This document discusses India's population growth, pressures on natural resources, food demand projections, and strategies for increasing agricultural productivity to feed the growing population in a sustainable manner. Some key points: - India's population is projected to grow significantly from 547 million in 1961 to over 1.6 billion in 2051, placing increasing pressure on land and water resources. - Domestic food demand is projected to nearly double by 2050 under various scenarios due to population and income growth. - Strategies to meet this growing demand in a sustainable way include increasing land, water and labor productivity 4-6 times through improved technologies and practices.

1. 13th October, 2012

2. India Today…
> 17% of the world’s human & 11%
livestock population and counting
4.2% of the world’s water
2.4% of the world’s area
142 m ha cultivated & 60 m ha net irrigated
138% cropping intensity
52% of population earns livelihood in agriculture
14.0% contribution in GDP
10.5% earning of total exports

3. India’s Population 1961 to 2051
Total and Urban
Rural
Urban
547
million
1210
million
1620
million

4. Pressures on Natural
Resource Base
Deforestation
Soil erosion
Desertification
(million ha)
Land degradation 107.43
Water erosion 57.15
Degraded forests 24.90
Wind erosion 10.46
Salt-affected 6.32
Acid-affected 12.00
Others 8.60
Per capita agricultural
land availability
0.34 ha (1950-51)
0.17 ha (1999-2000)
0.12 ha (2010-2011)
Biodiversity for
Posterity
World
Estimated Species 10 million
Documented species 1.72 million
India: Among the 12 Mega bio-diversity
Centres
India: 3 of the 34 Hot Spots of
Biodiversity
12% of world’s flora
7% of world’s fauna
National Bureaus of Plant,
Animal, Fish, Microbes and
Insects

5. Economy and Per Capita Income
Three scenarios
Business as Usual (GDP growth 5.43%)
Repeat of 1970-2010
Kneejerk reforms like 1991 if economy slides
Phase of high growth, followed by emphasis on inclusive growth
Maintain momentum (GDP growth 6.0%)
Consolidate gains of post 1991 reforms that gave growth rate close to 6.7 % for
two decades
Reforms, but at slow pace
Crisis forces long term initiatives to check populist policies
Emphasis on balancing growth and sustainability
Upside scenario (GDP growth 8.0%)
India takes 37 years to achieve what China did in 30 years. It overtakes China to
become top economy in PPP in 2050 (The Wealth Report 2012)
Dynamic private sector, strong institutions and vast potential
Chances of another bout of reforms to take economy to new growth trajectory.

6. How Much Food will be Consumed?
BAU
MM
UPSIDE
8597
54183
30497
12159
40312
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1970 2010 2050
Food spending (`)
Share (%)
40 yr. back
1970
Present
2010-11
2050
BAU MM UPSIDE
Food share in income 58 23 9 10 6
Food spending 4.65 14.42 49.37 65.27 87.72
Per capita food spending 8597 12159 30497 40312 54183

7. Total Domestic Demand for Various Food
Commodities: million tonne
Food Items
Present Projected for 2050
2009-2010 BAU MM Upside
Cereals 196.4 311.5 358.7 406.9
Pulses 17.8 35.1 46.3 50.3
Foodgrains 214.2 346.6 405.0 457.1
Edible Oils 15.7 29.5 39.0 45.2
Vegetables 131.8 258.9 342.2 438.6
Fruits 71.2 231.0 305.3 183.4
Milk 111.5 303.7 401.4 483.6
Sugar 22.0 44.1 58.3 58.2
Meat 6.0 10.4 13.8 18.1
Eggs 58.2 139.2 183.9 202.5
Fish 7.1 16.9 22.4 27.0

8. Past and Required Growth Rate to Meet Domestic
Demand (%/year)
Items Historical
Projected for 2050
BAU MM Upside
Cereals 2.25 0.67 1.03 1.36
Sugar 2.57 1.39 2.12 2.11
Pulses 0.92 1.84 2.57 2.79
Edible oils 2.81 2.80 3.54 3.94
Vegetables 3.35 1.63 2.36 3.01
Fruits 3.31 2.90 3.64 2.29
Milk 4.39 2.26 2.99 3.49
Meat 4.22 1.31 2.04 2.75
Eggs 5.66 2.09 2.83 3.08
Fish 3.55 1.72 2.45 2.94
Total 1.92 2.57 2.82

9. Land Scenario
Land Use type: million hectare
Land type 1970 2010 2050
Forest 63.8 69.6 69.6
Non Agriculture uses 16.5 26.3 42.0
Barren and Unculturable land 28.1 17.0 10.3
Permanent Pasture and Grazing 13.3 10.3 8.1
Miscellaneous trees and groves 4.4 3.4 4.4
Culturable waste 17.5 12.8 9.3
Fallow land other than current 19.3 24.9 19.3
Net Area Sown 140.8 141.4 142.6
Crop intensity 117.7 138.5 161.0
Reporting area 303.7 305.7 305.6
Increase in crop intensity will result in 17 per cent increase in area under cultivation
Quality-Quantity dimension

10. Water Scenario
Water demand projection: NCIWRD and IWMII
IWMI: Projects increase in Net area under irrigation from current level of
63 mh to 81 mh and gross irrigated area from 88 mh to 117 mh
Water demand in Agriculture and other sectors: BCM
Sector 2000 2010 2025 2050
NCIWRD, Planning Com.
Irrigation 557 611 807
Total 710 843 1180
IWMI
Irrigation 605 675 637
Domestica 34 66 101
Industrialb 42 92 161
Total 680 833 900
a Domestic withdrawals include those for livestock water demand which is 3.2 BCM
b Industrial withdrawals include cooling needs for power generation
Source: IWMI, 2007.

11. Energy Scenario
Electricity Demand and Supply TWH
Type of use 2006-07 2050 Growth Rate
Total 526 3229 4.21
Agriculture Uses 99 174 1.29
Agriculture share 18.8 5.4
Source: Dolf Goelen, Nathalie Trudeau, Dagmar Graczyk, Peter Taylor (2009). Technology Development
Prospects for the Indian Power Sector, IEA Working Paper Series, SPT/ETP/2009, Paris.
Agriculture Energy use and Projections: P Joules
Type 2005a 2010a 2020a GR 2005-20 2050b GR 2010-50
Electric 319 369 479 2.75 704 1.29
Diesel 341 382 461 2.03 842 2.03
Pumping 462 492 551 1.18 809 1.29
Farming 197 258 389 4.64 711 2.03
Total 659 750 940 2.40 1520 1.78
Source: Stephane de la Rue du Can, Michael McNeil, and Jayant Sathaye , India Energy Outlook: End Use Demand in
India to 2020 , ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY, January 2009, USA

12. Manpower in Agriculture
Sectoral Composition of Output and Workforce
1970 2010 BAU Mm Upside
Output share %
Agriculture 41.7 14.5 6.0 6.4 4.1
Non-Agriculture 58.3 85.5 94.0 93.6 95.9
Workforce share %
Agriculture 72.1 53.2 27.2 27.2 27.2
Non-Agriculture 27.9 46.8 72.8 72.8 72.8
Workforce size: million
Agriculture 126 244 171 171 171
Non-Agriculture 181 459 627 627 627

13. Main Targets
A four fold increase in land productivity
A three fold increase in water
productivity
Doubling of energy use efficiency
A six fold increase in labour productivity
Low carbon emission

14. Productivity Gains
Commodity
Productivity
1950 2011 Times
Food Grains, kg/ha 522 1921 3.7
Fruits, kg/ha 8600 11700 1.36
Vegetables, kg/ha 7500 17300 2.30
Fish, kg/ha
(Aquaculture)
400 2900 7.25
Milk litre/lactation 583 1080 1.8
Eggs, No./bird 50 248 4.96

15. Towards Knowledge Management
Resources to Decisions
Ideas - Innovations
Insight - Vision
Information - Knowledge
Skills - Technologies

16. Agricultural R&D
Rainfed agriculture, Diversified agriculture, Integrated
Agriculture
Secondary Agriculture, Speciality Agriculture, Stress-
Agriculture
Climate-Smart Agriculture (Resilient varieties and breeds)
Enhanced Input Use Efficiency (Reduced cost of
cultivation)
Health Management (genomics, diagnostics, vaccines, One
Health approach)
Farm Mechanization, Energy Management, Primary
Processing and value addition

17. Animal Husbandry: An Ancient
Practice in India
Dates back to 6-10 millennia
Became symbol of socio-economic
status & religious
Seals from Harappa site
depicting domestic and wild
animals underline
significance of animals.
Vedic people worshipped cow
as goddess Laxmi
Vedic wars fought to protect
animal wealth

18. Indian Livestock
70 million dairy farmers
199 million (15 % global) cattle and
105 million buffaloes (56% global)
140 million Goats (16.8 % : second after China)
71.5 million sheep
0.52 million camel (down 18% from 2003)
0.26 million mithuns
0.08 million yaks
11.1 million pigs
(DAHD 2010)

19. Livestock Production at a Glance
Commodity
Present Annual
Production
Rank in the
World
Demand by
2020
Milk (million tonnes) 127.3 I 152
Meat (million tonnes) 5.1 V 11
Eggs ( in billions) 65.5 III 88
Fish (million tonnes) 8.3 II 12

20. Contribution of Livestock GDP
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25.04 25.2 25.46 25.39
16.04 15.46
14.69 14.29
27.59
13.36
28.86
27.28
12.41 12.34
4.02 3.9 3.74 3.63 3.68 3.58 3.37
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2208-09 2009-10 2010-11
Ag. (%) Total GDP AH (%) to Total GDP AH (%) to Ag. GDP

21. Production
176.0
251.0
260.0
266.0
273.0
281.0
Milk
124.0 121.8 127.3
112.0
17.0 21.2
53.9
102.6
107.9
112.2 116.4
1950-51 1968-69 1990-91 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Milk Production (MT) Per Capita Availability (gm/day)

22. Meat Production (million tonnes)
1.9
2.1
2.3
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.9
5.1
1998-99 2002-03 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

23. 1.8
5.3
Poultry
21.1
50.7
53.6
55.6
60.3
63.0
65.5
5.0
10.0
25.0
42.0
47.0
49.0
51.0
53.0
1950-51 1968-69 1990-91 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Egg (billion nos.) Per Capita Availability (nos/annum)

24. Wool Production (million kg)
27.5
29.8
41.2
45.2
44.0
41.0
43.1 43.0
44.4
1950-51 1968-69 1990-91 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

25. Improved Germplasm
Rural poultry strains
Murrah Buffalo
Gir Cattle
Improved goat
germplasm
Mewari Camel
Marwari Horse
Crossbred cattle
germplasm

26. Improved germplasm
Frieswal crossbred cattle with milk yield of 3000 kg/lactation
Frieswal cow Vrindavani cattle
Improved Murrah buffalo yielding >2500 Kg/lactation

27. A Cross Bred Cow under Trial in a Village Produced 59.5 kg Milk

28. Garole X Malpura Crosses of sheep
(introgression of FeC B- twinning gene)
Improved germplasm of goats with increased weight gain and milk production
Jamunapari Sirohi

29. Pig Germplasm
Meghalaya Local Ghungroo Duroc
Hampshire Crossbred piglets

30. Animals for the
highlanders
Yak
Mithun

31. Yaks: Bos grunniens
White Yak Hairy Forehead Yak Common Yak
70000
60000
50000
40000
Bisonian Yak Bare-Back Yak
30000
20000
10000
0
62000
14000
5000
2000 50 30

32. Different Genetic Strains of Mithun: Bos frontalis
Arunachal Pradesh Manipur
Nagaland Mizoram

33. Improved breeds/
strains for backyard
poultry laying 170
eggs/year
Female
Gramapriya
Vanaraja
Male
Female Male

34. Improved strains for Quails, Ducks, Turkey, Guinea Fowl
34

35. 20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Poultry strains developed over a period
7
6 6
3 3
1
10
6
Broiler Layer Rural
19
1980 - 1990
1990 - 2000
2000 - 2010
Breeds with
Over 300
eggs/year

36. Global Warming
There is a gradual
increase in the
average temperature
of the Earth’s
atmosphere in the
last 100 years…It
has risen about 1°C
since 1900…

37. Global Anthropogenic CH4 budget
Enteric fermentation ,
28%
Natural gas , 15%
Solid waste , 13%
Oil, 1%
Fuel stat. & mobile ,
1%
Biofuel combustion ,
4%
Biomass burning , 5%
Manure, 4%
Rice , 11%
Coal, 8%
Waste water , 10%

38. Methane emission by livestock in India
Global India
% of
global
Livestock population
(Million)
4599.7 529.2 11.51
Enteric methane emission
(Tg/year)
109.44 12.97 11.85
Methane emission from
waste (Tg/year)
12.67 1.24 9.79
Total methane emission
(Tg/year)
122.11 13.21 11.64

39. Climate Change: Direct And Indirect Impacts On
Livestock And Livestock Systems
A. Feeds: quantity and quality is adversely
affected
B. Impact on livestock pastures and forage
crop production
C. Changes in distribution of livestock disease
and pests
D. Direct effects on animal health, growth and
reproduction

40. Response to Heat Stress
Reduced feed intake
increased water intake
altered metabolic rate
increased evaporative water loss
increased respiration rate
altered blood hormone concentrations
increased body temperature
reduced uterine blood flow

41. Dry Areas of India

42. Peculiarities of Arid Zone
Low & erratic rainfall <400 mm (cv. 80-40%)
High Temperature (45-48ºC)
High wind velocity (20-40 km hr-1)
Frequent Drought
Sandy Soil with Low Soil WHC
Poor Soil Fertility
Degraded Natural Vegetation
Wind & Water Erosion
Acute Water Scarcity
Poor Water Resources
Lowering Ground water Table
Hostile Climate, Fragile Natural Resources,
Socio-Economic Constraints, Poor Market facilities
Low Biomass Production/ Crop Failures (not dependable)
Animal Husbandry + Perennial Vegetation provides stability

43. Camel
Production
Thrive well and reproduce in
semi-arid and arid areas
Lower water requirements
and excrete less water and
nitrogen in urine
The amount of digested cell
wall carbohydrate is much
larger
Hsp70 gene cluster
(HSPA1A,HSPA1B &
HSPA1L) are actively
transcribed in different camel
tissues even under normal
physiological conditions
Declining population of camels by
50% during the last 4 decades is a
matter of serious concern

44. 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Change in Camel Population(million)--
Rajasthan
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Camel
Populaion(million)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Camel Population(million)--India
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Population
Years

45. The Bactrian Camel (Ladakh)
Dwindling rapidly : < 100
Non functional sweat glands
Can only conserve heat but cannot dissipate heat effectively

46. Approaches for alleviating thermal Stress
Animal
Housing
Management
Nutritional
Modifications
Biotech
Options
Improved
Health
Service
Animal shelter design
Animal shade
Cooling system
Sprinkle system
Forced ventilation
Seasonal specific
feeding
Fiber feeding
Feeding Fats and
Concentrates
Vitamin and Mineral
Supplementation
Water Requirement
Livestock Diversity
Genetic Selection
Genomics/proteomics
Embryo Transfer
Stress Resistant
Species
Monitoring and control
Epidemiological
surveillance
Rapid investigation of
outbreaks
Geographic
information system
Laboratory and Field
Research

47. Milk Production in India and the United States

48. Milk Production Estimates
Animal
No. in milk
(in millions)
Av. Yd. (kg/d)
Milk (million
tonnes)
%
Indigenous
cows
28.8
(53%)
2.14 22.5 20.3
Crossbred
cows
10.1
(65%)
6.87 25.4 22.8
Buffaloes
35.5
(67.2%)
4.57 59.2 53.3
Goats 28.9 0.37 3.9 3.5

49. Issues and Constraints
Feed and fodder availability
Poor per capita milk yield
Livestock health
Livestock infertility
Clean milk and Meat Production
Climate Change

50. Estrus Synchronization Kit for Sheep and Goat
Application Estrus induction and synchronization in
small ruminants Useful in getting 3
lambings/ewe in 2 years
Features Controls cyclicity of animals
Status State Animal Husbandry Deptts./Extension
Units at Transfer Block level
Cost Rs. 10.60 for one dose
Cost of Kit: Rs 260=00
Kit consists of
Sponge 25
Speculum 1
Plunger 1

51. A farmer Shri Suresh Kumar, Village Kunjpura, Karnal, Haryana with his buffalo
which was successfully treated for anestrus and administered ovsynch protocol.
The animal conceived and delivered a calf

52. Buffalo which had not conceived for 5 years belonging to Mr. Suresh Pal, s/o
Mr. Mahiram, Village - Pundrak was treated with ovsynch and declared pregnant

53. Buffalo heifer (5 years old) belonging to Sh. Jaswant s/o Sh. Hari Singh of
village Narukheri which was treated with heatsynch and declared pregnant.

54. Embryo Biotechnology
Cloning
Embryo transfer
IVF

55. Identical Twins of Sahiwal from Split Embryos First ever IVF goat kid in
55
India
World’s first cloned buffalo calf was
produced using economical Handmade
Cloning Technique
World’s second cloned buffalo calf
named ‘Garima’ was produced using
Handmade cloning technique

56. Estimated requirement & availability of feed
resources by 2020
Category
Requirements *
(million tons)
Availability *
(million tons)
%
Deficit *
%
Deficit #
Dry fodder 530 404 24 11
Green fodder 880 590 33 35
Concentrate 96 61 37 45
* NIANP estimates
# (XII plan document)

57. Export of oil cakes and bran (tons)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
The quantity of oil-meals exported if used domestically can result in additional
12-15 million tons of milk annually bridging the deficit gap
0%
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Castor seed Ricebran Groundnut Rape Soybean

58. CONSTRAINTS
Changes in the area under fodder, forest, fallow, pasture and cultivable wasteland
Category & area (million Ha) 1990 2010 2020*
% change over
1990
Gross cropped areas
(Excluding fodder crops)
174.1 188.1 196.8 13.0
Fodder crops 8.3 7.9 7.09 -14.2
Forest 67.4 69.6 69.3 2.8
Permanent pastures & grazing 11.3 10.2 9.5 -16.0
Misc. tree cops & groves not
included
3.8 3.3 3.1 -17.1
Cultivable wasteland 15.1 12.9 11.7 -22.2
Current fallow 13.7 15.7 14.4 5.1
Other fallow 10.3 9.8 9.8 -4.7
* NIANP Projections
Declining fodder area, CPRs and plateau in the area & productivity of food crops. Waste and fallow
lands are under exploited due to labour shortage, uncertain rainfall and increased cost of inputs

59. APPROACHES
Concentrate Feed
Technology options
Strategic supplementation of limiting nutrients
Ration balancing with local feed resources
Alternate feed resources
Researchable issues
Precision feeding
Exploring newer unconventional feeds
Enhancing bio-availability of nutrients
Policy issues
Export of oil cakes and by products
Quality and safety assurance of animal feeds
Alternate feeds
Unconventional cakes

60. Dry roughage
Technology options
APPROACHES
Popularization of chaffing, baling
Urea-treatment process
Complete feed block technology
Researchable issues
Food-feed crops
Straw quality assessment
Lignin biodegradation
Appropriate farm machinery for minimizing biomass
loss
Policy issues
Incentives for better crop residue management to
prevent the burning/alternate uses
Fodder ware houses
Subsidizing/custom hiring of the machineries for better
fodder management

61. APPROACHES
Fruit & vegetable waste
Azolla
Green Fodder
Technology options
Silage and hay making
Azolla cultivation
Varieties for different agro-climatic zones
Improved cropping system
Researchable issues
Hydroponics
Newer varieties (higher yield, sustain
environmental & soil stress)
Policy issues
Better utilization of common property resources
Strengthening linkage between ICAR-DAHDF-Milk
Federation-NGOs
Strengthening of fodder seed chain
NSC & SSC to be mandated to promote fodder
seeds

62. Hydroponic green feed production in poly house system

63. Feed Block for livestock
Application Complete feed with all nutrients for improving
production
Features Locally available feed resources can beutilized
to prepare balanced ration . Easy to handle and
transport. Aids in resource based feeding
Status Commercialized
Cost Rs. 16-18 for 3.5 Kg Block

64. Bypass Protein (UDP) Feed
Application By incorporating 50% of total protein as by-pass
protein in concentrate mixture/ compound feed
Features Useful for high producing animals (>10 litres)
Status Available commercially
Cost Treatment cost Rs. 60 to 80 per 100 kg
protein supplement

65. Area Specific Mineral Mixture
Application As feed supplement
Features Provides specific deficient micronutrients and
improves productive and reproductive efficiency
by 20% and 50-60% respectively
Mode of
Transfer
Through milk federations/Feed
manufacturers/AH departments/extension units
at block level
Cost Rs. 0.63 for 40g
i.e. dose/adult/day

66. Animal disease Diagnostic Kits
Features Antigen/ Antibody based kits for diseases like
FMD, PPR, Blue Tongue, Brucella, IBR, etc.
Status Some kits commercialized, others awaiting
commercialization
Economic
Benefits
Prevention of loss due to
diseases with resultant
economic benefits

67. DEGCURE MIXTURE for treating
Selenium toxicity in animals
Application To be supplemented in feed or mixing
with jaggery or dough @ 30 g/day
for 30 days
Features To counter Selenium toxicity in
buffaloes
Status Technology awaiting transfer
Cost Rs. 30/kg mixture

68. Herbal drug for skin diseases
Application Herbal ointment to be applied on the infected
part of the skin locally once a day for 5-7 days
Features Named as Olinall’ the treatment is effective for
all kinds of skin diseases including fungal
diseases and wounds
Status Technology transferred to Pvt. Industries
Economics
Benefits
Cost effective treatment, Easy to apply, broad
spectrum for skin diseases

69. Animal Products
Animal Products Technology
Low cholesterol ghee, Mango Lassi with
extended shelf life, Ghee, fortified with herbs
developed.
Indigenous technology for production of
Rasmalai, kulfi, kheer mix, gulab jamun mix
with longer shelf life
Arjuna Ghee
Low Cholesterol
Ghee
Instant Rasmalai Mix

70. Goat Milk Paneer Mithun Milk and Hide Products
Mithun Leather Products
Designer low fat paneer from yak milk

71. Livestock Products
Value Addition
Low Cholesterol Ghee
Chicken Meat (low fat)

72. Value added products from Camel

73. Preservation of eggs through Oil-coating
Application Eggs are spray-coated with edible
vegetable oil containing anti-oxidant
or liquid paraffin
Features Eggs can be stored for 30 days at
ambient temperature (31C) and 120
days at refrigeration (5C)
temperature
Status Awaiting commercialization. Can be
taken up by Commercial houses/egg
processing sector
Cost Oil-coating cost Rs. 1.30/100 eggs

74. Pickled Eggs
Application Simple method for pickling of quail/chicken eggs
increased shelf life
Features Process can be easily practiced in rural areas much
investment, special skill and dependence on
refrigeration
Status Awaiting commercialization. Can be taken up by
Commercial entrepreneurship/ egg processing
sector
Cost Rs. 10/10 pickled quail eggs
Rs. 30/10 pickled chicken eggs

75. Production of Non-woven Wool Blended Felt
Application Utilization of Inferior grade rabbit wool and
length crossbred sheep wool for production of
superior quality lightweight felts
Features Felts have excellent softness, porosity or air-permeability
and absorbency. Can either be
used in the household or as medical textiles
(wound dressing, absorption padding) and
jackets
Status Can be taken up as a cottage industry
Cost of
production
Rs. 10 per sq. ft

76. 10
5
0
Inland,
29%
0.75
Fish
Production
trends in India
4.95
6.37
2005 - 06
2011 - 12
8.4
1950 - 51
1950-51 1995-96 2005-06 2011-12
Marine,
71%
Inland,
45%
Marine,
55%
1995 - 96
Marine,
Inland 43%
57%
Marine,
Inland, 38%
62%
Production in mt

77. Exclusive
Economic
Zone of
India

78. Potential of Fishery Resources in the Indian
Exclusive Economic Zone
58%
35%
1% 6%
0-50 50-200 200-500 Oceanic

79. Potential Fishing Zone
Chlorophyll Distribution
PFZ Map
Estimated Users: 37000
No. of Nodes : > 370
0.1 mg/m3 1.0 3.0 5.0
Mode of Dissemination
SMS, Radio, TV, Web,
Kiosks, Telephone, Fax,
Email

80. Carbon Footprint by Marine Fishing Boats
Fossil fuel consumption by marine fishing boats is around
1,380 million liters per year
CO2 emission by marine fishing sector is around 3.6 million
tonnes per year
CO2 emission:
Catch ratio
1980 1:1.3
1998 1:0.9
2007 1:0.8
CO2 emission:
Catch ratio
Trawlers 1:0.56
Gill netters 1:0.71
Dol netters 1:0.69
Other Mech 1:0.70
Total Mech. 1:0.60
Motorised craft 1:2.08

81. Gold Fish –
Fish Gold
Annual Global trade:
US $ 900 million

82. AQUA TOURISM

83. Eco Tourism in North East

84. Impact on Inland fisheries
Geographic shift of fish in
River Ganga
A shift in geographical distribution
of warm water Gangetic fishes, G.
giuris P. ticto, X. cancila, M.
vittatus, Catla catla mainly
inhabiting middle and lower
Ganga, towards upper Ganga at
Haridwar and above
Haridwar stretch during the period
1970-86 recorded annual mean
minimum water temperature
(13ºC), while during the period
1987-2003 it increased to 14.5ºC, an
increase of 1.5ºC
A congenial habitat for these warm
water fishes

85. Advancement of breeding period
Fish seed hatchery in district of North 24 Parganas reported an
advancement of the breeding season by more than a month in the
last two decades
Indian major carps breeding started during 24-31 May during 1980
where as during 2005 all the hatcheries started breeding programme
during 7-14 April
It shows an extended breeding period by 45-60days with breeding
season extending from 110-120 to 160-170 days at present
Advanced Breeding Period of IMC at
different hatcheries of 24 Pgs (N)

86. Multiple breeding
Extension of spawning season –
(Year-round seed)
2-3 folds increase in spawn
production
Reduction in broodstock
requirement
Cryopreservation of carp milt
Protocol developed for Carp
spermatozoa
Used in several hatcheries for
reduction of inbreeding

87. Carp breeding and Hatchery Management
Brood stock management:
Density, water, feed, health
Use of exogenous hormones for
induced breeding:
Pituitary extract
LHRH-A
Ovaprim, Ovatide, Wova-FH
Development of different hatchery
systems for mass-scale seed production:
Glass jar hatchery
Eco-hatchery
Portable FRP hatchery

88. Fish Feeds
Balanced feed
formulations for different
size groups
Use of non-conventional
resources as feed
ingredients
Small feed mills with 100
kg capacity a day
Fish meal trap

89. Supplementary Feeding
Bran-oil cake mixture in carp farming
Farm-made feed in different regions
Floating feed used in culture of
catfish- Pangasius pangasius
Formulated sinking pellets in
freshwater prawn farming

90. Feed Mills
Several commercial feed plants established in Chhattisgarh and
Andhra Pradesh – sinking and floating petllets

91. Feed Development for Coldwater Fishes

92. Seabass Formulated Feed –
CIBA BHETKIAHAR

93. Present and projected use of feeds and feed ingredient and the requirements by
2020 for freshwater aquaculture and marine shrimp culture in India
Major Feed/Feed Ingredients Present use per annum
(tonnes)
Projected requirement per
annum by 2020 (tonnes)
Freshwater aquaculture
Rice bran & wheat bran 85 800 163 020
Oil cakes 5 980 11 370
Marine ingredients (for prawn feeds) 6 000 10 000
Others 2 600 4 940
Shrimp Culture
Formulated feed 193 500 307 500
Fishmeal 36 000 73 800
Squid meal 2 700 5 535
Shrimp meal 11 250 23 062
Mantis shrimp meal 15 000 30 750
Soybean meal 33 000 67 650
Cereal flour 30 000 61 500
Fish oil 4 500 9 225
Lecithin 750 1 537
Binders 1 500 3 075

94. Argulosis in carps
Argulus siamensis is the dominant species in Indian
aquaculture.
Loss goes up to ` 300 crore per year.
Avermectin group of drugs are effective in their control.
Host-parasite interaction study have been conducted at CIFA.
Work on development of immunoprophylaxsis for its
prevention is on progress.

95. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
It was first reported in May, 1988 in India.
More than 30 species of fish are recorded to be
infected.
Causative agent: Oomycetes Aphanomyces invadans
Recurrence of this disease has been reported again in
northern parts of India.

96. Aeromonas hydrophila
infection in fish
Common and most prevalent
bacterial pathogen in fish culture
May cause outbreaks
Both serological and molecular
diagnostics are available.
No vaccine available so far.
Selection programme has generated
one disease resistant variety of rohu
with selection response of 58% after
second generation of selection.

97. White tail disease in M. rosenbergii
Loss was more than Rs 300
crore/annum during 2004-05
Caused by M. rosenbergii nodavirus
and associated with extra small virus
OIE Reference Laboratory in Vellore,
India
CIFA, CIBA and CIFE have developed
diagnostics for this disease besides
other Labs of India
Studies have proved recombinant
protein of MrNV for reducing viral
load in infected prawns.

98. WMD in Scampi
MrNV nested PCR
676bp
301bp
1kb
DNA
ladder
100bp
ladder

99. Viral Disease in Fish & Shrimp
WSSV in shrimp
Taura syndrome (TS) serious viral disease
in shrimp
Lymphocystis disease (LCD)
Loose shell Syndrome (LSS)
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN)

100. WSSV affected shrimp with White spots on carapace

101. Iridovirus infection in Seabass showing
highly reduced visceral organs

102. Gross signs viz., Size variation and dark
discoloration seen in MSGS shrimp

103. Fish Health Management
Diagnosis
Immunodiagnostics and molecular
diagnostics against important
microbial pathogens (A.
hydrophila, E. tarda, Flexibacter
and Pseudomonas spp.)
Treatment
Therapeutics, CIFAX-A
formulation against EUS, Herbal
products
Prevention and Control
Immunostimulants: glucan,
levamisole, chitosan

104. Diagnostics developed at ICAR
Institutes
PCR-based diagnostics for
white spot virus of shrimp
(Monodon baculovirus)
Immunodiagnostics (ELISA
and latex agglutination kits)
for Edwardsiella tarda,
Aeromonas hydrophila,
Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Vibrio alginolyticus & latex
agglutination kit for white spot
virus of shrimp

105. Fish Products
Gelatin from fish skin:
Yield - 15%
Chitosan from shrimp
waste: Yield – 8%
Green Mussel Extract
Ready to Eat Products
Ornamental fish feed
Fishkure

106. THANK YOU