1) India has a population of over 1.2 billion people as of the 2011 census, with over 800 million living in rural areas and over 260 million working in agriculture.
2) Fertilizer production and consumption in India is significant, with over 15 million tonnes produced and over 25 million tonnes consumed annually to support agriculture and food production.
3) However, fertilizer use efficiency is relatively low in India, at 30-50% for nitrogen and 15-20% for phosphorus, due to issues like soil nutrient imbalances, lack of awareness on balanced nutrition, and poor crop management practices.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...Bornali Borah
The global soil resource is already showing a sign of serious degradation (Banwart et al. 2014) which has ultimately negative impact on sustained crop yield and environmental quality. Due to intense rainfall and concurrent rise in temperature with changing climate, the fertile top soil is prone to severe degradation with depletion of SOC. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost soil C ranging from 30 to 60 t C ha-1 with the magnitude of 50 to 75% loss (Lal, 2004). Hence, restoration of soil quality through different carbon management options will enhance soil health, mitigate climate change and provide sustained agricultural production.
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...Bornali Borah
The global soil resource is already showing a sign of serious degradation (Banwart et al. 2014) which has ultimately negative impact on sustained crop yield and environmental quality. Due to intense rainfall and concurrent rise in temperature with changing climate, the fertile top soil is prone to severe degradation with depletion of SOC. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost soil C ranging from 30 to 60 t C ha-1 with the magnitude of 50 to 75% loss (Lal, 2004). Hence, restoration of soil quality through different carbon management options will enhance soil health, mitigate climate change and provide sustained agricultural production.
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
Little do people know, but one of the most important commodities in the 21st century is fertilizer. This presentation is aimed at a fundamental look at why it is important to have fertilizer in order to grow plants and ultimately sustain agricultural developments worldwide.
Regions at work for the Bio-Economy:
How to help entrepreneurs convert bio-wastes into efficient fertilisers in a fair regulatory framework and a financially de-risked environment?
Email:chinafertilizermachine@gmail.com
Website:http://www.fertilizer-machine.net
Fertilizer is divided into inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. No matter what the fertilizer is, applying fertilizer properly to crops helps promote crops growth and increase crop yield.
Trend, imbalance,Gst and subsidy of fertilizer industry in IndiaSunil Kumar B R
Introduction
Production ,consumption and import of fertilizers
Imbalance of fertilizers.
Prices of NPK.
Prices of NPK relative to MSP (rice & wheat)
Speciality fertilizers and consumption after NBS
Balanced Fertilization
GST and fertilizers
conclusion
The presentation is by Inbasekar, IARI from the one day workshop on ‘Pulses for Nutrition in India: Changing Patterns from Farm-to-Fork’ organized on Jan 14, 2014. The workshop is based on a few studies conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute under the CGIAR’s Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. These studies covered the entire domain of pulse sector in India from production to consumption, prices to trade, processing to value addition, and from innovations to the role of private sector in strengthening the entire pulse value chain. These studies were designed to better understand the drivers of changing dynamics of pulses in the value chain from farm-to-fork, and explore opportunities for meeting their availability through increased production, enhanced trade and improved efficiency.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
Yara Fertilizer Industry Handbook
This handbook describes the fertilizer industry and in particular the nitrogen part which is
the most relevant for Yara International.
The document does not describe Yara or its strategies. For information on Yara-specific
issues please see the Capital Markets Day presentations.
Fertilizers are essential plant nutrients that are applied to a crop to achieve optimal yield
and quality. The following slides describe the value and characteristics of fertilizers in
modern food production.
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. ( Million)
Population of India (2011 Census) 1210
Male 623.1
Female 587.5
Rural 833.5
Urban 377.1
Agricultural Workers 263.0
(Million ha)
Total Gross Cropped Area (20 10-11) 199.0
Net sown Area (2010-11) 141.6
Gross irrigated Area (2010-11) 89.4
Net Irrigated Area (2010-11) 63.6
GDP at Factor Cost (2012-13 Provisional
Estimates)
(Rs ‘000 Crore)
GDP Current Price 9461.0
Agri & Allied GDP Current Price 1644.8
GDP Constant Price (2004-05 Prices) 5505.4
Agri & Allied Sector GDP Constant Price
(2004-05 Prices)
753.6
Source: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation
3. TYPE OF FERTILIZERS PRODUCED IN INDIA
Type of fertilizers Grade
Straight Nitrogenous
Ammonium Sulphate (AS) 20.6% N
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) 25% N
Ammonium Chloride 25% N
Urea 46% N
Straight Phosphatic
Single Super Phosphate (SSP) 16% P2O5
Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 46% P O
NP/NPK Complex Fertilizers
Urea Ammonium Phosphate 24-24-0
28-28-0
14-35-14
Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate 16-20-0
20-20-0
Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) 18-46-0
Mono Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) 11-52-0
Nitro Phosphate 20-20-0
23-23-0
Nitro Phosphate with Potash 15-15-15
NP/NPKs 17-17-17
14-28-14
19-19-19
10-26-26
12-32-16
4. ALLINDIA DEMAND FORECAST OF FERTILIZER PRODUCTS (THOUSAND
TONNES)
2012 -13 to 2016 -17
Year Urea DAP NP/NPKs SSP MOP*
2013-14 31192 11784 10577 4682 4343
2014-15 32029 12002 10861 5091 4492
2015-16 32858 12212 11142 5513 4643
2016-17 33677 12413 11420 5948 4793
2017-18 33754 12764 11841 6476 4934
1. * For direct consumption.
2. Source: Working Group Report on Fertilizer Industry for Twelfth
Five-Year Plan
5. Year 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Urea 199.2 211.12 218.81 219.84 225.75
DAP 29.93 42.46 35.37 39.63 36.47
Complex
Fertilizers
68.48 80.38 87.27 77.70 61.80
PRODUCTION OF UREA, DAP AND COMPLEXES
(In Lakh MT)
13. Depleting soil organic matter
Imbalance in fertilizer use
Emerging multi-nutrient deficiencies
Declining nutrient use efficiency
Declining crop response ratio
Negative soil nutrient balance
14. NPK Ratios across states in India for 2013
EAST SOUTH
Bihar 12.3 : 3.6 : 1 Andhra Pradesh 7.1 : 2.8 : 1
Orissa 6.2 : 2.4 : 1 Karnataka 3.6 : 1.6 : 1
West Bengal 2.9 : 1.6 : 1 Tamil Nadu 3.9 : 1.5 : 1
NORTH WEST
Haryana 61.4 : 18.7 : 1 Gujarat 13.2 : 3.4 : 1
Punjab 61.7 : 19.2 : 1 Maharashtra 3.5 : 1.8 : 1
Uttar Pradesh 25.2 : 8.8 : 1 Rajasthan 44.9 : 16.5 : 1
15. Nutrient Efficiency Cause of low efficiency
Nitrogen 30-50 %
Immobilization,
volatilization,
denitrification, Leaching
Phosphorus 15-20%
Fixation in soils Al – P, Fe
– P, Ca – P
Potassium 70-80% Fixation in clay - lattices
Sulphur 8-10%
Immobilization, Leaching
with water
Micro nutrients (Zn, Fe,
Cu, Mn, B)
1-2% Fixation in soils
17. Reasons:
Inadequate and imbalanced fertiliser use
Increasing multi-nutrient deficiency
Lack of farmers awareness about balanced
plant nutrition
Poor crop management (Excess fertiliser
dose not be the substitute of poor
management)
18. Soil Organic Carbon Map
68%
24%
8%
Low
Mediu
m
High AP
60%
24%
16%
Low
Medi
um
High
Punjab
61%
27%
12%
Low
Medi
um
High
MP
50%
38%
12%
Low
Medium
High Maha
74%
18%
8%
Low
Medi
um
High West Bengal
73%
24%
3%
Low
Medium
High Karnataka
55%
24%
21%
Low
Med…
High UP
52%
25%
23%
Low
Me…
High
Bihar Over All India
Organic Carbon
Status
67%
25%
9%
67% of Indian Soil is having
lower organic Carbon
Organic carbon status in all the major states is low
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka are the major states where organic carbon is low Source: Coromandel’s Internal Finding
OC test done - 3.4 lac samples
19. Suggested Medium term Strategy
Use of optimal dose based on soil health status.
Promotion of Neem-Coated Urea.
Promotion of Micronutrients.
Promotion of Organic Fertilizers.
Promotion of Water Soluble Fertilizer under NHM.
20. Operational Issues
Quality Control & Enforcement of FCO mandated standards.
Strengthening of the enforcement measures to prevent
hoarding/ black marketing/ Smuggling /diversion of
subsidised fertilizers to non-agriculture use.
Operationalisation of mFMS at the retailer level.
Close Coordination with Suppliers and timely placement of
Indent with Railways.
Collaboration in the Pilot Project for tracking & tracing of
fertilizers sales.
