses and bone meal to produce biscuits. Prosopis pods and rice bran are also added to enhance the nutritive value of the feed. The biscuits are more digestible than other feeds and animals tend to consume as much as 20 per cent more of subabul biscuits. Subabul biscuits are also preferred to subabul leaves.
Trials with milch cattle and buffaloes show the biscuits enhance milk production. Both the milking period and the milk yield increased. The yield was higher in
• CHO : CHO may be defined as polyhydroxy aldehyde,
ketones or acids and their derivatives.
• CHO : Based on their digestibility & solubility , the CHO
divided in to two parts
– Soluble CHO / easily digest - NFE ( Sugar, Starch,
Hemicelluloses)
– Insoluble CHO / less digest in non ruminant but digestible
in ruminant (Crude fibre, cellulose, Ligniin)
• Carbohydrates are neutral chemical compounds
containing the elements carbon, hydrogen & oxygen &
have empirical formula (CH2O)n where n is three or
more.
CARBOHYDRATES
Function of carbohydrates
• Important source of energy
• As important food reserves
• In the storage of Liver and muscle of the liver
Glycogen
Liver glycogen muscle glycogen
• In the seed →as starc
• Transfer of genetic characteristic of the cell
• Carbohydrates make the matrix of connective
tissue eg. Hyaluronic acid
• They make structural part of cartilage, bone
and tendons eg. Chondroitin sulphate
• Oxidation of protein & fat as they are
important component.
• Essential component of milk as lactose.
• It helpful in absorption of calcium &
phosphorus in younger animals.
• They help in peristaltic movement of food.
Classification of carbohydrates:
17
In nutrition, carbohydrates are classied into five groups:
• (1) monosaccharides (also known as simple sugars);
• (2) disaccharides (containing 2 monosaccharide units);
• (3) oligosaccharides (containing 3–10 monosaccharide
units);
• (4) polysaccharides (containing more than 10
monosaccharide units); and
• (5) conjugated carbohydrates. covalently bound to lipids or
proteins to form glycolipids or glycoproteins, respectively.
Polysaccharides are subdivided into
– Homopolysaccharides (containing only one type of
monosaccharide) and
– Heteropolysaccharides (containing more than one type of
monosaccharide).
Classification of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides
– Trioses (C3H6O3) Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
– Tetroses (C4H8O4) Erythrose
– Pentoses (C5H10O5) Aarabinase, xylose, xylulose, ribose,
ribulose, and 5-deoxyribose
– Hexoses (C6H12O6) Glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose
– Heptoses (C7H14O7) Sedoheptulose, mannoheptulose (in
avocados), and -glycero--manno-heptose
• Disaccharides Sucrose (-α-glucose and -α-fructose), lactose
(milk sugar; -α-glucose and -α-galactose), maltose, isomaltose,
cellobiose, α,α-trehalose, α,β-trehalose, and β,β-trehalose)
• Oligosaccharides
– Trisaccharides, Rafnose, kestose, maltotriose (three units of glucose),
planteose, and melezitose (in sweet exudates of many trees and in
insects), and panose (synthesized by microbes)
– Tetrasaccharides Stachyose and lychnose (1-α-galactosyl-rafnose)
18
• Polysaccharides
– Homoglycans
• Pentosans (C5H8O4)n, for example, arabans and xylans
• Hexosans (C6H12O6)n, for example, starch, cellulose,
mannans, levans, and glycogen
– Heteroglycansd Hemicelluloses, pectins, exudate
gums, seaweed polysaccharides (algin, carrageenans,
agar, aminopolysaccharides [e.g., chondroitin and
hyal
Balancing Fat Nutrition to Optimise Transition Cow Performance
A cow’s transition period is a key time since most of the metabolic and infectious diseases occur then.
Higher demand of energy and nutrients for the synthesis of colostrum and milk coupled with decreased feed intake force the transition cows to undergo negative energy balance (NEB) and micronutrient deficiencies. When metabolism does not meet production demands, incidence of clinical or subclinical metabolic disorders increases. Because innate and acquired immunity are suboptimal during this period, animals are more prone to infection
Proper supplementation at this moment may prevent future diseases and production losses.
In early lactation, the challenge for the cow to shift gear to accelerate copious milk production against loss of appetite results in nutrient deficiencies and subsequent negative energy balance leading to mobilisation of body reserves and compromised immunity
(Fiore et al., 2017).
Endocrine, adipose tissue, liver, digestive system and mammary gland are key components of the adaptations that dairy cows experience to achieve the necessary balance to adjust to the onset of sustained increasing milk production.
If unchecked metabolic stress in the affected cows can burden dairy producers with increased poor cow health, infertility, culling rates, inefficient nutrient utilisation and economic loss
In early lactation, the challenge for the cow to shift gear to accelerate copious milk production against loss of appetite results in nutrient deficiencies and subsequent negative energy balance leading to mobilisation of body reserves and compromised immunity
(Fiore et al., 2017).
Endocrine, adipose tissue, liver, digestive system and mammary gland are key components of the adaptations that dairy cows experience to achieve the necessary balance to adjust to the onset of sustained increasing milk production.
If unchecked metabolic stress in the affected cows can burden dairy producers with increased poor cow health, infertility, culling rates, inefficient nutrient utilisation and economic loss
In early lactation, the challenge for the cow to shift gear to accelerate copious milk production against loss of appetite results in nutrient deficiencies and subsequent negative energy balance leading to mobilisation of body reserves and compromised immunity
(Fiore et al., 2017).
Endocrine, adipose tissue, liver, digestive system and mammary gland are key components of the adaptations that dairy cows experience to achieve the necessary balance to adjust to the onset of sustained increasing milk production.
If unchecked metabolic stress in the affected cows can burden dairy producers with in
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy RESEARCH TECHNIQUES IN ANIMAL NUTRITION.pptxDr. Rahul kumar Dangi
A simple total ash determination provides very little information about the exact mineral profile of the feed/food. Analytical techniques involving spectroscopy are generally used to obtain the macro and micro mineral contents except the phosphorus.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a very common technique for detecting metals and metalloids.
It is very reliable and simple to use.
It can analyze over 62 elements.
It also measures the concentration of metals in the sample.
First AAS was built by CSIRO scientist Alan Walsh in 1954
The technique makes use of the atomic absorption spectrum of a sample in order to assess the concentration of specific analyte within it. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on the Beer-Lambert law.
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
For instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromator
Detector
Recorder
VFor instrumentation, flame, non-flame, and graphite furnace are available in atomic absorption instruments.
Any AAS instrumentation has the following types of components:-
Atomization
Hollow cathode lamp
Monochromato
Forest fires are a regular phenomenon in our country often observed during summers.
A number of 52,785 forest fires were detected using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor and 3,45,989 forest fires were detected using SNPP-VIIRS (Suomi – National Polar Orbiting Partnership- Visible infrared imaging Radiometer suite) in forest fire season from Nov. 2020 to June 2021.
More than 36% of the country’s forest cover has been estimated to be prone to frequent forest fires.
Nearly 4% of the country’s forest cover is extremely prone to fire, whereas 6% of forest cover is found to be very highly prone (ISFR 2019).
Based on the forest inventory records, 54.40% of forests in India are exposed to occasional fires, 7.49% to moderately frequent fires and 2.40% to high incidence levels while 35.71% of India’s forests have not yet been exposed to fires of any real significance.
Natural causes like lightening can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, high atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances for a fire to start.
Anthropogenic causes (90% of all wildfires) are smoking in forests, campfires, burning debris, fireworks, electric spark or any other source of ignition.
Other human led causes are land clearing, industrial development, resettlement, hunting, negligence, and arson.
Natural causes like lightening can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, high atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances for a fire to start.
Anthropogenic causes (90% of all wildfires) are smoking in forests, campfires, burning debris, fireworks, electric spark or any other source of ignition.
Other human led causes are land clearing, industrial development, resettlement, hunting, negligence, and arson.
Natural causes like lightening can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, high atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances for a fire to start.
Anthropogenic causes (90% of all wildfires) are smoking in forests, campfires, burning debris, fireworks, electric spark or any other source of ignition.
Other human led causes are land clearing, industrial development, resettlement, hunting, negligence, and arson.
Natural causes like lightening can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, high atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances for a fire to start.
Anthropogenic causes (90% of all wildfires) are smoking in forests, campfires, burning debris, fireworks, electric spark or any other source of ignition.
Other human led causes are land clearing, industrial development, resettlement, hunting, negligence, and arson. Natural causes like lightening can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, high atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances for a fire to start.
Ant
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Introduction
Protein is a relatively high input cost in dairy rations. Protein available for absorption in
the ruminant intestine is derived from ruminal microbes and dietary protein that escapes
degradation during passage through the rumen.
Protein is one of the major limiting nutrients in the diets of lactating dairy cows. Feeding
a diet containing more protein is not a satisfactory solution because the breakdown of
dietary protein in the rumen is one of the most inefficient processes as it leads to more
waste and nitrogen (N) excretion into the environment
(Koenig and Rode, 2001)
Dr Rahul dangi
3. • Methionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys) have been shown to be first for
synthesis of protein. Met deficiencies have most often been suggested
to affect milk fat synthesis because Met is a methyl donor in the
transmethylation reactions of lipid biosynthesis. Lactation has been
demonstrated to increase the demand for methylated compounds
(Yang et al., 2010).
• Efficient utilization of dietary protein depends on the ability to
formulate diets that deliver the optimal amount of metabolizable
amino acids (AA) meaning that are actually absorbed from the
intestine in the right proportions to meet the protein needs
(maintenance, pregnancy and milk protein) of the cow.
Dr Rahul dangi
4. Animal feed contains proteins mainly from the two sources
1 Proteins and
2 Non Nitrogenous sources (NPN).
Proteins are classified mainly into two forms i.e Rumen Degradable Protein
(RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP).
RUP escapes the rumen fermentation and directly absorb in the intestine in the
form of dietary amino acids whereas RDP and NPN sources after digestion
converted to peptides, amino acid which is under the influence of ruminal bacteria
converted into microbial protein and finally available in the small intestine.
During the process of digestion the most of the RDP and NPN compound are
converted to ammonia which may be converted to microbial protein or may be
absorbed by the blood to reach the liver where it converted to urea which may be
recycled through the saliva of cow or excreted through the kidney via excretion.
Dr Rahul dangi
5. Digestion and Absorption of Protein and Nonprotein
Nitrogenous Compounds in Ruminants
Dr Rahul dangi
7. .
• The key to nitrogen metabolism in the ruminant is the ability of the microbial
population to utilize ammonia in the presence of adequate energy to synthesize the
amino acids for their growth.
• Most (80% of the rumen bacterial species, especially cellulolytic, can utilize
ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen for growth while 26% require it absolutely
and 55% could use either ammonia or amino acids.
• A few species can use peptides as well. Protozoa can not use ammonia but derive
their nitrogen needs by consuming bacteria and particulate matter.
• The NPN compounds degraded in the rumen and ammonia is produced. Ingested
true may be degraded by microorganisms to the extent of 60% and the remaining
40% escapes ruminal degradation
• Rate of proteolysis is closely related to the solubility of the protein in the rumen
fluid.
Dr Rahul dangi
8. • In the rumen when ammonia is produced in excess of the ability of the microbes to use
it (ie. ammonia overflow), it can be absorbed into the portal circulation, transported to
the liver and converted to urea. The urea can then be either excreted by the kidneys into
the urine or recycled into the rumen by way of the saliva or through blood. Thus
synthesis of urea facilitates to get rid of excess ammonia when needed or to conserve it
when the excess in the rumen is only transitory.
• On low protein diets, the kidney reabsorbs a greater quantity of urea and thus is recycled
into the rumen to provide added N for microbial fermentation. While ammonia is toxic
in excess, it can be used as a source of N for the synthesis of dispensable amino acids.
Dr Rahul dangi
9. .
• Microorganisms in the rumen degrade nutrients to produce volatile fatty acids and
synthesize microbial protein as an energy and protein supply for the ruminants.
• Ruminants establish a symbiotic relationship with rumen microorganisms by which
the animal provides nutrients and optimum environmental conditions for the
fermentation of feeds, and microorganisms degrade fiber and synthesize microbial
protein as an energy and protein supply for animal.
• Rumen microbial protein represents a major source of amino acids to the ruminant
animal. Microbial protein can supply from 70% to 100% of amino acids to ruminant
(AFRC, 1992).
• High microbial protein production can decrease the need for supplementing rumen
undegradable protein (Blummel et al., 1999)
Dr Rahul dangi
10. • The amino acids reaching the small intestine are supplied by the microbial protein, the undegraded feed
protein, amino acids and peptides from feed which escape degradation, and endogenous secretions.
• The microbes that are produced in the rumen, and then pass down the digestive tract, may supply 60 to 80
percent of the amino acids absorbed from the small intestine.
• The efficiency of microbial protein synthesisis is influenced by a number of factors including energy source,
supply of nutrients (nitrogen, sulfur, branched chain fatty acids) and rumen environmental characteristics
such as dilution rate, pH and microbial species present. (Caton et al., 1993).
• An average efficiency of microbial synthesis of 17 grams of microbial protein per 100 grams of digestible
organic matter was determined for many diets, although values were generally higher for sheep and forage
based diets than for cattle and concentrate diets. (Beharka and Nagaraja, 1998).
• Microbial protein contributes about two third of the amino acids absorbed by ruminants
(Pathak, 2008).
Dr Rahul dangi
11. • it is characterized by a relatively high proportion of non protein
nitrogen (25%), (AFRC, 1992) it has an invaluable role in the nutrition of
ruminant animals.
• The amino acid composition of microbial true protein is similar to that
of protein in the main animal products, such as milk, lamb and beef
(Orskov, 1992)
• Compare to oil seed meal and legume grains microbial protein
contains a higher proportion of methionine and lysine
(DLG, 1976).
Dr Rahul dangi
12. .
• Hoover and Stokes (1991) proposed that the rate of digestion of
carbohydrates would have greater impact on the microbial
protein synthesis. The microbial protein synthesis is reported to
be low in animals fed high-concentrate diets because of reduced
ruminal pH (NRC, 1996).
• The microbial protein synthesis is also low in low-quality
forages because of slow carbohydrate degradation; in situ data
showed that the ratio of degraded nitrogen to organic matter in
the rumen greatly varied in the rumen in times after feeding. It
seems that diets containing a mixture of forages and
concentrates increase the efficiency of microbial protein
synthesis because of an improved rumen environment for the
growth of more diverse bacteria species.
14. The pH value.
The pH value may alter the microbial protein yield in the rumen. Low pH
may be deleterious to rumen microbes, and especially sensitive are
protozoa. A low pH value is also expected to reduce the digestibility of
fibrous plant tissues. Due to low pH, energy with in the rumen is diverted
to non growth functions i.e. maintaining neutral pH in bacterial cells
(Strobel and Russel, 1986).
Ruminal protein degradation is affected by pH and the predominant
species of microbial population.
Ruminal proteolytic activity decreases as pH decreases with high-forage
dairy cattle-type rations, but not in high-concentrate beef-type rations
(Bach et al., 2005).
Dr Rahul dangi
15. Rumen microflora.
On high-forage diets, there are normally between 1 to 3 billion bacteria per ml of
contents, and on high-grain diets, there are normally between 8 to 10 billion
bacteria per ml of contents. The main reason for the difference in concentration are
that high-forage diets contain more lignin, which can limit the surface area of
available polysaccharides. And because there is a ‘lag time’ for the bacteria to
attach to the forage particles. With high-grain diets, there is usually much more
surface area for the bacteria to attach to, as grains contain very little lignin, and
because the time it takes starch digesting bacteria to replicate is normally less than
the time it takes cellulose digesting bacteria to replicate.
(Pathak, 2008)
Bacteria can replicate in 10 minutes to 2 hours, depending on the species. Any
type of feed processing that increases the surface area available for bacterial
attachment increases the number of bacteria digesting feed at any one time.
Dr Rahul dangi
16. Dry matter intake.
A strong positive correlation was observed between dry matter intake (DMI) and
microbial growth. Although increasing the level of intake decrease the percentage of
organic matter digested in the rumen. Therefore, more nutrients were supplied for
microbial growth. Increasing the DMI with the addition of straw to barley-based diets
significantly increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen (Pathak, 2008).
The increase in microbial protein synthesis with increased feed intake is probably the
result of the increased passage rate. (Pathak, 2008).
The increased passage of microbial protein in the small intestine occurred as a result of the
increased passage of both fluids and solids with increased intake (Djouvinov and Todorov, 1994).
The higher level of dietary CP led to increase DM intake, rumen ammonia concentration,
N retention, live weight gain and rate of urinary excretion of purine derivatives
(Doan et al., 2009).
Dr Rahul dangi
17. Organic matter of feed.
A major energy source of organic matter is carbohydrate for microbial
protein synthesis. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis greatly
differs in animals fed different diets, even within similar diets.
Pathak (2008) reported the average efficiency of microbial protein
synthesis was 13.0 for forage based diets, 17.6 for forage concentrate mix
diets, and 13.2 g MCP/100g for concentrate diets of OM truly digested in
the rumen. Overall, the average efficiency of microbial protein synthesis
was 14.8g MCP/100g of OM truly digested in the rumen.
Dr Rahul dangi
18. Level of feeding.
Experimental evidence is available which suggest that frequency of feeding
improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. (Khandaker, 1998).
Tamminga (1979) reported an increase of about 20-30% protein flow in
intestine with increasing feeding frequency of dairy cows, although sheep did
not show the same result (MacRae et al., 1972).
Frequent feeding increases the rate of passage of liquid and solids from rumen
and influence in microbial protein synthesis. (Sutton, 1980)
However, many authors observed a positive effect of frequent feeding on
microbial biomass production. (McAllan and Smith, 1983, Djouvinov and Todonov, 1994).
Dr Rahul dangi
19. Fermentable energy.
Fermentable energy supply is usually the first limiting factor for microbial growth in
the rumen. Microbial yield in rumen depends largely on the availability of
carbohydrate and nitrogen in rumen (Chumpawadee et al., 2006).
Nocekn and Russel (1988) suggested that the efficiency of microbial growth and
microbial protein production may be improved by balancing the overall daily ratio of
ruminally available energy and N in the diet.
Shabi et al. (1998) found that the available energy in the rumen (Ruminal degradable
organic matter) is the most limiting factor for ruminal N utilization.
Dr Rahul dangi
20. .
Supplementary energy source up to 5% of total DMI, does not affect
DMI, rumen ammonia concentration and nitrogen retention (Doan et
al., 2009) but increase microbial protein synthesis and growth.
They also stated that maize appears to support more efficiently
synthesis of microbial protein than molasses due to more excretion
rate of purine derivatives and projected higher live weight gain.
It has been shown that in diets containing high level of concentrates
the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen is lower
then in well-balanced forage based diets. (ARC, 1984).
Dr Rahul dangi
21. Essential oil.
An experiment on growing Holstein calf consuming
high concentrate diet supplemented with essential
oils and recommended that essential oils
supplementation might be useful as ruminal
fermentation modifiers with increased molar
proportion of propionate in beef production system.
Dr Rahul dangi
22. Nitrogen compounds.
considerable evidence (Zinn et al., 2003) that growth-
performance of feedlot cattle may be enhanced by levels of
urea supplementation in excess of that required to optimize
microbial protein synthesis.
Dietary forage have higher microbial protein yield,
metabolizable protein and increased N conversion
(Zhu et al., 2013).
Dr Rahul dangi
23. Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen
microbial yield and degradation.
Microbial growth depends on the amount and availability of nitrogen and energy
Ammonia utilization in the rumen is intrinsically related to carbohydrate availability
(Russell et al., 1983).
Khandaker et al. (2012) recommended that supplementation of RDP enhance the
intake, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis which ultimately increases
utilization of low-quality feed resources. Agle et al. (2010) concluded that high
concentrate diet results in numerically greater utilization of ruminal ammonia N for
microbial protein synthesis.
Increasing CP content of animal diet may result not only in production (Wu and
Satter, 2000), but also increase concentrations of ruminal ammonia and blood urea N
and consequently occur greater urinary N losses (Castillo et al., 2001).
Dr Rahul dangi
24. Total digestible nutrients in feed.
The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was predicted to be around 13g
MCP/100g of total digestible nutrient (TDN) for beef cows (Burroughs et al.,
1974; NRC, 1996).
The average microbial yield 106.7g of microbial true protein per kg of TDN.
Burroughs et al. (1974) assumed that 104.4g of microbial true protein was
produced per kg of TDN consumed.
Hoover and Stokes (1991) suggest that degradable intake protein and non
structural carbohydrates should be considered rather than TDN alone when
predicting microbial protein production.
Dr Rahul dangi
25. Forage-concentrate ratio.
The average efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was higher in forage-concentrate
mix diets than for all forage diets. (Pathak, 2008).
The increase in microbial growth may have resulted from a better non-protein nitrogen to
protein ratio in the mixed diet because the concentration of NPN is generally higher in
forages than in concentrates. While forage may supply N as highly degradable protein or
non protein N, concentrates may slowly supply N mainly as peptides and/or amino acids
needed for microbial protein synthesis. (Baldwin and Denham, 1979)
It could also be caused by better utilization of amino acids and peptides in the mixed diet.
Dr Rahul dangi
26. .
The decrease in efficiency of microbial protein passage to the small
intestine when diets containing more than 70% concentrate are fed may
occur because of a rapid rate of nonstructural carbohydrate degradation,
resulting in an uncoupled fermentation. (Polan,
1988).
Therefore feeding a mixture of forage and concentrate resulted in
greater microbial protein synthesis compared to feeding only
concentrate or forage (Pathak, 2008).
Dr Rahul dangi
27. Forage containing saponin and tannins:
The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis greater in forages containing
saponin and tannins which reduce ruminal N degradability. Saponins are found
in different parts of the plants such as the roots, tuber, bark, leaves, seed and
fruit. Saponins can kill or damage protozoa through their binding with sterols
present in protozoal surface (Francis et al., 2002).
Min et al. (2003) reported that 20 to 45 g condensed tannin /kg dietary
concentrate improved efficiency of N use and increased daily weight gain in
lambs on temperate forage.
Tannins can reduce the populations of fibre-degrading Ruminococcus spp and
Fibrobacter spp (McSweeney et al., 1999).
Dr Rahul dangi
28. Lipid in diet.
Unsaturated fatty acids rates in the rumen above the
saturation capacity of microorganisms produce adverse
effects on rumen fermentation, such as decrease in fiber
degradability, lowering of protozoa concentration, reduction
in quantity and proportions of the short chain fatty acids
(Silva et al., 2007).
Dr Rahul dangi
29. Rumen out flow rate/ Rate of passage.
It is one of the factors, which affect the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis
in the rumen. Faster outflow rate is expected to reduce the maintenance costs of
microbes because they spend less time within the rumen.
In AFRC (1992) for instance, it is supposed that the efficiency of microbial
protein synthesis can be increased by about 20% if rumen outflow rate is
increased from 0.02 to 0.08 /h. Rumen outflow rate is a function of DM intake
and therefore it can be assumed that the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis
in the rumen can be increased in DM intake.
One of the most important factors, which limits intake of low quality roughages,
is their slow rate of degradation in the rumen. High quality roughages are
therefore expected not only to increase microbial protein yield by providing high
amounts of fermentable substrate but also by increasing the level of intake.
Dr Rahul dangi
30. Vitamins and microminerals:
Microbial protein production will be a function of the availability of vitamins,
microminerals and protein level in the diet of digestible organic matter (ARC,
1984).
In addition to N and carbohydrate supply, microbial yield is affected by the
concentrations of trace minerals especially dietary sulphur concentration and
vitamins (Sniffen and Robinson, 1987).
The amount of sulphur required by rumen microorganisms for synthesis of
methionine and cysteine ranges from 0.11 to 0.20 % of the total diet, depending
on the status of the cattle (NRC, 1996). Limited intake of sulphur may restrict
microbial protein synthesis when large amount of NPN are fed to ruminant
animals (Buttery, 1977) such as urea.
Dr Rahul dangi
31. Conclusion:
N compound in ruminant diets serves as a source of metabolizable protein providing both ruminal-degraded
protein for microbial protein synthesis and ruminal un-degradable protein.
Microbial protein synthesis is dependent upon suitable N and carbohydrate sources. Even though trace
minerals and vitamins are adequate for maximal microbial protein synthesis in many feeding conditions,
inadequate trace minerals and vitamins, in some cases, could limit microbial protein synthesis. Dietary
protein sources, which are low in dietary protein intake, may limit the microbial protein synthesis when
calculated to meet animal requirements based on dietary CP. In order to obtain maximal microbial protein
synthesis, the N requirement of the rumen bacteria has to be met first in every respect. N sources also must
include amino acids and peptides in addition to NPN. Frequency of feeding with diet containing a mixture of
forages and concentrates increase microbial protein synthesis because of improved synchronization of
nutrient release, an improved ruminal environment for more diverse ruminal bacteria species, increased
amounts and type of substrates, increased intake and subsequently, increased rates of solid and liquid passage.
Dr Rahul dangi