1) Organic wastes such as municipal solid waste, sewage, and agro-industrial waste present a vast potential in India but are currently underutilized. 2) These wastes can be converted into resources like manure, compost, fodder, and biofuels through proper management. 3) Recycling organic wastes can help increase agricultural revenues, provide plant nutrients, improve soil quality, and generate renewable energy while reducing reliance on non-renewable resources.

1. SUBMITTED TO - DR M.C. RANA
SUBMITTED BY – AKHIL BHARTI
(A-2014-01-006)

2. INTRODUCTION
 ORGANIC WASTES: These are the biological or organic
sources generally left unused or are of little or no economic
importance; but can be recycled for generation of new
resources. The organic waste present a vast potential in India
and it can be an important resource for generating manures,
compost, fodder, electricity, charcoal, methanol, ethanol,
biodiesel and various other Products.
 ORGANIC WASTE IN INDIA: The organic waste are widely
available in India. They can prove an important resource for
generating manures, fodder, fuel etc. However at present, the
organic wastes in India are underutilized due to their
inefficient management. The improper management of
organic waste leads to loss of its potential use and also it
poses various environmental and health hazards.

3. TYPES OF ORGANIC WASTES
Urban waste/municipal solid waste (MSW)
Sewage
Agro industrial wastes

4. Urban waste/municipal solid waste (MSW)
The generation of municipal solid waste is generally
significant only in urban area where municipal solid waste
is normally collected, transported and dumped in outskirts
of towns and cities. Sorting out for the recyclable waste by
rag pickers is common while other ways of handling like
composting, burning etc. also take place to some extent.
The MSW in India increased from 20.7 m tonnes in 1991 to
46.5 m tonnes in 2011-12.The cost of present MSW handling
systems is very high.

5. Various components of municipal solid
waste in a metro city (New Delhi)
Components Percentage of composition of MSW
Vegetable and related materials 57
Paper and paper boards 6
Other organics 5
Plastics 3
Metal and glass 6
Fines and ash 23
Source: Bhattacharyaa et al.2005

6. Municipal solid waste (MSW)
generation in India and H.P.
MSW generated (M tonnes)
1999-2000 2011-12
India 19.03 46.53
Himachal Pradesh 0.27 0.11
Source: Anonymous. 2012. National Accounts Statistics: Central Statistical
Organization; Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

7. Sewage
Like municipal solid waste, sewage is major organic
waste generated in the urban regions. Sewage waste is
characterized by a higher content of biodegradable
organic matter and has high NPK content. It can be
used to make high value manures, biogas and
generation of electricity. Total sewage production in
India in 2001 was 26164 million litre day-I (MLD).

8. Sewage generation in India and H.P.
Sewage generation (MLD) in 2000-01
India 26164
Himachal Pradesh 25.2
SOURCE: Anonymous. 2005. Status of Sewage Treatment in India. Central
Pollution Control Board.

9. Agro industrial wastes
 The main agro-industrial wastes include oil cakes, sugar
industry wastes, vegetable and fruit processing wastes, pulp
and paper mill residues. In India, about 4 million tonnes of
edible and non-edible oilcakes are availablea annually.T he
edible cakes of groundnut, rape-mustard, sesamum and
linseed are used as cattle feed and manure while the
nonedible oilcakes are used as organic manures. Due to low
C:N ratio (3-15), they tend to quickly decompose. Sugar
industry produce 3 byproducts: bagasse, molasses and
pressmud. Bagasse is most important among them as it
forms 28-36% of the biomass. It is used as litter in poultry,
mulching and composting material in crop production

10. POTENTIALS OF ORGANIC WASTE:
Increasing the revenue from agriculture
Conversion of organic waste in useful materials
Source of plant nutrition and soil amendment
Source for energy generation

11. Per cent share of agriculture in GDP of India
YEAR % SHARE IN GDP (AGRICULTURE)
2004-05 16.0
2005-06 15.8
2006-07 15.3
2007-08 15.6
2008-09 15.2
2009-10 15.2
2010-11 15.3
2011-12 14.0
2012-13 13.7

12. Residue potential of rice, wheat and
maize crops in H.P.
CROP
CROP PRODUCTION
2006-07 (MT)
CROP RESIDUE (MT)
RESIDUE AVAILABLE
FOR RECYCLING (MT)
RICE 1.18 1.77 0.59
WHEAT 3.81 5.72 1.91
MAIZE 6.76 10.14 3.38
TOTAL 11.75 17.63 5.88

13. Use of Agricultural waste for generating various
products by various conversion processes

14. Growth in commercial energy consumption of
selected countries and regions
COUNTRY/REGION
GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION
DURING 1995-2000 (%)
BRAZIL 36.6
CHINA 69.6
INDIA 52.2
JAPAN 6.2
GERMANY -2.7
MEXICO 31.8
UK 6.0
USA 10.2
Bhattacharya S.C. and Jana C. 2009. Renewable energy in India: Historical developments
and prospects Energy 34: 981—991.

15. N-P-K potential of major crops in
Himachal Pradesh
Crop
Residue available for
recycling in 2007-08 (MT)
N-P-K Content
Fertilizer
Equivalent (T)
Rice 0.59 12.80 6.41
Wheat 1.91 34.28 17.14
Maize 3.38 69.21 34.61
Total 5.88 116.29 58.16
SOURCE: Anonymous 2012; Statistical outline Himachal Pradesh

16. Effect of FYM on wheat yield
Treatment pH
Wheat yield (T/Ha)
1972-73 2004-05
Control 5.6 1.01 0.35
Recommended NPK 5.3 3.93 1.84
Recommended NPK + FYM 5.4 4.30 2.38
Recommended NPK + Lime 6.4 4.19 2.20
C.D. (0.05) 0.61 0.21
SOURCE: Mahajan et al 2007

17. Effect of organic manures on wheat yield
Treatment Biological Yield (Q/Ha) Grain Yield (Q/Ha)
Chemical Fertilizers
Control 71.66 18.02
2/3rd NPK 94.20 24.16
100% NPK 99.00 26.27
C.D. (@5%) 8.50 3.58
Organic Manures
Vermicompost @ 10T/Ha 97.37 25.69
FYM @10T/Ha 86.61 21.86
C.D. (@5%) 7.36 3.09

18. Effect of organic manures on crop quality
Treatment Protein content (%) in wheat
1999-2000 2000-2001
Control 9.23 9.81
Recommended NPK 13.16 13.43
FYM @ 10 T/Ha 13.45 13.95
Mashroom spent compost @10 13.11 13.58
Berseem green manure 12.02 12.65
Mashroom spent compost @5 13.15 13.83
Berseem + FYM 13.23 13.71
C.D. (With in Organic Manures) 0.20 0.41
SOURCE: Choudhary et al. 2005

19. Production of animal waste in H.P.
Animal Population in 2007 (Million) Dung produced (T/Day)
Cattle and Buffalo 3.03 34800
Goat and Sheep 2.14 6400
Poultry 0.81 600
Total 5.98 41800
SOURCE: Statistical outline Himachal Pradesh 2011-12

20. Livestock population in H.P. (2007).
Source Population
in 2007
(Million)
Dung
Produced
per day (T)
Biogas
production
Potential
Fuel wood
Equivalent
(T/Yr)
Cattle & Buffalo 3.03 34800 647280 2265.5
Goat and Sheep 2.14 6400 119040 416.6
Poultry 0.81 600 11160 39.1
Total 41800 777480 2721.2
SOURCE: Singh et al 1997; Anonymous 2012, Central Statistical Organization

21. Conclusions
 In present condition of agriculture where returns are
decreasing and the cost of inputs like fertilizers, herbicides
and pesticides are increasing, the use organic waste can
generate new cheap resources thereby increasing the
return from agriculture sector.
 After recycling, organic waste can provide plant nutrients
at low cost through composts, manure and oilseed cakes
which can help in reducing the fertilizer input in the farm.
Organic waste management can prove vital resource in
conserving the non-renewable resources like fuel wood,
coal, natural gas and diesel.
 Organic waste or residue when applied in soil, can improve
soil physical, chemical and biological condition.
 Organic residues when used along with fertilizer, can
enhance their effect on crop yield and quality.