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Introduction with weirs flumes and orifices
This document discusses different types of flumes, weirs, and orifices used to measure water flow. It describes flumes as man-made channels for water in the form of open declined gravity channels. It lists different types of flumes including H-type, HS-type, HL-type, and Parshall flume. Weirs are described as barriers across rivers designed to alter flow characteristics by pooling water while allowing steady flow over the top. Common types of weirs include rectangular, triangular, and Cipolletti weirs. Orifices are defined as small openings in structures across channels, typically circular or rectangular, that can be free-flowing or submerged.
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Introduction with weirs flumes and orifices
- 1. INTRODUCTION WITH FLUMES, WEIRSAND ORIFICES…. Submitted By - Submitted To - Mr. Rahul Sharma & Mr. Akhil Bharti Dr M.C. Rana (Agron.)
- 2. A FLUME ISA MAN MADE CHANNEL FOR WATER, IN THE FORM OF AN OPEN DECLINED GRAVITY CHANNEL WHOSE WALLS ARE RAISED ABOVE THE SURROUNDING TERRAIN, IN CONTRAST TO A TRENCH OR DITCH.. SOME VARIETIES OF FLUMES ARE USED IN MEASURING WATER FLOW OF A LARGER CHANNEL… Flumes….
- 3. TYPES OF FLUMES.... FLUMES H-TYPE FLUME HSTYPE H TYPE HL TYPE PARSHALL FLUME
- 4. A WEIR ISA BARRIER ACROSS A RIVER DESIGNED TO ALTER ITS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS. IN MOST CASES, WEIRS TAKE THE FORM OF OBSTRUCTIONS SMALLER THAN MOST CONVENTIONAL DAMS, POOLING WATER BEHIND THEM WHILE ALSO ALLOWING IT TO FLOW STEADILY OVER THEIR TOPS. WEIRS ARE COMMONLY USED TO ALTER THE FLOW OF RIVERS TO PREVENT FLOODING, MEASURE DISCHARGE, AND HELP RENDER RIVERS NAVIGABLE. Weirs….
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- 6. 1.A weir willartificially reduce the upstream water velocity, which can lead to an increase in siltation. 2.Weirs can also have an effect on local fauna. 3.Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they can be extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or wade, as the circulation patterns on the downstream side—typically called a HYDRAULIC JUMP— can submerge a person indefinitely. This phenomenon is so well known to persons who spend time on rivers that they even have a rueful name for weirs: "drowning machines". 4.The weir can become a point where garbage and other debris accumulate. Drawbacks of weirs……
- 7. ORIFICES…. An ORIFICE isa small opening provided in the structure or bulk head put across the channel. The opening are usually circular or rectangular. The orifices are classified as free flow or submerged orifices according to downstream water level is below the bottom of orifice or above top of orifice. Edges of orifice are sharp and made of metal.
- 8. DIFFERENT TYPE OFORIFICES….
- 9. INTERNET NOTES PROVIDED BYOUR RESPECTED PROFFESOR DR. R.S. RANA (Ag Engg). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT….