Abstract— The fly ash emitting from Kolaghat thermal power plant (KTPP), India, is affecting the crop production in the vicinity of power plant. Use of NPK fertilizers for cereal crops has increased by 0-50% in the surrounding area (<4km)><4km)><4km)><4km) of KTPP. Site-specific crop adaptation, resources management, organic farming and good agricultural practices can nourish the agricultural sustainability and improve the socio-economic status in the affected area of coal-fired thermal power plant in rural India.
Influenced of Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Tuberose by the Appl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to investigate the influenced of yield and yield contributing characters of tuberose by the application of bulb and fertilizers. The experiment consisted of three bulb size viz., B1- small (1.0-1.5 cm ); B2- medium (1.6-2.5 cm) and B3- large (2.6-3.0 cm ) in diameter and different sources of fertilizers viz.,F0= control (no fertilizers ), F1- chemical fertilizers 330, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 of urea, TSP and MoP, respectively; F2- vermicompost 5 t ha-1; F3- poultry litter 10 t ha-1 and F4- cowdung 20 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a two factor Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The growth parameters as well as yield characters were greatly influenced by the application of poultry manure. In case of bulb size, the highest flower (12.45 t ha-1) and bulb (23.93 t ha-1) yield was recorded from B3 and the lowest flower (8.83 t ha-1) and bulb (12.94 t ha-1) yield was recorded from B1. In case of fertilizers, the highest flower (12.09 t ha-1) and bulb (21.36 t ha-1) yield was recorded from F3 and the lowest flower (7.95 t ha-1) and bulb (14.44 t ha-1) from F0. The maximum flower (14.19 t ha-1) and bulb (27.19 t ha-1) was found from the treatment combination of B3F3 and the minimum flower (6.16 t ha-1) and bulb (10.15 t ha-1) yield from B1F0. So, it may be concluded that large bulb size and 10 t ha-1 poultry litter is best for growth, bulb and flower production of tuberose.
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Influenced of Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Tuberose by the Appl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to investigate the influenced of yield and yield contributing characters of tuberose by the application of bulb and fertilizers. The experiment consisted of three bulb size viz., B1- small (1.0-1.5 cm ); B2- medium (1.6-2.5 cm) and B3- large (2.6-3.0 cm ) in diameter and different sources of fertilizers viz.,F0= control (no fertilizers ), F1- chemical fertilizers 330, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 of urea, TSP and MoP, respectively; F2- vermicompost 5 t ha-1; F3- poultry litter 10 t ha-1 and F4- cowdung 20 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a two factor Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The growth parameters as well as yield characters were greatly influenced by the application of poultry manure. In case of bulb size, the highest flower (12.45 t ha-1) and bulb (23.93 t ha-1) yield was recorded from B3 and the lowest flower (8.83 t ha-1) and bulb (12.94 t ha-1) yield was recorded from B1. In case of fertilizers, the highest flower (12.09 t ha-1) and bulb (21.36 t ha-1) yield was recorded from F3 and the lowest flower (7.95 t ha-1) and bulb (14.44 t ha-1) from F0. The maximum flower (14.19 t ha-1) and bulb (27.19 t ha-1) was found from the treatment combination of B3F3 and the minimum flower (6.16 t ha-1) and bulb (10.15 t ha-1) yield from B1F0. So, it may be concluded that large bulb size and 10 t ha-1 poultry litter is best for growth, bulb and flower production of tuberose.
Nature provides us varies resources that can be put to several meaningful functions to sustain our life on the earth.
But why today are we concerned about resources and its conservation in all across the world? That is because of the alarming levels of resource use and sustainability concerns. Several natural resources such as soil, water, energy, fuel, forest and so many are cornering at a level of being severely decline making the future of human civilization unsustainable. Talking about resource uses, agriculture and industrial sectors are the major consumers of natural resources
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
The development of Plant Nutrient Management to increase the quantity of plant nutrients in farming systems and thus crop productivity is a major challenge for food security and rural development.The depletion of nutrient stocks in the soil is a major but often hidden form of land degradation. On the other hand, excessive application of nutrients or inefficient management means an economic loss to the farmer and can cause environmental problems, especially if large quantities of nutrients are lost from the soil-plant system into water or air.
Increasing agricultural production by improving plant nutrition management, together with a better use of other production factors is thus a complex challenge. Nutrient management implies managing all nutrient sources - fertilisers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and bio-fertilizers in such a way that yield is not knowingly increased while every effort is made to minimise losses of nutrients to environment
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Impact of organic and conventional practices on, soil health and crop yield u...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study was carried out to evaluate the improvement of soil fertility and crop yield using formulated organic fertilizers in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) from October 2008 to April 2015 and the test crop was tomato, eggplant, cabbage and cauliflower. The physicochemical properties, behavior and persistence of plant beneficial microorganisms including nitrogen fixing bacteria, (e.g. Rhizobium sp., Azotobacter sp.), phosphate solubilizing bacteria e.g. (Bacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria), Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., in the amended/ non-amended block were evaluated each year. The soil beneficial microbial populations and health properties including pH, nitrogen content, organic matter, phosphorus, K, Ca, and S, increased significantly in the compost-amended soils compared to the conventional practices. The total nitrogen (N) content and the organic matter of compost amended soil were 215% and 200% higher respectively than that of conventional practices (CP). Furthermore, significant increase of available organic matter, N, P, & K was observed in the compost-amended soils compared to conventional and control block. Furthermore, microbial population showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils and yearly vegetables yield increased gradually and was reached to almost identical to conventional field within 5 years, implying that the soil amended with BIOFER compost increased the soil fertility, and vegetables yields. Thus, application of BAOFER compost at the rate of 15 t/ha/year was found adequate in improving the vegetable yields and soil health in open field cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.
Indian agriculture is passing through difficult times due to erractic weather conditions, especially drought and excessive rainfall, there by resulting into wide spread distress among farmers.
The average income of an agricultural household during July 2012 to June 2013 was as low as Rs.6,426.
As many as 22.50% of the farmers live below poverty line, the country also witnessed a sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides due to losses from farming and low farm income.
Farming in India is becoming hard and unsuccessful due to several causes like unexpected rainfalls,droughts, increased cost of cultivation due to pests and diseases, decrease in productivity of land, unavailability of water etc..
Farmers get very low income for their produce due to prevailing market prices that are very unstable.
Decline in Agriculture productivity and Income has a serious effect on rural house holds, and other economic, social as well as sustainability indicators.
A field experiments were conducted for two year (2011and 2012) at Areka Agricultural Research Center, in the South Region of Ethiopia to evaluate the response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to N and P fertilizers. Four levels of N (18, 27, 36 and 45 kg N/ ha) and three levels of P (46, 69 and 92 kg P2O5 /ha) with control were arranged in RCBD with three replications. Application of nitrogen increased significantly grain yield of common bean up to 116% than the control. And phosphorus application at a rate of 69 kg P2O5/ha increased significantly grain yield by 113% than control. The highest grain yield was obtained by the application of 45 kg N /ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha, though 45 kg N /ha rate had not cause statistically significant different grain yield than the preceding lower rates (36 and 27 kg N/ha). The economic analysis also supported that the highest net benefit of 23,110 Ethiopian Birr ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 1270% was obtained by the application of 27 kg N/ha. Net benefit of 21,070 ETB/ha with marginal rate of return of 80% were obtained by the application of 69 kgP2O5/ha. As a result, a combined application of 27 kg N/ha and 69 kgP2O5/ha are optimum and economical for better common bean production at Areka and similar areas.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
Why to use phytoremediation?
Solar-driven Sustainable green technology improves air quality and sequesters greenhouse gases.
Controls erosion, runoff, infiltration, and fugitive dust emissions
Passive and in-situ.
Applicable to remote locations, potentially without utility access
Can be used to supplement other remediation approaches or as a polishing step.
Can be used to identify and map contamination.
Lower maintenance, resilient, and self-repairing.
Provides restoration and land reclamation during clean up and upon completion. Can be cost competitive.
2 ijhaf nov-2017-4-effect of organic productsAI Publications
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different organic products on wheat variety Amber during Rabi 2015-16 in Randomized Block Design at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, Nare, Taluka Wada, Dist Palghar, Maharashtra. The study comprised sixteen different treatments of organic products viz. FYM @ 10 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermiwash @ 2%, Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Noval fertilizer @ 1%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost@2.5 t ha-1+Noval fertilizer@ 1%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Vermiwash @ 2%, FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Panchgavya @ 2% and 100% RDF @ 120:60:40 NPK kg ha-1. Wheat was sown at row spacing 20 cm X 5 cm on flat beds. The results showed that the treatments of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 along with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and spray with Noval fertilizer @ 1% at 30 and 60 days after sowingrecorded highest seed yield of2100 kg ha-1 followed by FYM @ 10 t ha-1 with vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 and Panchgavya @ 2% (2049 kg ha-1). The same treatment proved its superiority in increasing all yield attributing factors along with grain yield of wheat indicating the most effective organic treatment for wheat under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra.
Agro-Economic Benefits of Weed Biomass and Crop Residue in Maize Production S...IOSRJAVS
The climatic conditions of coastal Kenya favour rapid weed growth, leading to the accumulation of large biomass of weeds between cropping seasons. Smallholder farmers in the region usually slash and remove the weed biomass and crop residue from their farms during land preparation in order to facilitate easy planting. The impact of such practice on the production of maize has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the farmers’ practice on the performance of maize and fertilizer requirement. Three methods of managing weed biomass and crop residue (removal from field, incorporation into soil, or use as surface mulch) and five fertilizer rates (60 kg N ha-1 , 20 kg P ha-1 , 30 kg N ha-1 , 10 kg P ha-1 , and no fertilizer application) were evaluated. Removal of weed biomass and crop residue from the field led to 20-26% loss in grain yield and reduced the returns to labour by 41-51%.There was no response to applied P where weed biomass and crop residue had been incorporated into soil. Efforts should therefore be made to educate farmers on the advantages of retaining weed biomass and crop residue on their farms as they prepare land for subsequent crops.
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
Abstract— Anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice paddy fields produces methane and is considered one of the most prevalent sources for atmospheric methane. Methane from the rice paddy fields escapes to the atmosphere primarily by diffusive transport through the rice plants during the growing season. This paper aimed at the inventarisation of greenhouse gas emissions from the flooded rice paddy fields using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines - Tier 1 approach for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-use sector. The methane emission from rice paddy fields for the year 1990-1991 was 1.255 Gg or 31.364GgCO2e, while 2012-2013 accounts for 0.269Gg or 6.725GgCO2e. The overall decrease of 21.44% of methane emissions from rice paddy fields was observed during the last two and half decade. The rice paddy fields are decreased over the years due to rapid expansion of the built-up environment in the outskirts of the urban area.
Agricultural Waste Management in order to sustainable agriculture in KarnatakaAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Renewable energy as an alternative of fossil fuel for minimizing pollution and related issues, has got significant role in recent years. Agricultural residues as a source of biomass can be used to produce biogas. Every year while production of agriculture product generates lots of agro-residues and in many cases either left behind with no use or burn. Whereas can be prevented losing this source of energy by converting to the other types of energy. Nevertheless in present study assessing the potential of producing biogas out of biomass (agricultural residue) during one year in Karnataka state has conducted. For this purpose, production of agricultural crop residues data during one year depends on volatile solid (VS), extracted and according to the related coefficient, potential of biogas (methane) production computed. Results showed Maximum extracted methane respectively belonged to the rice, jowar, ragi, peanut and cotton residues. The total potential of methane production during the one year, 6391403732 cubic meters estimated.
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Climate Change Impacts in Asia,Prese...ICRISAT
Land degradation -a temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land, or its potential for environmental management.2 billion ha (22.5%) out of 8.7 billion ha degraded; support ~1.5 billion people Cost of land degradation –300 billion USD per annum Causes -Water & wind erosion, nutrient and or soil organic C depletion, water logging, compaction, salinization, acidification, pollution. Soil chemical degradation like nutrient-loss accounts for >40% of cropland degradation.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o
2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t
ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
at 10 t ha-1
Effect of biofertilizer in combination with organic manures on growth and fol...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
2 ijhaf dec-2017-3-effect of biochar issued fromAI Publications
Cassava is an important food crop cultivated (75%) by smallholder farmers. However, yields are very low and rarely exceed 17tons/ha-1. A study was carried out at Nkolbisson in the humid forest zone (HFZ) of Cameroon to assess the effect of three types of biochar issued from Cassava (CSb), Ricehusk (RHb), and Corncob (CCb) on the root yield of variety 8034 cassava cultivated along a soil fertility gradient. The biochars were produced using an Elsa pyrolysis technology with carbonisation time of 50-58mins and temperature ranging from 400-6500C. Twelve 8m2 plots were constructed in three sites from the higher elevated, moderately elevated and flat fields.The biochars were applied at 20t.ha-1in three replicationsin a completely randomized design.Results showed that the biochars were high in nutrients containing 4.17-18.15g.kg-1 N, 22.26-42.51 mg.kg-1 P, 2.48-4.18 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (H2O: 7.78-10.81) and were significantly higher than the no-input soil containing 0.79g.kg-1 N, 7.41mg.kg-1 P, 1.42 cmol.kg-1 K and pH (5.68). Cassava root yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in RHb plots (23.22 t.ha-1) than CCb (20.53 t.ha-1), CSb (18.67 t.ha-1) and the no-input soil (16.13 t.ha-1). The addition of biochar particularly RHb, increasednutrient uptake in cassava leaves and roots compared with theno-input soil. The study concludes that biochars with higher N, Pand K content tend to increase cassava root yield and suggestsincreasing the quantity of biochar to 40t/ha-1or continuous application in combination with other farming options such as poultry manure, compost or mineral fertilizer tomaximize cassava productivity given the benefits of biochar.
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Soil erosion is one of the major challenges of Ethiopia deteriorating the productivity of land. Soil and water conservation (SWC) is the only practice to reverse the threat and protect the land. Over the last three decades, different soil and water conservation activities have been undertaken. However, soil erosion still persists and become major threats of Ethiopian farmers. Despite the massive mobilization of resources for SWC, only very few farmers have been practicing integrated soil and water conservation measures for restoration of degraded agricultural land. In addition, there is lack of information among farmers on the impact of SWC on soil fertility improvement and soil nutrient content dynamics. This study was conducted in Kofele district, which is one of AGP district, in West Arsi Zones of Oromia. The study was aimed to demonstrate the impact of integrated Soil and water conservation measures in restoring degraded agricultural land. Dasho and Elephant grasses were planted on graded soil bund as an integration measures at four farmers field. Farmer’s field visit was arranged two times in two years to share practical experiences among the farmers and DA. It was also identified that soil nutrient contents in terms of total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and soil organic carbon content showed an increasing trend since establishment (2016). On the other hand, this kind of soil and water conservation practices on agricultural land showed promising way of carbon sequestration as the climate change mitigation strategy. The study recommended the use of integrated soil and water conservation measures as strategy of rehabilitating degraded agricultural land as apart of integrated water shed management.
Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Effect of fly ash on Crop Production around coal-fired thermal power plant in rural India
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 114
Effect of fly ash on Crop Production around coal-fired thermal
power plant in rural India
Subhas Adak1
, Kalyan Adhikari2
Koushik Brahmachari3
1
Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Email: subhas.adak@rediffmail.com
2
Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Email: kalyanadhikari99@gmail.com
3
Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalay, Mohanpur, India
Email: brahmacharis@gmail.com
Abstract— The fly ash emitting from Kolaghat thermal power plant (KTPP), India, is affecting the crop production in the
vicinity of power plant. Use of NPK fertilizers for cereal crops has increased by 0-50% in the surrounding area (<4km)
during last four years (2011-2015) whereas it is 14.29% - 33.33% for the rest of Kolaghat block. Increase in use of nitrogen
and phosphorus bearing fertilizers have been observed but potassium requirement (0-25%) has become lower within area
4km radius from KTPP. For the remaining area of the block, it is quite higher than that of adjacent area. Pest incidence has
increased (66.67%) throughout the study area. But a considerable increase in pest attack has been observed in the nearer
circles of KTPP. Doses of pesticides are higher (25% - 100%) in the adjacent area (<4km) than the rest of the block (12.5%-
46.67%). Yields of different cultivated crops also have decreased by 1.08% - 24.7% in the area close to KTPP. On the other
hand, the rest of the block has experienced little yield deviation (-0.2% to -9.34%) for all crops expect wheat (+6.48%),
maize (+0.41%), mustard (+10.08%), and moong (Vigna radiata) that have gained more yields (+10.25%). Consequently,
the cost of cultivation (<4km) is higher (12.5%-76.47%) than the rest (6.58%-62.5%) of the block. The results clearly show
that the adverse impact of fly ash on crop production in the proximity (<4km) of KTPP. Site-specific crop adaptation,
resources management, organic farming and good agricultural practices can nourish the agricultural sustainability and
improve the socio-economic status in the affected area of coal-fired thermal power plant in rural India.
Keywords— crop production, cultivation cost, fertilizer application, fly ash, pest incidence.
I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the livelihood of 58 % population of India (www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-presentation). Agriculture
sustains the rural economy of agrarian communities. Farming communities grow many crops for their own consumption and
earning money by selling the agricultural produces in the local markets. Production of crops depends on soil, water, weather
&climate, available inputs etc. Conducive environment supports the crop cultivation through sustainable uses of natural
resources to maximize the potential yield of cultivated crops. Intensive cultivation and injudicious uses of agricultural inputs
intensify the poor health of soil and congenial condition of pest infestation in the rural areas. In addition, natural calamities,
hazards and pollution also instigate the poor productivity of soil and proneness of infestation. Coal burned thermal power
plant encourages fly ash pollution in the adjacent area (Adak, et al., 2016). Fly ash is affecting the soil properties and micro-
climate around the power plant (Arun,et al., 2009). Kolaghat block in the district of Purba Medinipur , West Bengal is
experiencing the impact of fly ash coming out from the Kolaghat thermal power plant(KTPP) situated in the Kolaghat block
at 220
28’16”N and 870
52’12”E on the right bank of the Rupnarayan river in the district of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal .
The KTPP was installed in the year 1984. Now it has six units amounting total capacity of 1260MW. The power plant
consumes 18000 ton of coal and generates 75000-8000 ton ash per day. The considerable amount of fly ash subsides in the
surrounding area within 4km from KTPP (Adak, et.al, 2016; Dasgupta, A. and Paul, S., 2011). The fly ash influences the soil
properties and modifies soil pH to alkaline due to alkaline nature of fly ash (pH 8.4).Addition of fly ash increased the pH of
amendments from 6.15 to 7.05 (Gond, et al., 2013). It reflected that soil reaction of adjacent area (<4 km) of thermal power
plant was alkaline (> 7.5) which reduced the production potential of crops needed for subsistence & economy in the locality
(Adak, et al., 2016). Soils become more alkaline due to alkaline nature of fly ash around coal based thermal power plant
(Adak, et al., 2016;Pokale, W. K., 2012;; Basu, et al., 2009; Singh, et al., 1995). The climate and soil within the distance of
4 km from KTPP are influenced by emission of fly ash (Adak, et al., 2016). Due to it the crop acreage of kolaghat block is
reducing with the passage of time from the year of installment (Adak, et al., 2016). The pressure on productivity per unit
area is mounting to meet the required demand of the agricultural products. Therefore, intensive cultivation with high
cropping intensity is being practiced in the impact region of flay ash. Doses of fertilizers increase to yield the optimum
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 115
produces. Depression in yields was reported due to toxicity of boron and deficiency of phosphorus and zinc in fly ash used
for agriculture (Chatterjee, R.K. and Ratan R.K., 1987). Pest incidence occurs frequently and pest population begets more
and due to crop to crop sequence and no fallow or no crop time is allowed. The crops consequently are losing their yield
capacity. Average grain & biomass yields of wheat have been affected by the application of different levels of fly ash
(Aggarwal, et al., 2009). In the surrounding area of coal burned thermal power plant, agriculture is affected (Adak,et al.,
2016). Agrawal & Agrawal (1989) showed that plants in the vicinity are affected by coal-fired thermal power plant during
the study of assessing the impact of air pollutants on vegetation around Obra thermal power plant (1550 MW) in the
Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Warhate (2009) studied the impact of coal mining on Air, Water & Soil on the
surrounding area of coal mining at Wani dist. Yavatmal. Environmental segments namely air, water & soil in this area are
affected within 10-15 km from the source. Human beings, animal kingdom, plants & soil are extensively affected within 5
km of the source.The increase in quantity of fertilizer application, frequency and quantity of pest controlling agents and cost
of cultivation hinders the agricultural sustainability. The decrease in yield of crops affects the socio-economic status of the
concerned area. In this regard, Kolaghat block has been considered as the victim of losing crop production and increasing
cost of cultivation due to fly ash coming out from the Kolaghat thermal power plant. The objectives of the study:
To assess the change in doses of fertilizers for providing major plant nutrients (NPK).
To show the types of pest incidence, nature and doses of pesticides used in the concerned area.
To examine the temporal and spatial impact of fly ash on crop production.
To illustrate the increase in cost of cultivation due to Coal fired thermal power plant.
To suggest and recommend some mitigating measures to improve the socio-economic status of the region.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
The data were collected from field survey. The 4 km distance from Kolaghat was delineated through the survey by using soil
survey method (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Mouza map and block map were used to demark the different area (Fig.1). During
the study period (2011-2015), fertilizer application, pesticides spraying, yield information and cost of cultivation were
observed and data were collected directly from the field. Major plant nutrients (NPK) bearing fertilizers had been applied in
the field and their doses were calculated for one hectare of land. Common pesticides available in the local market had been
used for crop protection. Yield data were collected and recorded in ton per hectare. Cost of produces was assessed on the
basis of price in their local market and converted to rupees per ton.
Agricultural Circles of Kolaghat block:
FIGURE 1. LOCATION MAP OF KOLAGHAT BLOCK IN THE DISTRICT PURBA MEDINIPUR OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 116
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Increase in use of Fertilizers for crop cultivation
Nutrition is the biochemical process of every living body. Plants enjoy seventeen essential nutrients for their growth and
development. Among the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are major elements which are consumed in large
quantity by the plants. Soil supports these elements initially to the plants. Failing it additional nutrients are provided from
outside to the soil as well as plants. Different crops are being cultivated to mitigate the daily requirement of agricultural food
stuffs in the locality (Table-1). Therefore, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium bearing fertilizers are being applied for crop
cultivation. In the area (<4km) doses of NPK have been increased by with the passage of time (2011-2015). In case of cereals
crops (rice, wheat & maize) it varies from 0% to 50% within 4km whereas it is roving from14.29% to 33.33%. Rate of
fertilizer application (<4km) for oil seed crops (mustard, sesame & ground nut) has become higher than that of preceding
year for nitrogen( 0% -50%), phosphorus(50%) and potassium (0% to 11.11%) while nitrogen and phosphorus doses are
lower than that of adjacent areas of KTPP but potassium requirement is higher in the outside area of impact zone(>4km).
Jute requires more nitrogen and phosphorus than previous year, but in the surrounding area it is higher and potassium
application is more (16.67%) for the rest areas. Many vegetables grow in the Kolaghat block. It has been observed that the
all vegetables crops required more major nutrients than that of preceding years (Table 2). Within the 4km from KTPP the
increasing trends have been experienced in the doses of nitrogen (33.33%-66.67%), phosphorus (20%-66.67%) and
potassium (0%-25%). In the rest areas (>4km) the doses are low for nitrogen (25%-60%), phosphorus (16.67%- 66.67%)
and potassium (16.67%- 66.67%).Moong (Vigna radiata) and urad beams (Vigna mungo) absorbs more nutrients than earlier
years. The fertilizer requirement is gradually increasing from 2011-2015 for spices crops (turmeric, ginger and onion). It
implies that potassium is rich in the adjacent area but nitrogen and phosphorus are not in adequate form of availability.
According to Lal, et al., (2014) fly ash contains 0.084%nitrogen, 0.043% Phosphorus (P) and 0.33%potassium (K).
Phosphorus availability reduces due to higher pH of soil which is induced by the alkaline nature (7.5-8.42) of fly ash. It is
ascertained that fly ash is affecting the nutrient contents in the surrounding area (<4km) and improving the potassium
availability.
TABLE 1
PERCENTAGE OF TEMPORAL AND SPATILAL CHANGES IN DOSES OF FERTILIZERS OVER 2011
FOR CEREAL, OIL SEEDS & JUTE CROPS
Name of
crops
Type of fertilizers 2011 2013 2015
Dose
(<4km)
Dose
(>4km)
Dose
(<4km)
Dose
(>4km)
%change
(<4km)
%change
(>4km)
Dose
(<4km)
Dose
(>4km)
%change
(<4km)
%change
(>4km)
Kg.
ha-1
Kg.
ha-1
Kg.
ha-1
Kg.
ha-1
Kg.
ha-1
Kg.
ha-1
Rice Nitrogen (N) 160 150 180 160 12.5 6.667 200 180 25 20
Phosphorus (P2O5) 125 120 140 130 12 8.333 150 140 20 16.67
Potassium (K2O) 125 130 130 140 4 7.692 140 150 12 15.38
Wheat Nitrogen (N) 80 60 100 70 25 16.67 120 80 50 33.33
Phosphorus (P2O5) 40 35 50 40 25 14.29 60 45 50 28.57
Potassium (K2O) 35 40 40 45 14.29 12.5 40 50 14.29 25
Maize Nitrogen (N) 75 60 80 75 6.67 25 100 80 33.33 33.33
Phosphorus (P2O5) 35 30 40 35 14.29 16.67 50 40 42.86 33.33
Potassium (K2O) 30 35 30 35 0 0 30 40 0 14.29
Mustard Nitrogen (N) 50 40 60 45 20 12.5 70 50 40 25
Phosphorus (P2O5) 40 30 50 35 25 16.67 60 40 50 33.33
Potassium (K2O) 30 40 35 45 16.67 12.5 30 45 0 12.5
Sesame Nitrogen (N) 60 40 75 45 25 12.5 90 50 50 25
Phosphorus (P2O5) 40 30 55 40 37.5 33.33 60 40 50 33.33
Potassium (K2O) 30 30 30 35 0 16.67 32 40 6. 67 33.33
Ground
nut
Nitrogen (N) 20 18 25 20 25 11.11 30 25 50 38.89
Phosphorus (P2O5) 40 35 50 40 25 14.29 60 45 50 28.57
Potassium (K2O) 18 20 20 22 11.11 10 20 25 11.11 25
Jute Nitrogen (N) 60 50 80 60 33.33 20 100 70 66.67 40
Phosphorus (P2O5) 30 25 40 30 33.33 20 50 35 66. 67 40
Potassium (K2O) 25 30 25 30 0 0 25 35 0 16.67
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 118
3.2 Increase in use of pesticides for crop protection
The growing crops in the Kolaghat block have been infested by several pests. Insects are the major pests in the block.
Different crops have been attacked by different insects and record has been taken on doses of chemical pesticides (Table 3
&4). Within the 4 km from KTPP the pesticide application is higher than that of the rest of block for all crops. The doses of
applied chemicals are increasing with passage of time throughout the block. It is ranging from 25% to 100% over last four
years (2011-2015) whereas it is roving 12.5 % to 46.67% in the rest portion of land (>4km). In case of vegetables doses of
pesticides recorded are higher than other crops irrespectible of distance though nearer land has been infected more than the
rest of the block showing the increase in percentage of doses of pesticides used for controlling the pests. The adjacent area
(<4km) has been attacked mostly by higher number of borer, caterpillar, flies, aphid etc. which have been protected by
spraying of the higher dose of pest controlling agents. Pest menace in the surrounding areas of Dahanu thermal power plant
in Maharashtra was greatly escalated (Arun, et al., 2009). This reflects that apart from intensive cultivation and pest
resistance, the fly ash shedding in the surrounding area (<4km) is creating conducive and congenial environment for more
infestation and multiplication of pests. The rest block area is showing the medium changes of pesticide dose basically due to
intensive cultivation and pest resistance. Trizophos, quinalphos , cypermethrin, spinosad and fipronil have been applied
against borer caterpillar, semilooper etc. Acephate, propergite, ethion, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam have been used to control
aphid, jassid, mite, fly, thrip etc. The common diseases are rot, blight, dumping off etc. These are caused by fungi. It has
been observed that in the surrounding area (<4km) doses of applied pest controlling agents are higher than rest of the block.
It implies that fly ash coming out from the thermal power plant is causing high pest infestation.
TABLE 3
PERCENTAGE OF TEMPORAL AND SPATILAL CHANGES IN DOSES OF PESTICIDES OVER 2011
FOR CEREAL, OIL SEEDS & JUTE CROPS
Name of
crops
Type of Pesticide
Nameofmajor
pest
2011 2013 2015
Dose
(<4km)
Dose
(>4km)
Dose
(<4km)
Dose
(>4km)
%change
(<4km)
%change
(>4km)
Dose
(<4km)
Dose
(>4km)
%change
(<4km)
%change
(>4km)
ml.
L-1
ml.
L-1
ml.
L-1
ml.
L-1
ml.
L-1
ml.
L-1
Rice Trizophos40%EC stem borer 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.6 20 6.67 2 1.75 33.33 16.67
Cypermethrin 20%EC brown plant
hopper
1 0.9 1.25 1 25 11.1 1.5 1.2 50 33.33
Hexaconazole 5%EC root rot 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.6 16.67 6.67 2 1.8 33.33 20
Wheat Quinalphos 25%EC caterpillar 1.25 1.25 1.75 1.5 40 20 2 1.75 60 40
Acephate mite, jassid 2 1.7 2.25 1.85 12.5 8.82 2.5 2 25 17.65
Mencozeb 75% WP rust 2 1.5 2.25 1.7 12.5 13.3 2.5 2 25 33.33
Maize Chloropyriphos Stem borer 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.75 20 16.7 2 1.9 33.33 26.67
Cypermethrin Leaf roller 1 1 1.25 1.25 25 25 1.5 1.3 50 30
Carbandazim 50%WP Seedling
blight
1 0.75 1.2 0.8 20 6.67 1.25 1 25 33.33
Mustard Dimethoate aphid 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.75 16.67 16.7 2 1.8 33.33 20
Trizophos sawfly 1.4 1.5 1.75 1.5 25 0 2 1.75 42.86 16.67
Carbandazim 50%WP alternaria
blight
1.2 1.2 1.25 1.25 4.17 4.17 1.5 1.5 25 25
Sesame Ethion 50 %EC jassid 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.6 16.67 6.67 2 1.75 33.33 16.67
Trizophos40%EC hairy
caterpillar
1.5 1.5 1.8 1.75 20 16.7 2 1.8 33.33 20
Carbendazim50%WP blight 1 0.75 1.25 0.85 25 13.3 1.5 1 50 33.33
Ground
nut
Trizophos40%EC hairy
caterpillar
1.5 1.25 1.75 1.3 16.67 4 2 1.5 33.33 20
Cypermethrin 20%EC aphid 1.5 1 1.75 1.1 16.67 10 2 1.2 33.33 20
Benomyl 50%WP tikka disease 0.8 0.75 1 0.85 25 13.3 1.2 1 50 33.33
Jute Ethion 50 %EC mite 1.5 1.25 1.8 1.4 20 12 2 1.5 33.33 20
Trizophos40%EC Semi-looper 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.5 20 7.14 2 1.75 33.33 25
Carbendazim50%WP Stem rot 1 0.75 1.25 0.8 25 6.67 1.5 1 50 33.33
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 120
3.3 Spatial and Temporal Yield Decrease of cultivated crops
In Kolghat block several agricultural crops have been being cultivated to fulfill the subsistentive demand of the locality.
Irrespective of the soil properties in the two areas inside and outside of line of impact of fly ash, average yield (per ha) of
different crops cultivated in different seasons with common cultural practices have been recorded for the years 2011, 2013
and 2015( Table 5). Rice is the staple food of the region. Within <4km, productivity of rice has been reduced by 1.08% from
the year 2011 to 2015 whereas its change is very negligible (-0.2%) beyond 4km from KTPP.
TABLE 5
PERCENTAGE OF TEMPORAL AND SPATILAL CHANGES IN CROP YIELDS OVER 2011
Variety
Season
2011 2013 2015
Name of
crops
Yield
(<4km)
Yield
(>4km)
Yield
(<4km)
Yield
(>4km)
%Yield
change(<4km)
%Yield
change(>4km)
Yield
(<4km)
Yield
(>4km)
%Yield
change(<4km)
%Yield
change(>4km)
ton
(ha)
ton
(ha)
ton
(ha)
ton
(ha)
ton
(ha)
ton
(ha)
Rice IR-36 Post
monsoon
5.825 5.916 5.624 5.912 -3.45 -0.07 5.762 5.904 -1.08 -0.2
Wheat UP-262 Post
monsoon
3.737 4.247 3.613 4.223 -3.32 -0.57 3.515 4.522 -5.94 6.48
Maize Kisan Post
monsoon
3.8124 4.211 3.701 4.213 -2.92 0.05 3.754 4.228 -1.53 0.41
Mustard B-54 Post
monsoon
0.834 1.101 0.825 1.135 -1.08 3.09 0.725 1.212 -13.1 10.08
Sesame B-9 Pre-
monsoon
1.375 1.434 1.242 1.402 -9.67 -2.23 1.128 1.385 -18 -3.42
Ground
nut
JL-24 Post
monsoon
1.342 1.552 1.238 1.512 -7.75 -2.58 1.011 1.407 -24.7 -9.34
Jute Nabin monsoon 2.231 2.324 2.221 2.412 -0.45 3.79 2.021 2.203 -9.41 -5.21
Brinjal Mukto-
kosi
Post
monsoon
14.452 16.125 12.85 15.998 -11.1 -0.79 11.532 15.512 -20.2 -3.8
Chili
(green)
Surjamu-
khi
Post
monsoon
1.721 2.131 1.527 2.015 -11.3 -5.44 1.317 1.986 -23.5 -6.8
Ladies
Finger
Pusa Swani monsoon 5.527 7.225 5.241 7.155 -5.17 -0.97 5.005 7.21 -9.44 -0.21
Tomato Pusa Rubi Post
monsoon
16.129 19.015 15.525 18.586 -3.74 -2.26 13.511 18.213 -16.2 -4.22
Cucumber Pusa Sanjok Post
monsoon
7.427 9.105 7.245 9.013 -2.45 -1.01 7.005 8.985 -5.68 -1.32
Pumpkin Chitai Post
monsoon
11.524 15.254 11.122 14.782 -3.49 -3.09 10.142 15.027 -12 -1.49
Potato Jyoti Post
monsoon
18.218 22.512 17.231 22.108 -5.42 -1.79 16.248 20.894 -10.8 -7.19
Radish Red bombai Post.
monsoon
13.124 14.73 12.525 14.586 -4.56 -0.98 12.143 13.698 -7.47 -7.01
Spinach
(leaf)
Pusa Jyoti Post
monsoon
12.822 15.512 12.061 15.324 -5.94 -1.21 12.431 15.204 -3.05 -1.99
Amaranths Chanpanote Post
monsoon
4.324 5.905 4.102 6.001 -5.13 1.63 4.003 5.802 -7.42 -1.74
Moong Panna Pre-
monsoon
0.741 0.829 0.655 0.873 -11.6 5.31 0.721 0.914 -2.7 10.25
Urad
beams
B-76 Pre-
monsoon
0.823 0.942 0.785 0.951 -4.62 0.96 0.734 0.886 -10.8 -5.94
Turmeric Prava monsoon 4.432 7.125 4.246 7.031 -4.2 -1.32 4.105 6.872 -7.38 -3.55
Ginger China monsoon 3.425 6.508 3.312 6.324 -3.3 -2.83 3.218 6.312 -6.04 -3.01
Onion Pusa Red Post
monsoon
9.241 12.45 8.524 11.595 -7.76 -6.87 8.042 11.62 -13 -6.67
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 121
This suggests that fly ash has been affecting the rice production in the surrounding areas of thermal power plant (Fig. 2). In
the post monsoon period, wheat and maize that are other cereals grow in the areas. Both the crops gradually are losing their
producing capacity in the adjacent areas. In case of wheat and maize decreasing trends (-5.94% and -1.53%) have been
observed in the nearer circles (<4km) while the rest areas of the block show the improvement in production (6.475% and
0.404%) during last four years (2011-2015). Usually cultivated oil seeds crops are mustard (Brassica campestris), sesame
(Sesamum indicum) and ground nut (Arachis hypogaea). These three crops have been losing their production capability by
13.1%, 18% and 24.7% respectively in the areas within 4 km from KTPP. In the rest areas, sesame (-3.42%) and ground nut
(-9.34%) have lost yield potentiality due to intensive cultivation but mustard production (10.08%) has increased. This facts
reflect that fly ash considerably is affecting the crop production in the adjacent area (<4km).The decline in yields had been
reported around the Dahanu thermal power plant in Maharashtra (Arun, et al., 2009). Only one fibre crop jute has been
cultivated in the block. Throughout the block jute (Corchorus olitorius) has been yielding regressively (-9.415% in <4km and
-5.21% in >4km). The vegetables grown in the locality have been losing productivity in all the areas. The notably changes
(2011-2015) have occurred in chili (-23.5%), brinjal (-20.2%), tomato (-16.2%), potato (-10.8%), ladies finger (-9.44%),
radish (-7.47%) and amaranths (-7.42%) with in 4km radius of KTPP. The rest areas have reflected less than 5% reduction in
production except potato (-7.19%). Though pulses are having high demand, only moong and uard beams are being cultivated
in the block. Both are losing production gradually. Production of some spices crops turmeric (-7.38%), ginger (-6.312%),
onion (-13%) etc. have been also found decreasing trends (<4km) whereas in the rest areas it is nearly half. It has been
observed that the loss of crop productivity is higher in the surrounding areas (<4km) of KTPP. This supportively has implied
that fly ash coming out from thermal power plant considerably is affecting the crop production around KTPP.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2011 2013 2015
%ofyieldchange
Percentage of yield change of cereal crops with time & space
Rice(<4km)
Rice(>4km)
Wheat(<4km)
Wheat(>4km)
Maize(<4km)
Maize(>4km)
Linear
(Maize(>4km))
FIGURE 2. PERCENTAGE OF YIELD CHANGE OF CEREAL CROPS WITH TIME AND SPACE
3.4 Increase in cost of cultivation for crop production
Many material inputs are required for the agricultural crops cultivation which leads better production. The inputs include
seed, nutrients bearing fertilizers, pesticide, water etc. Fertilizers and pesticides are the costly inputs of agricultural sector.
These two inputs mainly influence the price of agricultural produces. The cost of cultivation has been incurred for rice
(27.5%), wheat (24%) and maize (25%) in the radius of 4km from KTPP during last four years (2011-2015) whereas these
are 15.79%, 13.04% and 22.22% respectively for the rest of area of the block (Table 6). The expenditure (<4km) involved in
crop production has increased for mustard (15.91%), sesame(17.07%) and ground nut (12.5%) while these are 10%, 11.9%
and 6.67% respectively beyond 4km. There is a clear cost difference for the oil seed crops inside and outside of the impact
zone of fly ash. It has been observed that vegetable crops grown in the block have involved expenses more than the previous
years. For brinjal (44%), chili (16.88%), ladies finger (55.56%) and tomato (57.89%) cost of cultivation has increased in
surrounding area (<4km) of KTPP whereas these are 25%, 6.58%, 52.94% and 55.56 respectively for the rest area of block.
The cucurbitaceous crops (cucumber and pumpkin) have been cultivated with more inputs in which suggested costs are
higher than the previous year. The expenses for cultivation of potato , radish, spinach, amaranths also have increased with
passing time and is higher than the area outside of affected zone (>4km). Moong, urad beams, turmeric, ginger and onion are
cultivated in the block. Their cost of crop production has become higher with passage of time but percentage of change in
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 122
crop cultivation has been found lower with increase in distance from KTPP. This facts reflect that the fly ash considerably is
affecting the soils and micro-climate of the adjacent area (<4km) which incurs more expenses of crop production.
TABLE 6
PERCENTAGE OF TEMPORAL AND SPATILAL CHANGES IN COST OF CULTIVATION OVER 2011
Name of
crops
2011 2013 2015
Cost
(<4km)
Cost
(>4km)
Cost
(<4km)
Cost
(>4km)
%
change
(<4km)
%change
(>4km)
Cost
(<4km)
Cost
(>4km)
%change
(<4km)
%change
(>4km)
Rs. ton1
Rs. ton1
Rs. ton1
Rs. ton1
Rs. ton1
Rs. ton1
Rice 10000 9500 11500 10500 15 10.53 12750 11000 27.5 15.79
Wheat 12500 11500 14500 12000 16 4.35 15500 13000 24 13.04
Maize 10000 9000 11000 10000 10 11.11 12500 11000 25 22.22
Mustard 22000 20000 25000 21500 13.64 7.5 25500 22000 15.91 10
Sesame 20500 21000 23000 22500 12.2 7.14 24000 23500 17.07 11.9
Ground Nut 40000 37500 43500 39000 8.75 4 45000 40000 12.5 6.67
Jute 10500 12500 12000 14000 14.29 12 14000 15000 33.33 20
Brinjal 12500 12000 15500 14500 24 20.83 18000 15000 44 25
Chili 38500 38000 43200 39000 12.21 2.63 45000 40500 16.88 6.58
Ladies
Finger
9000 8500 11750 10500 30.56 23.53 14000 13000 55.56 52.94
Tomato 9500 9000 11500 12000 21.05 33.33 15000 14000 57.89 55.56
Cucumber 9500 9000 12000 11500 26.32 27.78 15000 13000 57.89 44.44
Pumpkin 7500 7000 9500 8500 26.67 21.43 12000 9000 60 28.57
Potato 7500 7000 10000 8000 33.33 14.29 11000 9000 46.67 28.57
Radish 5500 5000 8000 6500 45.45 30 9000 7000 63.64 40
Spinach 10500 10000 13500 11500 28.57 15 16000 13000 52.38 30
Amaranths 8500 8000 12000 12000 41.18 50 15000 13000 76.47 62.5
Moong 34500 33000 37500 37000 8.696 12.12 42000 40000 21.74 21.21
Urad beams 24500 24000 28500 27500 16.33 14.58 32000 30000 30.61 25
Turmeric 18000 17500 21000 20000 16.67 14.29 25000 22500 38.89 28.57
Ginger 24500 23000 28000 30000 14.29 30.43 35000 32000 42.86 39.13
Onion 11500 11000 14000 12500 21.74 13.64 16000 14000 39.13 27.27
3.5 Recommendation
The agriculture is the prime livelihood of the locality around the Kolaghat thermal power plant. The cost of cultivation is
being increased day by day. This leads the farming community to stop growing crops. Therefore, the socio-economic
condition is becoming more unbearable for their subsistence. For sustainability of agriculture around the thermal power
plant, proper evaluation of land, micro-climate, water, vegetation etc. should be conducted to illustrate the present
requirement of crop cultivation. Land-use planning, i.e. what crops should be cultivated on what tracts of land by what
methods and in which seasons of the year, has become more important today than it has ever been for suitable cropping taken
into the account of farmer’s priorities and policy objectives with respect to sustainable agricultural development (Lal and
Pierce, 1991) Natural resource analysis should be done to predict the impact of fly ash on them which may suggest the
suitable crops to be grown. Site specific crop adoption, problem identification and eradication, crop management should be
followed (Adak, et al., 2016). Different crop models may be adopted to sustain the agriculture in the areas. Organic farming
and precision agriculture may reduce the impact of fly ash in the region. Authority of KTPP should exercise new technology
to minimize the emission of fly ash. They must ensure the scientific disposal of bottom ash and hot water used in power
plant. The plant authority should encourage the plantation of trees and should efficiently and technically utilize the ash in
form of brick; low land filling for legal building construction, binding in flood hit areas etc.
IV. CONCLUSION
Kolaght thermal power plant is affecting the agricultural sustainability in the locality within 4km distance. The farming
community is losing their interest in crop cultivation because the cost of production increases with the time. Use of fertilizers
and pesticides become more in the surrounding area of KTPP where land is losing its fertility and pest infestation is
increasing. These lead the high cost of production. The incurred cost for farming is higher in the adjacent area (<4km) though
it is increasing throughout the block with passage of time due to increase in cost of fertilizers , pesticides, electricity, fossil
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 123
fuel, seeds, labour etc. Proper utilization and management of bottom ash and fly ash may improve the persistent condition of
the locality. Site specific resources evaluation and management should be adopted to abate the impact of fly ash. Organic
farming and precision agriculture will lead the agricultural sustainability. These will incur less input for cultivation and their
organic sources with the specification of requirement will involve less cost of cultivation. Scientific awareness will
highlight the problems and find ways to overcome. All the constructive attempts should nourish the agricultural sustainability
to boost the socio-economic condition of the affected area of fly ash.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very grateful to the Office of Assistant Director of Agriculture, Kolaghat, Government of West Bengal; Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohonpur, West Bengal; National Institute of Technology, Durgapur; Agricultural
Training Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Asharama, Narendrapur, Kolkata-700103 for providing valuable different
assistances for conducting our research work.
REFERENCES
[1] Adak, S., Adhikari, K. and Brahmachari, K. (2016). GIS-based Evaluation of Crop Suitability for Agricultural Sustainability around
Kolaghat Thermal Power plant, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 37 (5): 905-912.
[2] Agrawal, M. and Agrawal ,S. B. (1989). J. Atmospheric Environment, 23(4): 763-769.
[3] Aggarwal, S., Singh, G. R., and Yadav, B.R. (2009). Utilization of Fly ash for Crop Production: Effect on the growth of Wheat and
Sorghum Crops and Soil Properties. Journal of Agricultural Physics, 9: 20-23.
[4] Arun, P.R., Azeez, P.A. and Maya, V.M. (2009). Impact of Coal-fired Thermal Power Plants on Agriculture: A case study of Chicku
(Sopata) Orchards of Dahanu, Maharashtra, India.
[5] Basu, M., Pande, M., Bhadoria, P.B.S. and Mahaptra, S.C. (2009). Potential fly-ash utilization in agriculture: A global review.
Progress in Natural Science, 19(10): 1173–1186.
[6] Chatterjee, R.K. and Ratan R.K. (1987). Agricultural utilization of fly ash, Environ Tech Letter, pp 237-252
[7] Dasgupta, A. and Paul, S., (2011). Fly ash and its impact on land: a case study of Kolaghat thermal power plant, Purba Medinipur,
West Bengal. Indian Journal of Spatial Science, 11(2), Article -2.
[8] Gond, D. P., Singh, S., Pal, A. and Tewary, B.K. (2013). Growth, yield and metal residues in Solanum melongena
growth in fly ash amended soil. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34(3): 539-544.
[9] Lal, B., Nayak, V., Sharma, P and Tedia, K. (2014). Effect of Combined Application of FYM, Fly Ash and Fertilizers on Soil
Properties and Paddy Grown on Degraded Land. Current World Environment, 9(2): 531-535.
[10] Lal, R. and Pierce, F. J. (1991). Soil management for sustainability. Ankeny, Iowa: Sod and Water Conservation Society of America.
[11] Pokale, W. K. (2012). Effect of thermal power plant on environment. Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun., 2(3): 212-215
[12]Singh, J., Agrawal, M., and Narayan D. (1995). Changes in soil characteristics around coal-fired power plant. Environment
International, 21(1): 93-102.
[13] Soil Survey Staff (1999). Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition.
Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436.
[14] Warhate , S. R. (2009). Ph. D. Thesis, RTM Nagpur University.
[15] www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-presentation (accessed on 04/04/2016).