This document provides information about different types of projected audio-visual aids including overhead projectors, slides, filmstrips, and movies. It defines each type of projected aid and describes how to create and use them, listing advantages and disadvantages. Overhead projectors project enlarged images of transparencies onto a screen. Slides are small transparent pieces with single images photographed onto them. Filmstrips are sequences of frames that are manually advanced. Movies originally just contained filmstrips but later developed audio and improved technology. All of the projected aids can enhance teaching by engaging students visually but require dark rooms and some may be outdated.

1. Prepared by: Kalpana Lamsal
BNS 1st year
Roll no: 15

4. We need technology in every classroom and in every student and
teacher’s hand, because it is the pen and paper of our time, and it is
the lens through which we experience much of our world.”
-David Warlick

5.  At the end of this teaching learning session, BNS 1st year and BMS 2nd year
students will be able to explain about projected audio video aids.

6. At the end of teaching learning session, BNS 1st year students and BMS 2nd
years students will be able to
 define projected audio-visual aids.
 list the types of projected audio-visual aids.
 describe overhead projector, slides, film strips and movie.
 explain the process of making overhead projector, slides, film strips and movie.
 enlist the advantage and disadvantage of overhead projector, slides, film strips
and movie.

7.  A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or
moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors
create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens. It includes:
1. Overhead projector
2. Slide
3. Filmstrip
4. movie

8. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

9. Overhead projector is an electronic operated machine that is used to
reflect the enlarged image of the letters written on a transparent
acetate sheet.
Speaker can use an overhead projector with significant light in the
room, thereby enabling the speaker to maintain eye contact with the
audience.
Useful for audience setting of 20-50 people.

10.  The standard transparency size is 8”*11” .
 The letter size recommended is about 8mm for the heading and 5mm for the
rest of the text.
 Leave the margin of 2cm on both right and left side and 3cm on top and bottom
side
 Use of bright and contrast color(black and blue) for viewers attention.

11. Continued….
 Keep the space between two lines as the height of the letter.
 Number of lines per sheet should be less then 6 lines
 Use the transparency to write.
the key points only.

12.  The image can be blown up to make it vivid and lively that catches student’s
attention better.
 It doesn't need very dark room for projection therefore can be used in any
classroom.
 It allows students to take note during sessions.
 The teacher can face the students while using it and observe their response.
cont…

13. Advantages Contd….
 It save teachers time as transparencies can be prepared in advanced.
 Most of the transparencies can be reused in teaching the same object.

14.  It is not useful where electricity is not available for operation.
 It is bulky and heavy to move from one place to another.
 It is difficult to write on the transparency while it is on projector.
 Some speaker feel captive to the machine, because they must change each
transparency by hand.

16.  Slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image
or graphic has been photographed and projected with the help of slide
projector.
 The slide are prepared on a certain theme and projected in sequential order
which gives the sense of moving objects.

17.  The usual size of the film is 35mm. The horizontal axis of which is larger then
the vertical axis with ratio 3:2.

18.  To introduce unfamiliar material to the students.
 To accompany a lecture for illustration purposes.
 To portray symptoms of various disease such as skin condition.

19.  At first, theme is decided and different object that support the theme is
identified.
 One slide is used to give one information.
 Object must be in center.
 Room must be dark to project..
 Arrange the chosen slide in a proper sequence and label the slides with short
note and number.
 Start the show with a short briefing about the purpose of slide show.
 Give necessary commentaries with the slide show.
cont…

20. Change slide after proper explanation .
 Object can be either letters photo or pictures. Size of letter should be 30mm
bold and simple letters instead of fancy word.

21. By the October 2004, kodak no longer manufactures slide projector and is
largely replaced by LCD projector and “MS powerpoint”.

22.  It covers a large groups.
 It easily captures the attention of the group.
 It can be used at any time as needed.
 The presentation in quick sequence gives it a moving effect that makes the
situation live to arouse interest in the learner.
 It helps in learning by repetition and supplementation of information during
explanation.

23. 1) It needs darkroom for viewing.
2) It is costly and time consuming.
3) It need extra technical help of the maintenance.
4) All teachers may not know how to use it.
5) It cannot be used in places without electricity.

25.  Filmstrips are made up of a fix sequence series of 30-40 frames, each showing
one aspect of given subject.
 They are projected on to the screen with the help of a filmstrip projector in
which there is provision for manually moving each frame.

26. A common manually operated film-strip protector is used in following steps.
1. Place the film-strip projector on a rigid & stable table.
2. Place the screen at an appropriate place so that the whole class can see it.
3. Insert the filmstrip on filmstrips projector.
4. Darken the room in which projection is to be carried out.
5. Focus the image on the screen sharply by moving an objective lens
forward & backward.
cont…

27. Contd….
6. Show the frame and explain your subject matter with its aid.
7. Move the film-strip to get the next frame
8. Present the frames sequentially.
9. After completion unplug projector and replace in proper place.

28. 1) It is an economical visual materials.
2) It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.
3) Takes up little space and can be easily stored.
4) Provides a logical sequence to the teaching procedure.
cont…

29. Advantages contd….
5. Filmstrip can be projected on the screen or wall or paper screen
as the convenience and the teaching situation demands.

30. 1. Its frame can not be remove or substitute.
2. It requires a darkened room.
3. Filmstrips gets damage easily.
It is most commonly used between 1940s-1970s and largely replaced
by low-cost full-motion video cassettes and later on by DVDs.

31. MOVIE PROJECTOR

32.  A movie projector is an opto-mechanical device for displaying motion picture film by
projecting it onto a screen. Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for
the sound devices, are present in movie cameras.
 At initial days, movie projector only contain large filmstrips of picture which is run
unwind and rewind through projector. It does not contain audio.
 Through the stage of development, audio visual lens, lens shift, color aquracy, lens
zoom, low noise developed.
 By 2009, it is largely replaced by digital video projector

34.  The message should base on need, interest of audience.
 Educational movie should be in local language as much as possible.
 Ideas presented for behavior change should be practicable.
 Movie should provide up to date information to the audience.

35. 1. It increases the memory performance.
2. It deepens understanding.
3. It add fun on learning.
4. Dual coding
5. Create awareness.

36. It is one way communication that does not allow interaction.
It is costly to be used as educational material.
It is time consuming.

37. Any
questions?

39. Write short note on over head projector.

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