1) The document discusses recent advancements in weed management practices for kharif pulses and their influence on productivity, profitability, and weed indices.
2) Weeds are a major constraint for pulse production in India, causing up to 90% yield losses in some crops. Integrated weed management combines cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods for effective weed control.
3) Several studies evaluated the effects of different weed management strategies on growth and yield of various pulses. The studies found that integrated practices like herbicide application followed by hand-weeding resulted in better crop growth and higher yields compared to sole reliance on herbicides or no weed control.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
Farming First is a coalition of global organisations looking to enhance sustainable development through agriculture. More can be found on the website: www.farmingfirst.org
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
This ppt prepared by santosh raut as doctorial seminar
( Ph.D/Agronomy)
This ppt useful for students, all those related agriculture and other peoples. This ppt provide useful information related to organic rice with including reference/ case studies .
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
Farming First is a coalition of global organisations looking to enhance sustainable development through agriculture. More can be found on the website: www.farmingfirst.org
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
This ppt prepared by santosh raut as doctorial seminar
( Ph.D/Agronomy)
This ppt useful for students, all those related agriculture and other peoples. This ppt provide useful information related to organic rice with including reference/ case studies .
The Push-pull technology is an innovation from ICIPE. It’s a pest management approach that uses repellent intercrops and an attractive trap plant. Pests are repelled from the food crop and attracted to a trap crop, simultaneously. It is mostly used to control Stemborer and Striga.
If one considers small holdings as your ancillaries and develop a central processing, value addition and forward marketing linkages, the organic farming will be one of the most profitable venture.
Fertilizer microdosing technology in sorghum, millet and maize production at ...IJASRD Journal
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Evidence at work: Country experience in the use of evidence in policy-making ...ExternalEvents
Evidence at work: Country experience in the use of evidence in policy-making on agricultural biotechnologies presentation by Jikun Huang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Climate Smart Rice (CSR): Boosting the food security in the changing climateIARI, NEW DELHI
Climate change will influence crop distribution and production and increase risks associated with agriculture.
Crop productivity has already experienced detrimental impacts, underlining the necessity of taking adaptive
measures. Although, in few regions (mainly in temperate latitudes) may experience improved conditions for
production. Globally, climate change is expected to reduce cereal production by 1% to 7% by 2060. Both
the changing climate and growing population has been increasing the pressure on our food resources. The
sustainability of feedable resources is looking difficult in present changing scenario of climate. Almost, more than half of the world’s population, near about 4 billion people eating rice as their staple food (Mohanty, 2014).
But on another hand, the changing climate is making it tenacious for rice growing communities to maintain the
productivity. So that, there is an urgent need to make a climate suitable genotypes to resist changing climate.
Presently, new stress tolerant rice cultivars can help make farmers more resilient against the calamitous effects
of climate. Dr. Matthew Morell (Australian scientist), who heads the International Rice Research Institute,
Philippines described the climate change ready rice as “the engine of food security” during the delivering the
Millennium Lecture at the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
named rice crop as “the crop of the future” due to its versatility (Environment New Service, 2017).
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
The Push-pull technology is an innovation from ICIPE. It’s a pest management approach that uses repellent intercrops and an attractive trap plant. Pests are repelled from the food crop and attracted to a trap crop, simultaneously. It is mostly used to control Stemborer and Striga.
If one considers small holdings as your ancillaries and develop a central processing, value addition and forward marketing linkages, the organic farming will be one of the most profitable venture.
Fertilizer microdosing technology in sorghum, millet and maize production at ...IJASRD Journal
World population is alarmingly increasing, to feed the growing population, farmers must increase food production. Mineral fertilizer application takes the lion-share on crop productivity. However, due to the high cost of fertilizer, majority of African farmers add smaller than the recommended rate. Therefore, the farmers must adopt a technology that is environmentally friendly and minimizes dose of fertilizer keeping productivity higher than conventional fertilization. Microdosing (small and affordable quantities) fertilizer application produces higher grain yield as compared to control and banding application. Application of 0.3g NPK to 6g of NPK per pocket could increase yield of millet in range of 31.3% to 90.3 %. Similarly, application of 0.3 g NPK to 4 g NPK per pocket could increase yield of sorghum 40.9 % to 83 %. Microdosing fertilizer application is feasible and profitable than conventional fertilizer application. However, fertilizers in Africa are found in 50 kg package, which are not affordable by the poor resource farmers. The availability of fertilizer in affordable package is very crucial in expanding the technology. Moreover, the farmers must have the opportunity to inventory credit like warrantage system so that they borrow money to use it for input cost and store the crops after harvest when the price of the crops are low and resell them when the prices are higher. The use of the microdosing method brings entire changes to the existing fertilizer application methods; hence, there is a need for a strong linkage among researchers, farmers, and policy makers.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Evidence at work: Country experience in the use of evidence in policy-making ...ExternalEvents
Evidence at work: Country experience in the use of evidence in policy-making on agricultural biotechnologies presentation by Jikun Huang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Climate Smart Rice (CSR): Boosting the food security in the changing climateIARI, NEW DELHI
Climate change will influence crop distribution and production and increase risks associated with agriculture.
Crop productivity has already experienced detrimental impacts, underlining the necessity of taking adaptive
measures. Although, in few regions (mainly in temperate latitudes) may experience improved conditions for
production. Globally, climate change is expected to reduce cereal production by 1% to 7% by 2060. Both
the changing climate and growing population has been increasing the pressure on our food resources. The
sustainability of feedable resources is looking difficult in present changing scenario of climate. Almost, more than half of the world’s population, near about 4 billion people eating rice as their staple food (Mohanty, 2014).
But on another hand, the changing climate is making it tenacious for rice growing communities to maintain the
productivity. So that, there is an urgent need to make a climate suitable genotypes to resist changing climate.
Presently, new stress tolerant rice cultivars can help make farmers more resilient against the calamitous effects
of climate. Dr. Matthew Morell (Australian scientist), who heads the International Rice Research Institute,
Philippines described the climate change ready rice as “the engine of food security” during the delivering the
Millennium Lecture at the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan
named rice crop as “the crop of the future” due to its versatility (Environment New Service, 2017).
Evaluating Plantmate organic manure and prime EC foliar on plant performance ...Innspub Net
Trials for the effectiveness of Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food for increased yields for selected crops were done in five different Agro-ecological zones and soil types, in Kenya. The approach was executed through controlled greenhouse experiment and in the field. The trials data obtained indicated Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food in combination with half the rate of recommended inorganic fertilizer performed significantly (p<0.05) better than all other treatments. Thus, plots treated with Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food gave higher yields in common beans, French beans, maize, onions, cabbages, capsicum with percentages exceeding 100 compared to the control in most cases. In many soils fertilizers are fixed and rendered insoluble under certain soil conditions such as soil pH. The Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food ameliorated the soil conditions as it interacted with inorganic fertilizer thus increasing its use efficiency by crops. Plantmate organic manure and Prime EC Foliar Plant Food not only increased soil chemical fertility but also improves water use efficiency at low matric potential and generally improves plant vigor and soil health.
Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad Dist...ijtsrd
The adoption of organic production and processing is highly determined by market demand. Therefore this is reflected in consumers awareness and satisfaction towards organic food products. This research result indicated that the main reason for purchasing organic food products is an expectation of a healthier and environment friendly means of production. Organic buyer tend to be older and higher educated than who do not buy them. However, the main barrier to increase the market share of organic food product is consumer information. Abisha. KA | Dr. P. Kannan"Consumer Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic Products in Palakkad District-Kerala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9403.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/9403/consumer-awareness-and-satisfaction-towards-organic-products-in-palakkad-district-kerala/abisha-ka
Abstract
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest
attack is the use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in view the importance of this technique,
the present study analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk involved in the adoption process.
To estimate the cotton yield, two types of production functions (one for adopter and other for non-adopters) were
estimated using the regression analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further in risk analysis.
The results of non-adopters of IPM showed that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of herbicide
and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164 respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level.
For non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of
temperature, seed expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to 0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and
0.894 respectively and significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of nitro-phosphate bags,
herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035, 0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Keywords: Cotton, IPM, herbicide, evaluation, risk, Coefficient, Hyderabad.
Weeds are known as unwanted, undesirable, unsuitable and harmful plants.They are mostly C4 plants (Extraordinary metabolize essential carbon) and have vigor growth. Due to vigorous growth and inordinate development, they compete with all type of crops including cereals, fiber, sugar, medicinal and vegetable crops as well as floricultural crops for nutrient, place, space, air, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), light, soil moisture and soil oxygen etc that result in causes of long or short stressful periods during growth and development of plant which have adverse influence on the harvest and
straightforwardly diminish the yield and quality of crops. Various methods are utilized to control the weeds but all methods are not efficient equally against weeds before they give
any damage to the harvests, with the exception of a few. These involves use of weedicides, hoeing, tillage operations, hand pulling, pure seed, seeding rate, mulching, Intercropping, cultivation of weed competitive varieties, mixed cropping, sowing time, sowing methods and use of fertilizer practices. However nowadays modern agriculture concept is giving recommendation to use all these practices combined which is known as integrated weed management (IWM). This review paper evaluates different weed management practices in different crops and suggests effective weed control methods for
good crop yield and its quality. This paper is also indicating challenges in integrated weed management practices with raising a question why a majority of farmers around the world are unable to apply integrated weed management (IWM) practices.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Recent Advancements for Managing Weeds in kharif Pulses and Their Influence on Productivity, Profitability and Important Weed Indices
1. PRESENTED BY : AKHIL BHARTI
M.SC. AGRONOMY
(J-18-M-542)
Recent Advancements for Managing Weeds in kharif Pulses
and Their Influence on Productivity, Profitability and
Important Weed Indices
2. 22
Introduction
Current Scenario of Pulse Production
Area and Production of major pulses
Constraints in Pulse production
Different Weed Management Practices
Different Research studies
Conclusion
3. Introduction
Pulses are one of the most important parts of our diet as pulses are the richest source of protein amongst all
food grains
Global production of pulses is around 77 Mt with productivity of 964 kg ha-1 (FAO, 2018)
In India Pulses are cultivated on an area of 29.99 Mha with 25.23 Mt of production resulting in 841.28 kg ha-1
average national productivity (Anonymous, 2018)
Average protein content in pulses ranges from 20-25%
In India 82% of our protein requirement is met through plant products and 18% through animal products which
greatly signifies the importance of pulses in India
Besides being high in protein content and essential amino acids, pulses also constitute an important source of
minerals such as calcium and phosphorus as well as vitamins
Pulses are rich in vitamin A i.e. 3-4 times more than cereals. Chick Pea contains 316 IU (International units) of
Vitamin A and lentil contain 450 IU compared to 108 IU in wheat
3
4. Cont.
The importance of pulses globally can be signified by the fact that the United Nations, declared 2016 as
“International Year of Pulses” (IYP)
India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer
(14%) of pulses in the world. Pulses account for around 20 per cent of the area under food grains and
contribute around 7-10 per cent of the total food grains production in the country (Mohanty and Satyasa, 2015)
Despite various efforts by the Government of India, the pulse production has been stabilized which necessitates
imports of 4–6 Mt pulses each year, resulting in a loss of $ 2.3 billion foreign exchange each year (Rana et al.,
2016)
To meet the projected pulse crop requirement, productivity level needs to be enhanced to 1.3–1.4 T ha-1 from
the present productivity which is about 841.28 kg ha-1 or about 3.0–4.0 M ha additional area has to be brought
under pulse crops
Proper weed management can be a great tool to achieve targeted pulse production as weeds can cause huge
losses (20-90%) in pulses (Rana et al., 2016)
4
6. State Area (Mha) Production (Mt)
Madhya Pradesh 7.48 8.11
Rajasthan 5.33 3.39
Maharashtra 4.35 3.30
Uttar Pradesh 2.27 2.21
Karnataka 3.02 1.86
Andhra Pradesh 1.41 1.22
Gujarat 0.91 0.93
Jharkhand 0.79 0.85
Tamil Nadu 0.87 0.55
Chhattisgarh 0.78 0.54
Telangana 0.57 0.51
West Bengal 0.46 0.44
Others 1.75 1.33
All India 29.99 25.23
6Table 1: Area and Production of Pulses in different States of India
Anonymous
(2018)
7. 7.48
5.33
4.35
2.27
3.02
1.41
0.91 0.79 0.87 0.78
0.57 0.46
1.75
8.11
3.39 3.3
2.21
1.86
1.22
0.93 0.85
0.55 0.54 0.51 0.44
1.33
MADHYA
PRADESH
RAJASTHAN MAHARASHTRA UTTAR
PRADESH
KARNATAKA ANDHRA
PRADESH
GUJARAT JHARKHAND TAMILNADU CHHATTISGARH TELANGANA WESTBENGAL OTHERS
Area and Production of Pulses in Major States of India
Area (Mha) Production (Mt) Anonymous (2018)
7
8. 1961, 64.01
2018, 95.72
1961, 40.78
2018, 92.28
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Area (M ha) Production (Mt)
Global Area and Production Trends in Pulses
8
Source: FAO (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.)
10. Constraints in Pulse Production
Cultivation on marginal soils
Low availability of quality seed, lack of high yielding varieties etc.
Improper agronomic management such as defective method of sowing, delayed sowing, selection
of wrong variety, poor management
Inadequate inter culture practices
Insufficient irrigation – only 19.87% area in pulses is irrigated (Anonymous, 2018)
Non-availability of efficient Rhizobium culture
Weed infestation: Unchecked weeds can cause yield losses up to 20-90% (Rana et al., 2016)
Losses due to diseases and insects pests
The stagnant growth of pulse production over the years and continuous increasing human
population in the country led to decline in per capita consumption of pulses from 67 g/day/person
during 1951 to 35 g/day/person during 2010 (against the recommendation of 65 g/day/person by the
Indian Council of Medical Research).
10
11. Weed Problem in Pulses
National Pulse Crop Production has remained almost stagnant over the years since green
revolution due to various kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses. Weeds are the principal
biotic constraint in production of pulses. It is estimated that out of total annual losses of
agricultural produce from various pests, weeds alone account for 37% losses, which is
higher than insect-pests or diseases (Kumar et al., 2013)
Presence of weeds not only increase the production cost but they also intensify disease
and insect pest problem by serving as alternate hosts
Besides quantitative effects on yield, weeds deteriorate the quality of produce through the
physical presence of their seeds and debris. Yield loss in crops due to weeds is influenced
by a number of environmental, plant and soil factor and varies across the location due to
variability of these factors
Madukwe et al. (2012) reported that in Nigeria, the presence of weeds caused 53-60%
yield loss in legumes which is more than all the other factors combined
11
12. Cont.
Weeds cause losses in crops by two methods viz. Allelopathy and Crop Weed Competition
Allelopathy is the phenomenon of one plant having a detrimental effect on another
through the production and release of toxic chemicals called Allelo-chemicals
Competition is struggle between two or more organisms for a limited resource that is
essential for growth. Water, nutrients, light and space are the major factors for which
usually, the competition occurs. Competition between crop and weeds is most severe
when they have similar vegetative habit and common demand for available growth factors
Principles of crop weed competition are:
1) Competition for moisture
2) Competition for nutrients
3) Competition for light
4) Competition for Space/CO2
12
13. Table 2: Weed losses in major pulses
Crop Major Weeds Yield loss (%)
Chickpea
Chenopodium album, Melilotus indica, Avena ludoviciana, Lathyrus tuberosus,
Medicago spp. etc.
20–35
Pigeonpea
Celosia argentea, Portulaca oleracea, Commelina benghalensis,
Eclipta alba, Euphorbia parviflora, Trianthema portulacastrum, etc.
30–90
Cowpea, Black gram
and Mungbean
Cynodon dactylon, Cyprus rotundus, Amaranthus spp., Bidens pilosa, Physalis
minima etc.
50–90
Lentil
Phalaris spp., Guizotia scabra, Avena spp., Chenopodium spp.,
Fumaria parviflora etc.
~50
Field pea
Avena spp., Circium arvense, Anagalis arvensis, Chenopodium
album etc.
15–67
13
Rana et al. (2016)
16. Weed Management
Prevention
Prevention
encompasses all measures
taken to prevent the
introduction and/or
establishment and spread
of weeds
Mechanical
Control
Mechanical method of
weed control utilizes
manual energy, animal
power or fuel to run the
implements that dug out
the weeds
Cultural
Control
Principle behind
Cultural weed control is
giving competitive
advantage to the crop.
Cultural methods, alone
cannot control weeds, but
help in reducing weed
population
Biological
Control
Biological Control is the
utilization of natural
living organism, such as
insects, herbivorous fish,
other animals, disease
organisms and
competitive plants to
limit the weed growth
Chemical
Control
Chemical control is the
weed control method in
which we aim to control
weed population by
means of various agro-
chemicals called as
Herbicides
16
18. Cont.
Integrated Weed Management method is a system which harmonize all feasible
methods of weed control into a single and coordinated system designed to maintain
weeds below levels at which they cause economic losses
Integrated weed management (IWM) is basically integration of effective, dependable and
workable weed management practices such as cultural, mechanical, chemical and
biological that can be used economically by the farmers
Advantages of IWM are:
1) It shifts the crop-weed competition in favour of crop
2) Prevents weed shift towards perennial nature
3) Prevents resistance in weeds to herbicides
4) No danger of herbicide residue in soil or plant
5) No environmental pollution
6) Gives higher net return
7) Suitable for high cropping intensity
18
19. 19
1. Herbicide application is the main weed
control strategy used by the farmers to
manage weed menace in their fields
2. Reliance on only this one method has
led to the development of herbicide
resistance in weeds. There are a limited
number of herbicides available to use in the
field and cases of herbicide resistance are
rapidly increasing in the global agricultural
community
3. As a result, herbicides are in need of
extra help to continue ensuring adequate
weed control
4. Now it has become imperative to
integrate non-herbicide weed management
tactics to control weeds rather than relying
on the agro chemical industry to continue
developing new herbicides
Need for IWM
22. Table 3: Effect of different weed management strategies on growth of pigeon pea
Sandya and Singh (2018)
BHU, Varanasi
22
S.No. Treatment
Pods plant-1 1000-Grain weight (g)
2015 2016 2015 2016
T1 Weedy Check 93.92 99.12 79.42 79.53
T2 Pendimethalin fb one HW at 25 DAS 117.08 122.28 81.41 80.93
T3 Pendimethalin fb Imazethapyr 140.1 145.3 82.33 82.52
T4 Pendimethalin fb Imazethapyr fb one HW at 50 DAS 154.84 161.71 83.15 83.43
T5 Imazethapyr fb one HW at 50 DAS 147.16 153.36 82.44 82.72
T6 Two HW at 25 DAS and 50 DAS 160.01 166.97 83.21 83.70
SEm (±) 2.34 2.42 0.56 0.58
CD (5%) 6.75 6.96 1.61 1.67
*DAS – Days after Sowing, HW – Hand Weeding
Sandy Clay Loam Soil (pH-7.46)
23. Table 4: Effect of weed management on growth and yield of black gram
S.No. Treatment
Branches
plant-1
Productiv
e pods
plant-1
Seeds
pod-1
1000
Seed
weight
(g)
Seed
yield
(t ha-1)
2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2006
T1 Hand weeding at 20 DAS 11.7 12.7 28.2 25.5 6.3 6.2 36.2 38.6 0.94 1.00
T2 Hand weeding at 40 DAS 11.4 12.5 25.4 25.2 6.2 5.8 35.4 38.0 0.93 0.99
T3 Pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1 PE 11.9 13.1 29.1 33.2 6.3 6.2 37.9 40.3 0.99 1.07
T4
Pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 PE + hand
weeding at 40 DAS
13.1 14.0 30.2 35.8 6.5 6.4 38.3 42.3 1.05 1.15
T5 Weedy check 10.8 11.8 23.1 21.9 5.9 5.7 34.9 36.1 0.81 0.81
LSD (P=0.05) NS 1.34 2.06 2.89 0.25 0.42 1.31 3.25 0.08 0.12
*DAS – Days after sowing, NS – Not significant, PE – Pre-emergence
23
Bhowmick et al. (2015)
PORSS Beldanga, WB
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-7.3)
24. Table 5: Effect of different weed management strategies on growth of mungbean (pooled data of two years)
S.No. Treatment
Plant
height
No of
pods
plant-1
No of
seeds pod-
1
1000 Seed
wt
T1 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 7 DAE 43.08 16.57 9.70 34.1
T2 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 7 DAE + HW at 14 DAE 45.65 21.00 10.40 36.0
T3 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 7 DAE + hoeing at 14 DAE 44.12 19.63 10.10 36.2
T4 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAE 43.62 17.45 9.90 35.0
T5 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAE + HW at 21 DAE 46.92 22.37 10.60 37.1
T6 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAE + hoeing at 21 DAE 44.85 20.13 10.20 36.6
T7 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 21 DAE 43.91 18.60 9.90 35.4
T8 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 21 DAE + HW at 28 DAE 47.58 23.63 10.70 37.0
T9 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 21 DAE + hoeing at 28 DAE 45.11 20.27 10.20 36.5
T10 Weedy check. 39.25 14.70 9.50 34.3
SEm (±) 1.14 0.44 0.16 0.91
LSD (0.05) 3.30 1.27 0.46 NS
*HW – Hand Weeding, DAE – Days after Emergence, a.i. – Active Ingredient
24
Kundu et al. (2009)
BCKV WB
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-6.8)
26. Table 6:Effect of different weed management strategies on weed control and grain yield of pigeon
pea (Pooled data of 3 years)
S.No. Treatment
Weed control
efficiency (%)
Grain
yield
(kg ha-1)
Weed
index
(%)70 DAS Harvest
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 54.9 60.7 1038 32.1
T2 Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 53.5 58.7 992 39.5
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 52.0 56.5 944 40.5
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS 63.7 61.4 1167 26.1
T5
Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1
HW at 50 DAS
69.1 80.9 1391 11.2
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS 58.8 60.4 1136 27.7
T7
Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS
+ 1 HW at 50 DAS
65.4 72.1 1293 19.1
T8 Weedy Check 00 00 647 59.8
T9 Weed Free 88 88 1561 -
SEm (±) - - 85.07 -
CD (5%) - - 235.44 -
Mean - - 1130 -
*HW – Hand Weeding, DAS – Days after Sowing, a.i. – Active Ingredient,
26
Pagar et al. (2019)
ARS Badnapur, Maharashatra
Clayey Soil (pH-7.62)
27. Table 7: Effect of various weed management strategieson weed control efficiency, weed index and NPK uptake by weeds, during
crop growth period of pigeon pea
S.No.
Treatment
WCE (%) WI (%)
NPK uptake (kg ha-1) by weeds
N P K
T1 Weedy check 0.00 (0.00) 3.61 (36.47) 4.29 (71.94) 2.67 (13.44)
4.61
(99.60)
T2 Alachlor 2 kg a.i. ha-1 PE + Paraquat 0.40 kg a.i. ha-1 42 DAS 4.00 (53.53) 2.99 (21.00) 3.46 (30.82) 1.93 (5.87)
3.80
(43.86)
T3 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 PE followed by 1 HW 50 DAS 4.07 (57.75) 2.86 (18.26) 3.36 (27.68) 1.81 (5.13)
3.70
(39.62)
T4 Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS followed by 1 HW 50 DAS, 3.71 (39.91) 2.90 (21.27) 3.71 (39.90) 2.17 (7.74)
4.06
(56.86)
T5 Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 10 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS 4.19 (64.79) 2.41 (16.33) 3.16 (22.58) 1.65 (4.20)
3.52
(32.90)
T6 Tank mix application of Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 +Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS 3.77 (42.49) 3.03 (21.49) 3.67 (38.14) 2.14 (7.51)
4.03
(54.97)
T7
Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 10 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS followed
by 1 HW 50 DAS
4.28 (71.13) 2.21 (9.59) 2.96 (18.25) 1.47 (3.33)
3.24
(24.44)
T8
Tank mix application of Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 + Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS
followed by 1 HW 50 DAS
4.23 (67.61) 2.44 (11.78) 3.06 (20.42) 1.57 (3.80)
3.43
(30.05)
T9 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 PE + Imazethapyr 60 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS 3.55 (33.80) 2.29 (20.21) 3.84 (45.62) 2.28 (8.78)
4.18
(64.30)
T10 Weed free 4.61 (99.29) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00)
Sem (±) 0.04 0.03 0.03
CD (5%) 0.13 0.09 0.08
*Transformed values as log (X+1); **Original values in parentheses, PE – Pre-emergence, POE – Post-emergence, a.i. – Active Ingredient, DAS – Days after
27
Semwal et al. (2016)
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand).
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-7.7)
28. Table 8: Effect of different weed management strategies on weed dry matter and grain yield in
pigeon pea
Sr. No. Treatment
Weed dry
matter
(kg ha-1)
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)
T1 Unweeded Control 2400 750
T2 Two hand weedings 30+50 DAS 516 1133
T3 Pendimethlin 0.45 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence) 2216 850
T4 Pendimethlin 0.75 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence) 2066 950
T5 Pendimethlin 0.45 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence) + Hand weeding 30 DAS 733 1033
T6 Pendimethlin 0.45 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence)+ Ridging 50 DAS 666 1133
T7
Pendimethlin 0.45 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence) + Hand weeding 30 DAS +
Ridging 50 DAS
616 1216
CD (5%) 202 164
* DAS: Days After Sowing
28
Singh and Sekhon (2013)
(PAU Ludhiana)
Loamy Sand Soil (pH-8.2)
29. Table 9: Effect of weed management treatments on number of pods per plant and weed
parameters in mung bean
29
Sandy loam Soil (pH-7.2)
Nandan et al. (2011)
Pulse Research Sub Station, Samba. SKUAST Jammu
S.No. Treatment
Weed population Weed dry weight Pods plant-1 Weed control
efficiency (%)
2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007
T1 One HW at 20 DAS 5.2(26) 4.7(21) 3.2(9.1) 3.0(8.2) 22.3 24.7 66.7 69.8
T2 HW twice at 20 and 40 DAS 3.6(12) 3.3(10) 2.7(6.4) 2.7(6.5) 23.4 25.7 80.0 81.5
T3 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PRE 8.9(78) 8.5(72) 5.8(32.4) 5.5(29.3) 12.7 14.5 25.7 26.8
T4 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PRE 8.1(65) 8.3(68) 4.5(19.1) 4.9(22.5) 21.7 20.5 38.1 40.5
T5 Fluchloralin (PPI,1.5 Kg/ha) 6.8(41) 7.0(48) 5.2(26.5) 5.5(29.0) 20.5 18.7 60.95 62.5
T6 Fluchloralin (PPI,1.5 Kg/ha) fb one HW 9.0(80) 8.5(72) 4.2(16.4) 4.4(18.4) 21.5 19.7 23.8 25.0
T7 Metolachlor (PRE,0.75kg/ha) 8.5(71) 8.7(75) 3.7(12.5) 4.2(16.2) 22.6 23.7 32.5 25.2
T8 Metolachlor (PRE,0.75kg/ha) fb one HW 3.3(10) 3.0(8) 2.3(4.2) 2.1(3.5) 25.4 26.2 90.4 91.2
T9 Weedy check 10.3(105) 9.9(98) 8.9(77.7) 8.4(68.9) 21.5 23.2 - -
LSD (P=0.05) 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.0 N S NS - -
*Figures in parenthesis indicate the original values and are transformed by using (x+1)-1 transformation, PRE – Pre emergence
30. Table 10: Effect of weed control treatments in black gram 30
S.No. Treatment
Weed population Weed dry weight
Weed control
efficiency (%)
2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007
T1 Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS 3.6(12) 3.3(10) 2.7(6.4) 2.7(6.5) 80.0 81.5
T2 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre-emergence 5.2(26) 4.7(21) 3.2(9.1) 3.0(8.2) 66.7 69.8
T3
Quizalofop-p-ethyl 37.5 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for
grassy weeds
8.1(65) 8.3(68) 4.5(19.1) 4.9(22.5) 38.1 40.5
T4
Chlorimuron ethyl 4.0 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for
broad leaf weeds
8.9(78) 8.5(72) 5.8(32.4) 5.5(29.3) 25.7 26.8
T5
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 as as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS
for grassy weeds
6.5(41) 7.0(48) 5.2(26.5) 5.5(29.0) 60.95 62.5
T6
Quizalofop-p-ethyl 37.5 g ha-1 + chlorimuron ethyl 6.0 g ha-1 at 15-
20 DAS
9.0(80) 8.5(72) 4.2(16.4) 4.4(18.4) 23.8 25.0
T7
Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 + chlorimuron ethyl 6.0 g ha-1 at 15-
20 DAS
8.5(71) 8.7(75) 3.7(12.5) 4.2(16.2) 32.5 25.2
T8
Imazethapyr 250 ml ha-1 (post-emergence) after 15-20 days after
sowing
3.3(10) 3.0(8) 2.3(4.2) 2.1(3.5) 90.4 91.2
T9 Weedy check 10.3(105) 9.9(98) 8.9(77.7) 8.4(68.9) - -
LSD (P=0.05) 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.0 - -
*DAS – Days after Sowing
Sandy loam Soil (pH-7.2)
Nandan et al. (2011)
Pulse Research Sub Station, Samba. SKUAST Jammu
31. Table 11: Effect of different treatments on dry matter, weed control efficiency,
weed index and seed yield of pigeon pea
S.No. Treatment
Dry
weight of
weeds
(q ha-1)
Weed
control
efficiency
(%) (90
DAS)
Weed
control
efficiency
(%)
(Maturity)
Weed
index
(%)
Seed
yield
(q ha-1)
T1 Weedy check 12.2 0.0 0.0 34.2 15.1
T2 Weed free up to 90 DAS 3.1 91.6 100.0 0.0 22.9
T3 Two hand weedings (20 and 45 DAS) 6.2 52.6 64.9 3.9 22.1
T4 Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha PE 9.5 26.5 25.5 27.1 16.7
T5 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PE + 1 HW (45 DAS) 4.9 69.7 72.2 2.9 22.3
T6 Fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha PPI 9.6 27.3 29.2 22.3 17.8
T7 Fluchloralin 1.5 kg/ha PPI + 1 HW at (45 DAS) 8.2 68.9 72.5 18.7 18.7
T8 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha PE + Glyphosate 1.0 kg/ha at POE 7.2 76.7 75.6 14.0 19.7
T9 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg /ha PE + Paraquat 1.0 kg/ha at POE 9.2 57.8 62.4 22.8 17.5
LSD (P=0.05) 2.5 8.3 2.2 2.9 0.7
*PE – Pre-emergence, POE – Post-emergence , PPI – Pre plant incorporation, DAS – Days after sowing, HW – Hand Weeding
31
Dhonde et al. (2009)
MPKV Rahuri, Maharashtra
Clay Loam Soil (pH – Slightly Alkaline)
33. Table 12: Effect of different weed management strategies on yield and harvest index
of pigeon pea
S.No
.
Treatment
Grain yield (q ha-1) Stalk yield (q ha-1) Harvest index (%)
2015 201
6
2015 2016 2015 2016
T1 Weedy Check 8.59 9.13 37.31 38.26 18.54 19.05
T2 Pendimethalin fb one HW at 25 DAS
10.45 11.0
1
41.11 43.20 19.99 20.01
T3 Pendimethalin fb Imazethapyr
11.87 12.3
1
45.29 46.06 20.56 20.86
T4
Pendimethalin fb Imazethapyr fb one HW at 50
DAS
13.21 13.7
9
48.61 50.83 21.20 21.14
T5 Imazethapyr fb one HW at 50 DAS
12.15 12.6
5
46.11 47.23 20.66 20.94
T6 Two HW at 25 DAS and 50 DAS
13.58 14.1
5
48.20 49.84 21.81 21.96
SEm (±) 0.22 0.24 0.85 0.89 0.32 0.39
CD (5 %) 0.63 0.69 2.44 2.56 0.92 1.12
*DAS – Days after Sowing, HW – Hand Weeding
33
Sandya and Singh (2018)
BHU, Varanasi
Sandy Clay Loam Soil (pH-7.46)
34. Table 13: Effect of different weed management strategies on grain and stover yield of cowpea
S.No. Treatment
Grain yield
(kg ha-1)
Stover yield
(kg ha-1)
T1 Fluchloralin @ 0.6 kg ha-1 PRE +1 HW + 1 IC at 25-30 DAS 1262.73 1481.48
T2 Pendimethalin @ 0.5 kg ha-1 PRE +1 HW + 1 IC at 25-30 DAS 1465.50 1921.29
T3 Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.04 kg ha-1 POST at 20-25 DAS 1203.70 1435.18
T4 1 IC at 8-10DAS + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.04 kg ha-1 POST at 20-25 DAS 1226.15 1456.01
T5 Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.04 kg ha-1 POST at 20-25 DAS +1HW + 1 IC at 40-45 DAS 1441.66 1900.46
T6 Imazethapyr @ 0.075 kg ha-1 POST at 20-25DAS 1174.07 1348.61
T7 1 IC at 8-10DAS + Imazethapyr @ 0.075 kg ha-1 POST at 20-25 DAS 1256.02 1479.16
T8 Imazethapyr @ 0.075 kg ha-1 POST at 20-25 DAS +1 HW +1 IC at 40-45 DAS 1422.22 1872.68
T9 1 HW + 1 IC at 20 DAS 1287.04 1493.06
T10 2 HW + 2 IC at 20 and 40 DAS 1581.02 1981.48
T11 Weed free 1595.37 2096.53
T12 Weedy check 884.26 1002.31
SEm (±) 95.55 118.70
CD (5%) 275.09 341.75
CV (%) 14.52 14.62
*PRE - Pre emergence, HW - Hand weeding, IC - Interculturing, POST - Post emergence, DAS - Days after sowing
34
Kumar and Singh (2017)
JAU Junagadh, Gujarat
Clayey Soil (pH – Slightly Alkaline)
35. Table 14: Effect of various weed management practices on grain andstoveryield of pigeon pea crop
S.No.
Treatment
Yield (kg ha-1)
Grain
yield
Stover
yield
T1 Weedy check 1217 5375
T2 Alachlor 2 kg a.i. ha-1 PE + Paraquat 0.40 kg a.i. ha-1 42 DAS 1508 7002
T3 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 PE followed by 1 HW 50 DAS 1567 7563
T4 Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS followed by 1 HW 50 DAS, 1501 6833
T5 Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 10 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS 1600 7897
T6 Tank mix application of Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 +Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS 1508 6835
T7 Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 10 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS followed by 1 HW 50 DAS 1750 8621
T8 Tank mix application of Imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 + Quizalofop ethyl 50 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS followed by 1 HW 50 DAS 1700 8305
T9 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 PE + Imazethapyr 60 g a.i. ha-1 PoE 15 DAS 1508 7017
T10 Weed free 1933 9185
Sem (±) 95 437
CD (5%) 283 1298
*Transformed values as log (X+1); **Original values in parentheses, PE – Pre-emergence, POE – Post-emergence, a.i. – Active Ingredient,
DAS – Days after Sowing
35
Semwal et al. (2016)
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand).
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-7.7)
36. Table 15: Yield and harvest index of pigeon pea as influenced by different weed control
treatments
S.No. Treatment
Biological
yield
(t/ha)
Grain yield
(t/ha)
Harvest
index
(%)
T1 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + paraquat 0.48 kg ha-1 (6 WAS) 8.12 1.57 19.38
T2 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + paraquat 0.48 kg ha-1 (8 WAS) 7.68 1.55 20.14
T3 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + paraquat 0.48 kg ha-1 (10 WAS) 6.52 1.20 18.40
T4 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 as pre-emergence (PE) 6.67 1.25 18.79
T5 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + HW at 50 DAS 8.06 1.49 18.53
T6 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE) 7.25 1.39 19.14
T7 Hand weeding (HW) at 25 and 50 DAS 8.26 1.52 18.40
T8 Weedy check 5.65 0.91 16.05
LSD (P=0.05) 1.06 0.25 -
*PE – Pre emergence, WAS – Weeks after Sowing, DAS – Days after Sowing
36
Singh et al. (2016)
PAU Ludhiana
Loamy Sand Soil (pH-8.7)
37. Table 16: Effect of weed control treatments on seed yield of black gram 37
S.No. Treatment
Seed yield (kg ha-1)
2006 2007
T1 Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS 735.6 732.6
T2 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre-emergence 633.5 630.2
T3 Quizalofop-p-ethyl 37.5 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for grassy weeds 583.8 580.3
T4 Chlorimuron ethyl 4.0 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for broad leaf weeds 539.5 536.0
T5 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 as as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for grassy weeds 603.1 600.2
T6 Quizalofop-p-ethyl 37.5 g ha-1 + chlorimuron ethyl 6.0 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS 581.0 578.9
T7 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 + chlorimuron ethyl 6.0 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS 569.9 568.5
T8 Imazethapyr 250 ml ha-1 (post-emergence) after 15-20 days after sowing 736.9 735.8
T9 Weedy check, 423.3 426.2
LSD (P=0.05) 96.7 92.8
*DAS – Days after Sowing
Sandy loam Soil (pH-7.2)
Nandan et al. (2011)
Pulse Research Sub Station, Samba. SKUAST Jammu
38. Table 17: Effect of weed management practices over yield and economics of
mung bean (pooled data of 2 years)
S.No. Treatment
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Haulm
yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index (%)
B:C Ratio
T1 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS 816 5139 13.70 1.59
T2
Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS + Hoeing at 30
DAS
1045 5596 15.74 1.78
T3 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50g a.i. ha-1 at 15 DAS + HW at 30 DAS 1308 6213 17.39 2.22
T4 Straw mulch @ 5t ha-1 1193 6195 16.15 1.82
T5 Hoeing at 15 DAS 741 4911 13.11 1.29
T6 HW at 15 DAS 1009 5527 15.44 1.55
T7 Twice hoeing at 15 and 30 DAS 896 5435 14.15 1.43
T8 Hand weeding at 15 DAS + Hoeing at 30 DAS 1247 5978 17.26 1.91
T9 Twice HW at 15 and 30 DAS 1343 6307 17.56 2.08
T10 Weedy Check 635 4383 12.65 1.19
SEm (±) 31.07 91.01 - -
CD (5%) 89.85 263.20 - -
*DAS – Days after Sowing, HW – Hand Weeding
38
Kundu et al. (2011)
BCKV, West Bengal
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-7.17)
39. Table 18: Effect of weed control treatments on the grain yield of blackgram
S.No. Treatment
Dose (kg
ha-1)
Grain yield (q ha-1)
2002 2003 2005 Mean
T1 Pendimethalin 0.750 9.0 10.6 11.7 10.43
T2 Pendimethalin + HW 25 DAS 0.450 11.1 9.2 12.0 10.76
T3 Fluchloralin 0.675 10.6 10.2 11.0 10.60
T4 Two HW 25+40 DAS 12.3 10.5 12.5 11.76
T5 Weedy check 9.4 4.0 7.2 6.86
LSD (P=0.05) NS 0.9 1.0
*NS – Not Significant
39
Singh (2011)
PAU LudhianaN.A.
40. Table 19:Effect of different weed management strategies on yield, yield attributes and economics of
mungbean (pooled data of two years)
S.No. Treatment
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Haulm
yield
(kg ha-1)
Harvest
index (%)
B:C Ratio
T1 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 7 DAE 782 4795 14.02 1.49
T2 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 7 DAE + HW at 14 DAE 1145 5647 16.86 1.88
T3
Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 7 DAE + hoeing at 14
DAE 962 5282 15.41 1.67
T4 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAE 804 4887 14.13 1.51
T5 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAE + HW at 21 DAE 1260 5934 17.52 2.03
T6
Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 14 DAE + hoeing at 21
DAE 996 5395 15.58 1.68
T7 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 21 DAE 837 5046 14.23 1.61
T8 Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 21 DAE + HW at 28 DAE 1327 6109 17.85 2.26
T9
Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 21 DAE + hoeing at 28
DAE 1033 5550 15.69 1.78
T10 Weedy check. 619 4107 13.10 1.17
SEm (±) 27.83 92.17 - -
LSD (P=0.05) 80.62 267.02 - -
40
Kundu et al. (2009)
BCKV WB
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-6.8)
41. Table 20: Effect of different weed management strategies on maize and
black gram intercropping system
41
S.No. Treatment
Dose
(kg ha-1)
Weed dry
matter at 60
das
Maize kernel
yield
(kg ha-1)
Blackgram
grain yield
(kg ha-1)
T1 Weedy - 127.0 1960 189
T2 Hand weeding, 15 and 30 DAS - 58.22 4747 444
T3 Alachlor fb weeding on 30DAS 2.0 34.46 5501 472
T4 Alachlor fb weeding on 30DAS 3.0 20.72 6208 567
T5 Pendimethalin fb weeding on 30 DAS 1.0 51.87 5201 497
T6 Pendimethalin fb weeding on 30 DAS 1.5 46.92 5762 521
T7 Fluchloralin fb weeding on 30 DAS 1.0 54.19 5460 528
T8 Fluchloralin fb weeding on 30 DAS 1.5 44.76 5784 538
LSD (P=0.05) 9.29 324.01 43.9
*DAS – Days after Sowing, fb – Followed by
Meyappan and Kathiresan (2005)
Annamalai University, TN
Clay Loam Soil (pH-7.8)
42. Table 21: Effect of weed management on test weight and seed
yield of black gram
S.No. Treatment
1000-Seed weight (g) Seed yield (kg ha-1)
2003 2004 2003 2004
T1 Weedy Check 41.72 40.77 595.10 824.00
T2 HW (20 DAS) 43.50 41.58 807.60 926.78
T3 HW (40 DAS) 43.86 43.08 885.00 972.22
T4 Pendimethalin 30 EC 1.0 kg ha-1 (PE) 44.96 44.28 949.80 1074.89
T5 Pendimethalin 30 EC 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE) + HW (40 DAS) 46.96 45.10
1062.7
0
1138.78
CD (P=0.05) NS 2.12 80.00 79.69
*DAS – Days after Sowing, PE – Pre emergence, HW – Hand Weeding
42
Bhowmick and Gupta (2005)
PORS Berhampore, West Bengal
Sandy Loam Soil (pH-7.5)
44. Table 22: Effect of different weed management strategies on economics of pigeon pea
(pooled data of 3 years)
S.No. Treatment
Gross
returns
(₹ ha-1)
Net
returns
(₹ ha-1)
B:C
Ratio
T1 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 44931 21573 1.94
T2 Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 42983 20540 1.86
T3 Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 40796 16261 1.64
T4 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS 50683 28208 2.23
T5 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1 HW at 50 DAS 60466 34638 2.31
T6 Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS 49304 26913 2.17
T7
Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 at 1-2 DAS + Quizalofop ethyl @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS + 1 HW at 50
DAS
56310 30525 2.17
T8 Weedy Check 28372 10329 1.51
T9 Weed Free 67965 37710 2.20
SEm (±) 2541.5 2339.13 0.097
CD (5%) 7623.02 6651.2 0.27
Mean 49090 27987 2.00
*HW – Hand Weeding, DAS – Days after Sowing, a.i. – Active Ingredient,
44
Pagar et al. (2019)
ARS Badnapur, MaharashatraClayey Soil (pH-7.62)
45. Table 23: Economics of pigeon pea production as influenced by different weed
control treatments
S.No. Treatment
Gross
returns
(x103 ₹ ha-1)
Net returns
(x103 ₹ ha-
1)
B:C Ratio
T1 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg/ha (PE) + paraquat 0.48 kg/ha (6 WAS) 67.64 51.73 3.25
T2 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg/ha (PE) + paraquat 0.48 kg/ha (8 WAS) 66.52 50.62 3.18
T3 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg/ha (PE) + paraquat 0.48 kg/ha (10 WAS) 51.60 35.69 2.24
T4 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE) 53.88 38.60 2.53
T5 Pendimethalin 0.45 kg/ha (PE) + HW at 50 DAS 64.20 44.29 2.23
T6 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha (PE) 59.64 43.69 2.74
T7 Hand weeding (HW) at 25 and 50 DAS 65.36 41.51 1.74
T8 Weedy check 39.00 24.40 1.67
*PE – Pre emergence, WAS – Weeks after Sowing, DAS – Days after Sowing
45
Singh et al. (2016)
PAU Ludhiana
Loamy Sand Soil (pH-8.7)
46. Table 24: Seed yield and net returns as influenced by the weed control treatments in mung bean
46
Sandy loam Soil (pH-7.2)
Nandan et al. (2011)
Pulse Research Sub Station, Samba. SKUAST Jammu
S.No. Treatment
Seed yield (kg ha-1) Net return (₹ ha-1)
2006 2007 2006 2007
T1 One HW at 20 DAS 533.5 543.2 14405 15753
T2 HW twice at 20 and 40 DAS 695.9 699.8 18789 20294
T3 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PRE 540.5 546.0 14594 15834
T4 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PRE 573.7 580.3 15492 16829
T5 Fluchloralin (PPI,1.5 Kg/ha) 503.1 504.2 13584 14622
T6 Fluchloralin (PPI,1.5 Kg/ha) fb one HW 566.0 570.5 15282 16545
T7 Metolachlor (PRE,0.75kg/ha) 570.9 573.5 15414 16632
T8 Metolachlor (PRE,0.75kg/ha) fb one HW 690.6 692.6 18646 20085
T9 Weedy check 350.5 365.2 9464 10591
LSD (P=0.05) 87.7 88.8 - -
*Figures in parenthesis indicate the original values and are transformed by using (x+1)-1 transformation, PRE –Pre emergence
47. Table 25: Effect of weed control treatments on net returns in black gram 47
S.No. Treatment
Net return (₹ ha-1)
2006 2007
T1 Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS
19710 20580
T2 Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 as pre-emergence
17010 17724
T3 Quizalofop-p-ethyl 37.5 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for grassy weeds
15660 16240
T4 Chlorimuron ethyl 4.0 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for broad leaf weeds
14310 15092
T5 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 as post-emergence at 15-20 DAS for grassy weeds
16200 16884
T6 Quizalofop-p-ethyl 37.5 g ha-1 + chlorimuron ethyl 6.0 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS
15660 16240
T7 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g ha-1 + chlorimuron ethyl 6.0 g ha-1 at 15-20 DAS
15120 15960
T8 Imazethapyr 250 ml ha-1 (post-emergence) after 15-20 days after sowing
19710 20720
T9 Weedy check,
11610 11844
*DAS – Days after Sowing
Sandy loam Soil (pH-7.2)
Nandan et al. (2011)
Pulse Research Sub Station, Samba. SKUAST Jammu
48. Table 26: Economics of operating integrated weed management in blackgram
S.No. Treatment
Total Cost
of
cultivatio
n
(₹ ha-1)
Gross return
(₹ ha-1)
Net return
(₹ ha-1)
B:C ratio
2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004
T1 Weedy check + normal seed rate 6515 1760 5,520 -4755 -995 0.3 0.8
T2 Weedy check + 30% higher seed rate 6695 1620 4,760 -5075 -1935 0.2 0.7
T3 Weedy check + 50% higher seed rate 6815 1580 4520 -5235 -2295 0.2 0.6
T4 HW 20 DAS + normal seed rate 7051 11100 10000 4049 3049 1.6 1.4
T5 HW 20 DAS + 30% higher seed rate 7231 8720 9160 189 1929 1.2 1.3
T6 HW 20 DAS + 50% higher seed rate 7351 7880 9200 529 1849 1.1 1.2
T7 HW 40 DAS + normal seed rate 7339 12560 9940 5221 2601 1.7 1.3
T8 HW 40 DAS + 30% higher seed rate 7519 8720 9680 1201 2161 1.2 1.2
T9 HW 40 DAS + 50% higher seed rate 7639 7860 9000 221 1361 1.0. 1.2
T10 HW (20 DAS and 40 DAS) + normal seed rate 7955 14500 12500 6545 4545 1.8 1.6
T11 HW (20 DAS and 40 DAS) + 30% higher seed rate 8135 10560 11780 2425 3645 1.3 1.4
T12 HW (20 DAS and 40 DAS) + 50% higher seed rate 8255 10060 11680 1805 3425 1.2 1.4
T13 Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i ha-1 + normal seed rate 6479 12540 10900 5381 4421 1.7 1.5
T14 Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i ha-1 + 30% higher seed rate 6679 9000 10620 1661 3941 1.2 1.4
T15 Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i ha-1 + 50% higher seed rate 6779 8680 10420 1221 3641 1.2 1.3
T16 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 + HW (40 DAS) + normal seed rate 7754 16340 13860 8586 6106 2.1 1.8
T17 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 + HW (40 DAS) + 30% higher seed rate 7954 12240 12020 4306 5426 1.5 1.5
T18 Pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 + HW (40 DAS) + 50% higher seed rate 8054 8240 11100 186 5046 1.0 1.3
*HW – Hand Weeding, DAS – Days after Sowing, a.i – Active Ingredient
48
Velayudham (2007)
NPRC, Vamban Tamil NaduSandy Clay Loam Soil (pH-6.1)
49. Conclusion
Pulses have significantly better yield potential than what we are having in our fields
currently. We just need to give more emphasis on proper weed management in pulses just
like we give to our cereal and cash crops. Weed menace is a very big hurdle in pulse
production especially in kharif season where weed density is much higher than rabi or
summer pulses.
Application of Pre Plant Incorporation Herbicide like Fluchloralin (1-1.5 kg a.i. ha-1) or
a pre emergence herbicide like Pendimethalin (1-1.5 kg a.i. ha-1) 1-2 DAS give superior weed
control up to 25-30 DAS followed by 1 hand weeding/Hoeing at 30-40 DAS which lead to
better weed control in later stages of crop growth. These two weed management practices
when combined manage weeds below economical threshold level leading to better seed
yield, haulm yield, gross returns and net returns without major increment in cost of
cultivation which ultimately results in higher yields with better B:C Ratio.
49