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Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This presentation will provide the knowledge on measurement of evaporation by using class A evaporation pan. In addition it will give you the knowledge regarding pan coefficient and crop coefficient.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This presentation will provide the knowledge on measurement of evaporation by using class A evaporation pan. In addition it will give you the knowledge regarding pan coefficient and crop coefficient.
Introduction:
Necessity of irrigation- scope of irrigation engineering- benefits and ill effects of irrigation- irrigation development in India- types of irrigation systems, Soil-water plant relationship: Classification of soil water- soil
moisture contents- depth of soil water available to plants-permanent
and ultimate wilting point
Water requirements of crops:
Depth of water applied during irrigation- Duty of water and deltaimprovement
of duty- command area and intensity of irrigation consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration- irrigation efficiencies- assessment of irrigation water
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT TERRACE AND ITS TYPES
TOPICS COVERED ARE TERRACE TYPES;BROAD BASE, BENCH TERRACE
BENCH TERRACE DESIGN AND TYPES ARE ALSO COVERED IN PPT
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Introduction:
Necessity of irrigation- scope of irrigation engineering- benefits and ill effects of irrigation- irrigation development in India- types of irrigation systems, Soil-water plant relationship: Classification of soil water- soil
moisture contents- depth of soil water available to plants-permanent
and ultimate wilting point
Water requirements of crops:
Depth of water applied during irrigation- Duty of water and deltaimprovement
of duty- command area and intensity of irrigation consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration- irrigation efficiencies- assessment of irrigation water
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT TERRACE AND ITS TYPES
TOPICS COVERED ARE TERRACE TYPES;BROAD BASE, BENCH TERRACE
BENCH TERRACE DESIGN AND TYPES ARE ALSO COVERED IN PPT
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
Discover hatch information for the Henry's Fork River. You can learn about nymph behavior, best hatching conditions, fishing techniques and the most popular fly patterns.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: HYDROLOGY AND FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY - 1.3 RI...George Dumitrache
A presentation of the third subchapter (River Channel Processes) from the first chapter (Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology) of Revision for Geography AS Cambridge exam.
Recent Advancements for Managing Weeds in kharif Pulses and Their Influence o...AKHIL BHARTI
This is my Master's Seminar presentation which is on the topic Recent Advancements for Managing Weeds in kharif Pulses and Their Influence on Productivity, Profitability and Important Weed Indices.
1. INTRODUCTION WITH
FLUMES, WEIRS AND
ORIFICES….
Submitted By - Submitted To -
Mr. Rahul Sharma & Mr. Akhil Bharti Dr M.C. Rana (Agron.)
2. A FLUME IS A MAN MADE CHANNEL FOR WATER, IN THE FORM OF AN OPEN
DECLINED GRAVITY CHANNEL WHOSE WALLS ARE RAISED ABOVE THE
SURROUNDING TERRAIN, IN CONTRAST TO A TRENCH OR DITCH..
SOME VARIETIES OF FLUMES ARE USED IN MEASURING WATER FLOW OF A
LARGER CHANNEL…
Flumes….
4. A WEIR IS A BARRIER ACROSS A RIVER DESIGNED TO ALTER ITS FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS. IN MOST CASES, WEIRS TAKE THE FORM OF OBSTRUCTIONS
SMALLER THAN MOST CONVENTIONAL DAMS, POOLING WATER BEHIND THEM
WHILE ALSO ALLOWING IT TO FLOW STEADILY OVER THEIR TOPS. WEIRS ARE
COMMONLY USED TO ALTER THE FLOW OF RIVERS TO PREVENT FLOODING,
MEASURE DISCHARGE, AND HELP RENDER RIVERS NAVIGABLE.
Weirs….
6. 1.A weir will artificially reduce the upstream water velocity, which can
lead to an increase in siltation.
2.Weirs can also have an effect on local fauna.
3.Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively
calm, they can be extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or
wade, as the circulation patterns on the downstream side—typically
called a HYDRAULIC JUMP— can submerge a person indefinitely. This
phenomenon is so well known to persons who spend time on rivers
that they even have a rueful name for weirs: "drowning machines".
4.The weir can become a point where garbage and other debris
accumulate.
Drawbacks of weirs……
7. ORIFICES….
An ORIFICE is a small opening provided in the structure or bulk
head put across the channel.
The opening are usually circular or rectangular. The orifices are
classified as free flow or submerged orifices according to
downstream water level is below the bottom of orifice or above
top of orifice.
Edges of orifice are sharp and made of metal.
