A prosthesis is an artificial device that replaces missing body parts, with a history tracing back to ancient examples like the Cairo toe. Prosthetic devices are categorized into types based on the limb they replace, such as transhumeral and transtibial prostheses, and they offer benefits like improved mobility and self-confidence, but also present challenges such as cost and skin irritation. Advancements in prosthetic technology, especially in countries like India and through innovations like 3D printing and mind-controlled devices, promise a future where prosthetics will more closely mimic natural limb function.

2. PROSTHESIS
• Prosthesis or prosthetic device is an
artificial device that replaces a
missing body part which may be lost
through trauma, diseases or
congenital conditions.
• Prosthetic amputee rehabilitation is
primarily coordinated by a
prosthetist which includes health
care professionals including
psychiatrists, surgeons, physical
therapists, and occupational
therapists.

3. THE HISTORY OF PROSTHESIS
The Cairo Toe
• CAIRO TOE : Regarded as the first functioning prosthesis, the Cairo Toe
was a replacement for the big toe of one's foot, allowing the individual to
have normal balance . This jointed wooden toe was discovered in the year
2000 near the Egyptian city of Thebes. While it may seem primitive compared
to today's devices, it was still effective in its task.

4. THE EVOLUTION : FROM THE KNIGHTS
IN SHINING ARMOUR TO THE BIONIC HUMANS ...

5. PARTS OF PROSTHESIS
All the prosthetic devices consist mainly of four parts :
1. SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
2. SOCKET
3. CONTROL SYSTEMS
4. TERMINAL DEVICES

6. PARTS OF PROSTHESIS
SOCKET
SUSPENSION SYSTEM
CONTROL SYSTEM TERMINAL DEVICES

7. TYPES OF PROSTHESES
Any part of the body could be replaced by prosthesis , but in general prosthetic
devices can be divided into -

8. TYPES OF PROSTHESES
• TRANSHUMERAL PROSTHESES :
It is a prosthetic lower and upper
arm, including a prosthetic elbow.
Transhumeral amputees experience
problems due to the similar
complexities associated with the
movement of the elbow.
This makes the correct motion with
an artificial limb very difficult. In the
prosthetic industry, a trans-humeral
prosthesis is often referred to as
' AE ' or above the elbow prosthesis.

9. TYPES OF PROSTHESES
• TRANSRADIAL PROSTHESES :
It is an artificial limb that
replaces an arm missing below
the elbow. Two main types of
prosthetics are available.
Cable operated limbs work by
attaching a harness and cable
around the opposite shoulder
of the damaged arm.
Myoelectric arms work by sensing,
via electrodes, when the muscles
in the upper arm moves,
causing an artificial hand to
open or close.

10. TYPES OF PROSTHESES
• TRANFEMORAL PROSTHESIS :
It is an artificial limb that replaces a leg
missing above the knee.
Transfemoral amputees can have a very
difficult time regaining normal
movement. In general, a transfemoral
amputee must use approximately 80%
more energy to walk than a person with
two whole legs. This is due to the
complexities in movement associated
with the knee.
In the prosthetic industry a trans-femoral
prosthetic leg is often referred to as an
“AK” or above the knee prosthesis.

11. TYPES OF PROSTHESES
• TRANSTIBIAL PROSTHESIS :
It is an artificial limb that
replaces a leg missing below the
knee.
Transtibial amputees are
usually able to regain normal
movement more readily than
someone with a transfemoral
amputation, due in large part to
retaining the knee, which allows
for easier movement. In the
prosthetic industry a trans-tibial
prosthetic leg is often referred to
as a “BK” or below the knee
prosthesis.

12. ADVANTAGES OF PROSTHESES :
• EXTENDS THE HUMAN LIFESPAN
• SELF-CONFIDENCE BOOSTER
• USEFULNESS AND MOBILITY
• CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

13. Prostheses : A Helping Hand to the
Athletes
Oscar Pistorius - A South African sprint
runner. He was the first doube legged
amputee to take part in 2012 Summer
Olympics.
Katy Sullivan - An actress as well as a paralympic track and
fielder and US record holder. She is a a four time US
Champion in the 100m. She was among the first above the
knee amputees to compete in the Paralympics when she
ran in the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

14. DISADVANTAGES OF PROSTHESES :
• COST
• SKIN IRRITATION
• TIME CONSUMING
• DEFECTS

15. PROSTHETICS IN INDIA
• When it comes to prosthetics, research in India is minimal. A study
by Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences at the Indian Spinal Injuries
Centre in Delhi, shows only 0.5 per cent of global prosthetics
research is done in the country. Most prosthetists blame
lackadaisical attitude of the government for this.
• Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti (BMVSS), which
popularised the Jaipur Foot, and the government-run Artificial Limbs
Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO), are two institutes
engaged in prosthetics research in the country. While BMVSS
focusses on technologies that can be replicated on a mass-scale,
ALIMCO stresses on developing sophisticated prostheses. Despite
this, India lags behind other countries in the field of prosthetics.

16. PROSTHETICS IN INDIA
• TAL’s ( TATA Manufacturing Solutions Limited) prosthetic devices are
vastly superior to the conventional wood-and-plastic prosthetic
parts, typified by the ‘Jaipur foot’, that has been in wide use in India
until now.

17. PROSTHETICS IN ABROAD
• In abroad, prosthetic technology has advanced significantly. A vast body of
research has led to robotic knees and ankles that adjust to terrain and activity.
• Most prosthetic legs are passive and as a result ,the amputees have to use about
20% more energy when walking with their prosthetic legs. In order to overcome
the problem, a wide array of advanced prosthetics have been invented which
regain much of their original mobility–and in many cases, their original
appearance.
• The C-leg produced by Ottobock USA, has been one of the remarkable
advancements. It is stable , every step is smooth and secure and helps the user to
make activities like biking, dancing, or golfing.
• The design and creation through 3D printing enables millions of people around the
world to reap the benefits of the newly popularized manufacturing technology.
Open-source initiatives such as The Enable Community Foundation let anyone
with a 3D printer customize and create a prosthetic hand. It has also proved to be
helpful to the people in developing countries.

18. PROSTHETICS IN ABROAD
3D PRINTING
C-LEG

19. THE PROSPECT OF THE PROSTHETIC FUTURE
• Researchers are finding potential for new advancements in
prosthetic technology.
For example, Johns Hopkins University has recently developed a
prosthetic arm that can be controlled by a person’s mind. This
technology is not fully available in the market yet, but its use is
promising.
• “Myoelectric” prosthetics, such as prosthetic hands, are getting closer
than ever to the true function of a natural human limb. As a result,
we can expect to see more natural movement from prosthetics in
the future. With more natural movements, amputees will struggle
less with bulky and awkward motions from prostheses.
• Surgical procedures could now lead to prosthetic limbs . The
technique is known as agonist-antagonist myoneural interface.

20. THANK YOU