This document contains excerpts from a textbook on manufacturing systems. It discusses various types of manufacturing systems including single-station cells, manual assembly lines, automated production lines, and flexible manufacturing systems. It provides definitions and examples of key components of manufacturing systems such as production machines, material handling systems, computer control systems, and classifications of systems based on operations, number of workstations, automation level, and product variety.
Sections:
1. Fundamentals of Manual Assembly Lines
2. Analysis of Single Model Assembly Lines
3. Line Balancing Algorithms
4. Mixed Model Assembly Lines
5. Workstation Considerations
6. Other Considerations in Assembly Line Design
7. Alternative Assembly Systems
Module 1 Lecture 1 Introduction To Automation In Production Systems.pptKhalil Alhatab
This document provides an overview of an MT308 Industrial Automation course. It outlines the course modules, lectures, readings, instructor information, grading policy, and textbook. The course covers topics such as introduction to automation concepts, mechanical systems, industrial control systems, automation hardware components, industrial automation systems, and a final exam review. It is taught by Dr. Khalil A. Al-Hatab and includes lectures, a lab, homework, quizzes, projects, and exams. The goal is for students to understand basic automation terminology and concepts.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-1) by Varun Pratap Singh.pdfVarun Pratap Singh
Unit 1: Production systems
Categories of manufacturing systems, manufacturing support systems, automation in production systems, automated manufacturing systems, opportunities for automation and computerization, types of automation, computerized manufacturing support systems, reasons for automating, automation principles and strategies, the USA principle, ten strategies for automation, automation migration strategy.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-2) by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Unit 2: Automation and control technologies in production system
Basic elements of an automated system, advanced automation functions, levels of automation, continuous and discrete control systems, computer process control, common measuring devices used in automation, desirable features for selection of measuring devices.
Combination of individual machines or machining heads arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices and integrated with interlocking controls.
Transfer machines permit the maximum number of operations to be performed on workpieces at a maximum production rate.
Sections:
1. Fundamentals of Manual Assembly Lines
2. Analysis of Single Model Assembly Lines
3. Line Balancing Algorithms
4. Mixed Model Assembly Lines
5. Workstation Considerations
6. Other Considerations in Assembly Line Design
7. Alternative Assembly Systems
Module 1 Lecture 1 Introduction To Automation In Production Systems.pptKhalil Alhatab
This document provides an overview of an MT308 Industrial Automation course. It outlines the course modules, lectures, readings, instructor information, grading policy, and textbook. The course covers topics such as introduction to automation concepts, mechanical systems, industrial control systems, automation hardware components, industrial automation systems, and a final exam review. It is taught by Dr. Khalil A. Al-Hatab and includes lectures, a lab, homework, quizzes, projects, and exams. The goal is for students to understand basic automation terminology and concepts.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-1) by Varun Pratap Singh.pdfVarun Pratap Singh
Unit 1: Production systems
Categories of manufacturing systems, manufacturing support systems, automation in production systems, automated manufacturing systems, opportunities for automation and computerization, types of automation, computerized manufacturing support systems, reasons for automating, automation principles and strategies, the USA principle, ten strategies for automation, automation migration strategy.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-2) by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Unit 2: Automation and control technologies in production system
Basic elements of an automated system, advanced automation functions, levels of automation, continuous and discrete control systems, computer process control, common measuring devices used in automation, desirable features for selection of measuring devices.
Combination of individual machines or machining heads arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices and integrated with interlocking controls.
Transfer machines permit the maximum number of operations to be performed on workpieces at a maximum production rate.
This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
This document provides an overview of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It defines FMS as an automated machine cell consisting of interconnected processing workstations and automated material handling. It discusses the history and purpose of FMS in optimizing manufacturing cycle times and reducing costs. The basic components of FMS are described as workstations, automated material handling systems, and computer control systems. The document outlines different types of FMS layouts and how flexibility is achieved. It provides examples of FMS applications and discusses the advantages of FMS in improving efficiency and reducing production time, while also noting the high expenses associated with implementation.
1. Automated assembly systems use mechanized devices to perform assembly tasks and are designed for large production quantities of a specific product.
2. They are well-suited for high demand, stable designs, and limited component assembly. Advantages include high production rates, quality, and low costs.
3. Common configurations include in-line machines, dial indexing machines, carousels, and single-station cells. Parts delivery systems rely on feeders, tracks, and placement devices to orient and position components.
This document discusses numerical control (NC) systems. It begins by defining NC as a form of programmable automation that uses coded alphanumeric data in a program to control the mechanical actions of a machine tool. The basic components of an NC system are described as the program of instructions, machine control unit, and processing equipment. Computer numerical control (CNC) systems are introduced as NC systems with machine control units based on computer technology rather than hard-wired controllers. Features of CNC systems like program storage, editing, and interfaces are outlined. Direct numerical control (DNC) and distributed numerical control (NC) network configurations are also summarized.
Chapter 2 constructional feature of cnc machineRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses the constructional features of CNC machines. It classifies CNC systems according to the type of machine into point-to-point, straight-cut, and continuous path systems. It also categorizes them based on programming method as absolute or incremental, and by control system type as open-loop or closed-loop. Point-to-point systems move in straight lines for operations like drilling. Continuous path systems enable contouring for milling complex profiles. Programming specifies tool movements, and feedback loops help verify final positions match programs. Common machine elements include motors, ball screws, and feedback devices.
The document provides an introduction to robot technology, including definitions and terminology. It defines a robot as an electro-mechanical device with multiple degrees of freedom that is programmable to perform tasks. Industrial robots are designed to handle materials, parts, tools or devices through variable programmed motions. The study of robotics is interdisciplinary, involving mechanical, electrical, electronic and computer engineering. Robotic systems consist of manipulators, drive systems, controls, end effectors, sensors and software. Different robot configurations include Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated designs. Selection of robots depends on factors like size, degrees of freedom, velocity, precision and load capacity.
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
The document provides an overview of a study conducted on conventional and CNC lathe and milling machines. It describes the key operations and components of conventional lathe and milling machines. It then explains the concepts of computer numerically controlled machines in more detail, covering important terms related to CNC machining like machine zero, work zero, absolute and incremental measuring systems, axis designations, spindle speed, feed rate, cutting speed, and tool and tool offset.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
The document discusses automated production lines. It describes how automated production lines use fixed automation across multiple workstations linked together to mass produce parts requiring multiple processing steps. Key benefits of automated production lines include low costs, high production rates, and minimized production lead times and floor space. The document outlines different types of automated production line configurations and mechanisms for transferring workpieces between stations.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
A carousel storage system consists of a series of bins or baskets suspended from an overhead chain conveyor that revolves around a long oval rail system.
The purpose of the chain conveyor is to position bins at a load/unload station at the end of the oval.
Most carousels are operated by a human worker located at the load/unload station.
The worker activates the powered carousel to deliver a desired bin to the station.
CELLULAR MANUFACTURING & FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM - UNIT 5 - CAD & MBalamurugan Subburaj
This document discusses group technology and cellular manufacturing. It begins by explaining the types of automation and levels of automation used in manufacturing. It then discusses group technology, which groups similar parts together to take advantage of their similarities in design and production. This allows for arranging production machines into cells to manufacture families of parts. Identifying part families and rearranging machines are two major tasks when implementing group technology. Benefits include reduced setup times and material handling. The Optiz classification system is also described for coding parts based on design and manufacturing attributes.
GT Definition,Implementing Group Technology (GT),four methods GT, 1.OPTIZ PARTS CLASSIFICATION AND CODING SYSTEM,2.MICLASS coding system ,CODE MDSI System,BENEFITS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY and limitations.
Review on GROUP TECHNOLOGY & it’s implementationManoj Gowda K
Manufacturing philosophy which advocates simplification and standardization of similar parts in order to reduce complexity in manufacturing.
GT is a manufacturing concept in which similar parts are grouped together in parts groups families.
This document provides an overview of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It defines FMS and discusses their typical components such as machining stations, material handling systems, and load/unload stations. The document outlines the objectives and advantages of FMS, including increased flexibility and responsiveness to changes. It also notes some potential disadvantages like high initial costs and complexity of implementation.
An automatic tool changer (ATC) allows CNC machines to work with multiple tools. It stores tools in a magazine and automatically exchanges tools to improve production capacity. There are two main types of ATC - drum-type storage and tool changers on turning centers. An ATC reduces tool change time, increases machine uptime, and provides automatic storage and delivery of tools to the machine.
This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
This document provides an overview of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It defines FMS as an automated machine cell consisting of interconnected processing workstations and automated material handling. It discusses the history and purpose of FMS in optimizing manufacturing cycle times and reducing costs. The basic components of FMS are described as workstations, automated material handling systems, and computer control systems. The document outlines different types of FMS layouts and how flexibility is achieved. It provides examples of FMS applications and discusses the advantages of FMS in improving efficiency and reducing production time, while also noting the high expenses associated with implementation.
1. Automated assembly systems use mechanized devices to perform assembly tasks and are designed for large production quantities of a specific product.
2. They are well-suited for high demand, stable designs, and limited component assembly. Advantages include high production rates, quality, and low costs.
3. Common configurations include in-line machines, dial indexing machines, carousels, and single-station cells. Parts delivery systems rely on feeders, tracks, and placement devices to orient and position components.
This document discusses numerical control (NC) systems. It begins by defining NC as a form of programmable automation that uses coded alphanumeric data in a program to control the mechanical actions of a machine tool. The basic components of an NC system are described as the program of instructions, machine control unit, and processing equipment. Computer numerical control (CNC) systems are introduced as NC systems with machine control units based on computer technology rather than hard-wired controllers. Features of CNC systems like program storage, editing, and interfaces are outlined. Direct numerical control (DNC) and distributed numerical control (NC) network configurations are also summarized.
Chapter 2 constructional feature of cnc machineRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses the constructional features of CNC machines. It classifies CNC systems according to the type of machine into point-to-point, straight-cut, and continuous path systems. It also categorizes them based on programming method as absolute or incremental, and by control system type as open-loop or closed-loop. Point-to-point systems move in straight lines for operations like drilling. Continuous path systems enable contouring for milling complex profiles. Programming specifies tool movements, and feedback loops help verify final positions match programs. Common machine elements include motors, ball screws, and feedback devices.
The document provides an introduction to robot technology, including definitions and terminology. It defines a robot as an electro-mechanical device with multiple degrees of freedom that is programmable to perform tasks. Industrial robots are designed to handle materials, parts, tools or devices through variable programmed motions. The study of robotics is interdisciplinary, involving mechanical, electrical, electronic and computer engineering. Robotic systems consist of manipulators, drive systems, controls, end effectors, sensors and software. Different robot configurations include Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated designs. Selection of robots depends on factors like size, degrees of freedom, velocity, precision and load capacity.
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
The document provides an overview of a study conducted on conventional and CNC lathe and milling machines. It describes the key operations and components of conventional lathe and milling machines. It then explains the concepts of computer numerically controlled machines in more detail, covering important terms related to CNC machining like machine zero, work zero, absolute and incremental measuring systems, axis designations, spindle speed, feed rate, cutting speed, and tool and tool offset.
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
The document discusses automated production lines. It describes how automated production lines use fixed automation across multiple workstations linked together to mass produce parts requiring multiple processing steps. Key benefits of automated production lines include low costs, high production rates, and minimized production lead times and floor space. The document outlines different types of automated production line configurations and mechanisms for transferring workpieces between stations.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
A carousel storage system consists of a series of bins or baskets suspended from an overhead chain conveyor that revolves around a long oval rail system.
The purpose of the chain conveyor is to position bins at a load/unload station at the end of the oval.
Most carousels are operated by a human worker located at the load/unload station.
The worker activates the powered carousel to deliver a desired bin to the station.
CELLULAR MANUFACTURING & FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM - UNIT 5 - CAD & MBalamurugan Subburaj
This document discusses group technology and cellular manufacturing. It begins by explaining the types of automation and levels of automation used in manufacturing. It then discusses group technology, which groups similar parts together to take advantage of their similarities in design and production. This allows for arranging production machines into cells to manufacture families of parts. Identifying part families and rearranging machines are two major tasks when implementing group technology. Benefits include reduced setup times and material handling. The Optiz classification system is also described for coding parts based on design and manufacturing attributes.
GT Definition,Implementing Group Technology (GT),four methods GT, 1.OPTIZ PARTS CLASSIFICATION AND CODING SYSTEM,2.MICLASS coding system ,CODE MDSI System,BENEFITS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY and limitations.
Review on GROUP TECHNOLOGY & it’s implementationManoj Gowda K
Manufacturing philosophy which advocates simplification and standardization of similar parts in order to reduce complexity in manufacturing.
GT is a manufacturing concept in which similar parts are grouped together in parts groups families.
This document provides an overview of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It defines FMS and discusses their typical components such as machining stations, material handling systems, and load/unload stations. The document outlines the objectives and advantages of FMS, including increased flexibility and responsiveness to changes. It also notes some potential disadvantages like high initial costs and complexity of implementation.
An automatic tool changer (ATC) allows CNC machines to work with multiple tools. It stores tools in a magazine and automatically exchanges tools to improve production capacity. There are two main types of ATC - drum-type storage and tool changers on turning centers. An ATC reduces tool change time, increases machine uptime, and provides automatic storage and delivery of tools to the machine.
This document provides information about an MT 308 Industrial Automation course at Sana'a University, including instructor details, grading policy, textbook, and syllabus. The course covers topics like automation and control technologies, numerical control systems, manufacturing systems, assembly lines, and flexible manufacturing cells over 13 weeks. It will include homework, quizzes, labs, midterm and final exams, and mini-projects. The goal is to introduce students to automation and various manufacturing operations, models, and systems.
This document provides an overview of modern production systems and automation. It discusses trends like globalization and outsourcing that impact manufacturing. It describes different types of manufacturing systems from manual to automated. It also explains computerized support systems and reasons for automating processes while acknowledging that some roles for manual labor still exist.
This document provides an overview of production systems and automation. It discusses the realities of modern manufacturing like globalization and outsourcing. It describes different types of manufacturing systems like manual work systems, worker-machine systems, and automated systems. It also discusses reasons for automating production systems, including increasing productivity and reducing costs. The document is from a textbook on automation, production systems, and computer-integrated manufacturing.
This document discusses automated assembly systems. It begins by defining automated assembly and describing where it is typically applied. It then discusses different types of automated assembly system configurations, including in-line assembly machines, dial indexing machines, carousel assembly systems, and single-station assembly cells. The document also covers topics like parts delivery systems, quantitative analysis of assembly systems, and what equations related to assembly systems can tell manufacturers.
This document discusses automated assembly systems. It begins by defining automated assembly as using mechanized devices to perform assembly tasks in an automated line or cell. Automated assembly is most suitable for products made in large quantities with stable designs. Common assembly configurations include in-line machines with sequential stations, dial indexing machines with circular work flow, and single-station cells often using robots. The document describes various automated assembly processes and parts delivery systems used at workstations, such as vibratory bowl feeders.
1. The document discusses control systems used in industrial automation and manufacturing. It defines control systems and their key components like input, output, and feedback loops.
2. Control systems are classified based on whether they are open or closed loop, linear or non-linear, single input-single output or multiple input-multiple output. They also vary between process industries and discrete manufacturing.
3. Different levels of control systems are described from machine control to plant control, with examples of decisions made at each level.
This document contains lecture materials on manufacturing models and metrics from the book Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. It defines key terms like production rate, capacity, utilization, availability, lead time, and work-in-progress. It also explains how to calculate these metrics and distinguishes between fixed and variable manufacturing costs.
The document discusses production systems and automation. It defines a production system as a collection of people, equipment and procedures organized to accomplish manufacturing operations. There are two categories of production systems - facilities (factory layout, equipment) and manufacturing support systems (procedures for ordering materials, quality control). Automation involves both automated manufacturing systems in factories and computerization of manufacturing support systems. Different levels of automation include fixed, programmable and flexible systems depending on their ability to accommodate product variety.
This document provides an overview of industrial robotics, including robot anatomy, control systems, end effectors, programming, applications, and accuracy/repeatability. It defines industrial robots, explains their importance in hazardous work and consistency, and outlines the key components of a robot including manipulator joints/links, drive systems, and control. Common robot configurations, end effectors, applications in material handling, processing, and assembly are also summarized.
This document discusses key manufacturing models and metrics including:
- Production rate, capacity, utilization, availability, lead time, and work-in-process
- The calculation of cycle time, batch production rate, and plant capacity
- Definitions of utilization, availability, mean time between failures, and mean time to repair
- Categories of manufacturing costs including fixed, variable, direct labor, materials, and overhead
- Formulas for calculating total costs, factory overhead rate, and corporate overhead rate.
The document discusses various topics related to automation and control technology in production systems. It covers the introduction to automation, industrial control systems, hardware components for automation and process control, numerical control, industrial robotics, and discrete control using programmable logic controllers and personal computers. The key aspects of automation systems like the basic elements, levels of automation, control systems, programming, safety monitoring, maintenance diagnosis and error detection are explained.
4-Automated material handling systems , AGV Transfer mechanism , Buffer stora...RuthviCool1
This document contains excerpts from a textbook on material handling technologies in production systems. It discusses various topics related to material handling and logistics, including definitions of material handling and logistics, categories of material handling equipment and considerations for material handling system design such as material characteristics, flow rates, plant layout, and the unit load principle. The document is copyrighted and not to be reproduced without permission.
The document discusses discrete process control systems and the use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and personal computers for discrete control. It covers ladder logic diagrams, the basic way that PLCs are programmed to perform logic and sequencing functions. Ladder logic uses rungs of logic elements connected between power rails to represent the control circuits. PLCs and ladder logic are widely used in industry due to their ability to clearly represent control functions in a way that is familiar to plant technicians.
This document summarizes chapter 5 on industrial control systems from the book translated by Mahros Darsin. It discusses the differences between continuous and discrete control as well as process and discrete manufacturing industries. Continuous control systems aim to maintain process variables at desired levels using feedback, while discrete systems use variables that can only take on discrete values like on/off. The document also describes different types of continuous control systems like regulatory control and feedforward control.
The document provides an overview of manufacturing operations and models. It discusses key topics such as the definition of manufacturing from technological and economic perspectives, classifications of manufacturing industries and products, common manufacturing operations including processing, assembly and material handling, and factors that influence production facility design such as product quantity, variety, and type.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-4) by Varun Pratap Singh.pdfVarun Pratap Singh
Unit 4: Production and assembly systems
Automated production lines- fundamentals, system configurations, work part transfer mechanisms, storage buffers, control of production line, applications. Automated assembly systems- fundamentals, system configurations, parts delivery at work stations, applications.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-5) by Varun Pratap Singh.pdfVarun Pratap Singh
Group technology (GT) and cellular manufacturing involve grouping similar parts into families and arranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. This improves production efficiency by reducing material handling needs and setup times. Key tasks for implementing GT include identifying part families and rearranging machines into cells. Common methods for identifying families are visual inspection, parts classification/coding systems, and production flow analysis. Parts classification systems involve assigning codes to parts based on design and manufacturing attributes to facilitate grouping. A well-known example is the Opitz coding system, which uses a nine-digit code describing attributes like shape, features, dimensions and processes. Production flow analysis examines the production steps for each part to group parts with similar flows.
Automation in Manufacturing (Unit-3) by Varun Pratap Singh.pdfVarun Pratap Singh
Unit 3: Material handling system
Material handling equipment, design considerations for material handling system, material transport equipment, analysis of material transport systems, storage systems and their performance and location strategies, conventional and automated storage systems, overview of automatic identification and data capture, bar code technology, RFID, other AIDC technologies.
Vehicle homologation is the process of approving a vehicle's components and systems to ensure safety, quality, and environmental standards before sale. In India, all vehicle components like lamps, mirrors, tires, and engines are tested. Then the fitting of components and various vehicle systems like braking and emissions are tested. Finally, a whole vehicle test is conducted to approve the vehicle for sale. The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) plays a key role in testing electric vehicles, batteries, motors, and chargers according to various AIS standards to ensure safety and performance. Standards are important for EVs to ensure safety as their use increases and provide quality and access to markets.
The document defines and describes the various types of brake systems used in automobiles. It discusses mechanical, disc, hydraulic, power-assisted, air, and hand brake systems. The hydraulic brake system is the most common, using fluid pressure to slow wheels. When the brake pedal is pressed, fluid pushes brake pads against a disc or drum, converting kinetic energy to heat and slowing the vehicle. Master cylinders control fluid pressure to wheel cylinders for balanced braking on all wheels. Power-assisted and air brakes use vacuum or compressed air to augment braking force. Hand brakes provide independent parking capability.
The document discusses different types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes how suspension systems like leaf springs, independent suspension, wishbone suspension, and air suspension work to isolate passengers from road vibrations and maintain vehicle stability. It also covers types of tires, factors that affect tire life, and the purpose of wheel alignment in directing the wheels for stability and smooth rolling.
The document provides an overview of electric vehicles including their history and development. It discusses the key components of EVs such as batteries, motors, and motor controllers. It also covers charging methods for electric vehicles including conductive, inductive, and battery swapping technologies. The document compares combustion engines with electric motors and outlines the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles.
This document discusses crystal structures, material properties, and deformation. It begins by examining common crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It then reviews various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical. Finally, it analyzes different types of deformation mechanisms such as elastic/plastic deformation, slip/twinning, work hardening, and fracture modes.
Charging electric vehicles can be done through various methods like Level 1, Level 2, and DC fast charging. Level 1 uses a standard 120V outlet while Level 2 uses a 240V outlet, providing faster charging. DC fast charging uses direct current to charge over 80 miles of range in 30 minutes. Wireless charging systems allow charging through induction coils in static parking spots or while driving on special roadways. Battery swapping provides an alternative to charging by exchanging depleted batteries for fully charged ones. Vehicle-to-grid technology enables electric vehicles to export stored energy back to the power grid. Battery management systems monitor battery health and safety through functions like temperature regulation, voltage balancing between cells, and protection from overcharging.
The document discusses the history and development of electric vehicles. It begins with the pre-electric car age in the 1820s through early experimentation. The golden age from 1880-1920 saw improvements to batteries and motors leading to electric taxis. However, the 1920-1970 period was a dark age as oil became prevalent. Renewed interest has occurred since the 1970s due to environmental concerns. Issues like emissions, oil dependence, and global warming are reducing as electric vehicles grow in popularity. The document outlines the technology of electric vehicles and compares them to internal combustion engines.
The document discusses the key components and working principles of electric vehicle batteries and motors. It provides information on:
1) The main components of lithium-ion batteries used in EVs including the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. It also discusses battery parameters like storage capacity, energy density, and cycle life.
2) The types of motors used in EVs like AC induction motors and brushed vs brushless DC motors. It provides a basic overview of how motors work using electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy from batteries into mechanical energy.
3) The function of motor controllers to precisely control the motor based on driver input and convert battery power into vehicle motion using components like sensors and power electronics.
Brakes work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy via friction. When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure is applied to the brake pads or shoes, causing them to squeeze a disc or drum attached to the wheel. This slows the wheel's rotation through friction. Most modern vehicles have a hydraulic brake system where brake fluid in a master cylinder transfers pressure to disc brakes on the front wheels and sometimes drum brakes on the rear wheels. The brake system is designed with safety redundancies like dual hydraulic circuits to prevent total braking failure.
The document discusses the key components and classifications of automobile chassis. It describes how the chassis contains major parts like the frame, axles, steering system, suspension system and engine. It classifies chassis based on control type, engine placement, and number of wheels/driving wheels. The frame is the main structure that supports all other chassis components and the body. Different types of frames include conventional, semi-integral and integral frames. The document also provides a brief overview of the automobile body, its connection to the chassis, and how it is typically constructed from welded steel pressings.
The document discusses anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It provides an overview of ABS, including its history, components, principles of operation, types, and advancements like electronic stability control. ABS prevents wheel locking under heavy braking, allowing the driver to steer and maintain vehicle control. It modulates brake pressure to keep wheels rotating at an optimal slip rate for maximum braking force. ABS improves safety by reducing skidding and keeping vehicles stable during emergency stops on slippery surfaces.
This document lists and describes 6 types of metals: white cast iron, grey cast iron, malleable cast iron, chilled cast iron, nodular cast iron, and low carbon steel and medium carbon steel. It provides an overview of different metal alloys without going into detail about the specific properties or uses of each.
The document provides guidelines for preparing metal specimens for microscopic examination. Key steps include carefully selecting and cutting a representative sample, mounting it, grinding it with successively finer grit paper to create a flat surface, polishing it to remove scratches, and sometimes etching it to reveal microstructural features. Proper preparation helps facilitate clear examination and accurate interpretation of grain structure, phases, inclusions and other microscopic characteristics of the material.
The document discusses three main topics: crystal structure, material properties, and deformation. It provides in-depth information on crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It describes various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It also discusses different types of deformation mechanisms like elastic and plastic deformation, slip and twinning, work hardening, and fracture behaviors.
Plastic deformation can occur through two main mechanisms in metals: slip and twinning. Slip occurs when one plane of atoms slides over another within the crystal structure. Twinning involves mirroring part of the atomic lattice next to the undeformed part. Cold working increases the strength and hardness of metals by obstructing the movement of dislocations through mechanisms like strain hardening. Annealing can be used to relieve stresses from cold working and modify mechanical properties by allowing recovery, recrystallization and grain growth processes. Hot working deforms metals above the recrystallization temperature to avoid strain hardening.
This document summarizes various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. It describes key properties such as density, melting point, strength, conductivity, permeability, and more. For each property, it outlines what the property is, how it is measured or defined, and examples of factors that influence the property. The document also briefly summarizes the main internal components of electric vehicles such as the electric motor, inverter, drivetrain, batteries, and charging system.
Mechanical engineers play an important role in the design, manufacturing, and quality control of electric vehicles. Their responsibilities include designing mechanical parts like the vehicle body, chassis, suspension, and steering while considering factors like aerodynamics, loads on motors, and thermal management of batteries. They are also involved in simulation of crashes and heat transfer, manufacturing process optimization, and ensuring quality control. Mechatronics knowledge is useful for controller design and sensor/actuator automation. Materials engineering expertise helps with battery and powertrain component research and development using lightweight metals and composites. After gaining experience, mechanical engineers can work with EV companies or pursue higher education and research opportunities.
This chapter discusses oxygen sensors, which are used by automotive computer systems to measure oxygen content in exhaust and help control air-fuel mixture. It describes the construction and operation of the most common zirconia oxygen sensor, which uses a platinum-coated ceramic thimble to produce a voltage that indicates exhaust oxygen levels. The chapter covers how the vehicle's PCM uses oxygen sensor feedback to adjust fuel delivery for proper air-fuel ratio control and emissions performance. Various oxygen sensor diagnostic techniques are presented, including using a digital multimeter, scan tool, and oscilloscope to evaluate sensor performance.
This document provides an overview of vehicle dynamics concepts taught in a CEE 320 course, including resistance forces, tractive effort, vehicle acceleration, braking, and stopping sight distance. It defines key terms, formulas, and examples. The main concepts covered are resistance forces like aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. It also addresses tractive effort, vehicle acceleration equations, braking force calculations, and methods for determining stopping distance.
This document discusses residential air filtration. It begins by outlining some key residential air filtration issues like removing particulates and odors while maintaining airflow. It then describes various principles of air filtration like straining, impingement, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction/precipitation that can remove particles. It provides diagrams to illustrate these principles. The document also discusses standards for residential air filters from ASHRAE and how filters are tested and assigned a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) rating. Finally, it considers pressure drop and airflow reduction that can occur with higher efficiency filters.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.