MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body without using ionizing radiation. It works by aligning hydrogen atoms in the body when placed in a magnetic field and using radio waves to stimulate them, causing them to emit signals detected by a scanner to form an image. The document discusses the history of MRI's development, the basic principles including how protons are used to generate signals, the components of an MRI machine, and the different types of sequences and images that can be produced.
basic and brief but informative knowledge about how MRI works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
basic and brief but informative knowledge about how MRI works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
This presentation discusees a brief history of the MRI, it's mechanism of action, applications in dentistry and recent advancements in its technology. Also it's advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the CT scan
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
This presentation discusees a brief history of the MRI, it's mechanism of action, applications in dentistry and recent advancements in its technology. Also it's advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the CT scan
Here I discussed about the concept,types, types of images obtained, the advantages and disadvantages of MRI shortly...anyone who wants to know about MRI just go through it. I just prepared it in very simple language for the convenience of the readers all over the world. Thank you.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Principles of MRI
1. Principles of MRI
By :
Dr. Muhannad M. Hadi Al-Mukhtar
Final stage - Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations
Medical City Baghdad Hospital
December 2017
Supervised by :
Dr. Ayad Abbas Salman
Chairman of scientific council of
Anesthesia and intensive care
Iraqi Board for Medical Specialities
2. History
• MRI was initially called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Imaging after its early use for chemical analysis.
• The "Nuclear" was dropped off about 35 years ago
because of fears that people would think there was
something radioactive involved, which there is not.
3. History
• The magnetic resonance phenomenon has been known
since the 1940s.
• Initially employed to determine the structures of
molecules.
• It was discovered by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell, two
American scientists, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in
physics in 1952 for their discovery.
4. History
- The use of NMR to produce
2D images was accomplished
by Paul Lauterbur , and Sir
Peter Mansfield who imaged
the fingers of a research
student, Dr Andrew Maudsley
in 1976.
- In 2003, Paul C. Lauterbur
and Sir Peter Mansfield were
awarded the Nobel Prize in
medicine for their contribution
to the development of MRI for
medical purposes.
Paul Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield
5. Definition
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is an imaging
modality based on an interaction between transmitted
radiofrequency (RF) waves and hydrogen nuclei in human
body under the influence of a strong magnetic field.
6. Principles of MRI
• Simply stated, MRI is based on measurements of energy
emitted from hydrogen nuclei following their stimulation by
radio-frequency signals.
• The energy emitted varies according to the tissues from
which the signals emanate.
• This allow MRI to distinguish between different tissues.
7. • Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of
six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
calcium, and phosphorus.
• Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements:
potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.
• All 11 are necessary for life.
8. How do protons help in MR
imaging?
• Protons are positively charged and have rotatory
movement called Spin.
• Any moving charge generates current.
• Every current has a small magnetic field around it.
• So every spinning proton has a small magnetic field
around it, also called magnetic dipole moment.
9. Why Proton only?
• Other substances can also be utilized for MR imaging.
• The requirements are that their nuclei should have spin and
should have odd number of protons within them. Hence
theoretically 13C, 19F, 23Na, 31P can be used for MR imaging.
• Hydrogen atom has only one proton.
• Hence H + ion is equivalent to a proton.
• Hydrogen ions are present in abundance in body water.
• H+ gives best and most intense signal among all nuclei.
10. Why Hydrogen
• Simplest element with atomic number of 1 and atomic
weight of 1.
• When in ionic state (H+), it is nothing but a proton.
• Proton is not only positively charged, but also has
magnetic spin.
• MRI utilizes this magnetic spin property of protons of
hydrogen to elicit images.
14. Magnetic Field
• measured by Tesla (T).
• Clinical MRI (1.5 - 3 )Tesla
• Earth Magnetic field = 0.00003 T
• 1 Tesla = 20,000 times the strength of the earth’s
magnetic field.
15.
16. Gradient Coils
• Three gradient coils, one for each of the orthogonal planes, are located
within the core of the MRI unit.
• Alter primary magnetic field.
• Responsible for loud noises of MRI.
• Allow spatial encoding for MRI images in the X,Y, and Z axis i.e
localization.
• Z gradient runs along the Long axis to produce Axial images.
• Y gradient runs along the Vertical axis to produce Coronal images.
• X gradient runs along the Horizontal axis to produce Sagittal images
19. Radio-frequency Coils
The RF coils serve two purposes
1. Transmitting the RF pulses that alter the alignment of the protons
2. Receiving the signals emitted from the protons
20. Steps to get MR images
• 1. Placing the patient in the magnet.
• 2. Sending Radiofrequency (RF) pulse by coil
• 3. The radiowave is turned off
• 4. The patient’s body emits a signal
• 5. Receiving signals from the patient by coil
• 6. Transformation of signals into image by complex
processing in the computers.
21. Protons in Human Body
• Normally the protons in human body (outside the magnetic
field) move randomly in any direction.
• When external magnetic field is applied, i.e. patient is
placed in the magnet, these randomly moving protons
align (i.e. their magnetic moment align) and spin in the
direction of external magnetic field.
• Some of them align parallel and others anti-parallel to the
external magnetic field.
22. Human protons and
Magnetic Field
• When a proton aligns along
external magnetic field, not only it
rotates around itself (called spin)
but also its axis of rotation moves
forming a ‘cone’. This movement of
the axis of rotation of a proton is
called as precession.
• The number of precessions of a
proton per second is called
precession frequency. It is
measured in Hertz.
• Precession frequency is directly
proportional to strength of external
magnetic field.
on frequency of the hydrogen proton at 1, 1.5 and 3 Tesla is roughly 42, 64 and 128 MHz res
26. Basic four steps of MR
imaging include:
• 1. Patient is placed in the magnet—
• All randomly moving protons in patent’s body align and
precess along the external magnetic field. Longitudinal
magnetization is formed long the Z-axis.
27.
28. • 2. RF pulse is sent
• The precession frequency of protons should be same as RF pulse
frequency for the exchange of energy to occur between protons
and RF pulse. When RF pulse and protons have the same
frequency protons can pick up some energy from the RF pulse.
This phenomenon is called as “resonance”- the R of MRI.
• Precessing protons pick up energy from RF pulse to go to higher
energy level and precess in phase with each other. This results in
reduction in longitudinal magnetization and formation of
transverse magnetization in X-Y plane.
29. RESONANCE
• Resonance relates to the transfer/exchange of energies
between two systems at a specific frequency.
• It is analogous to talking to someone on your cell phone.
• In magnetic resonance, only protons with the same frequency
as the RF pulse will respond.
• During RF pulse delivery nuclei become excited and then
return to equilibrium.
• During equilibrium, they emit energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
30. T1 AND T2
RELAXATION
• When RF pulse is stopped higher energy gained by proton
is retransmitted and hydrogen nuclei relax by two
mechanisms
• T1 or spin lattice relaxation- by which original
magnetization (Mz) begins to recover.
• T2 relaxation or spin spin relaxation - by which
magnetization in X-Y plane decays towards zero in an
exponential fashion. It is due to incoherence of H nuclei.
• T2 values of CNS tissues are shorter than T1 values
31. T1 is defined as the time it takes for the
hydrogen nucleus to recover 63% of its
longitudinal magnetization
32. T2 relaxation time is the time for 63% of the
protons to become dephased owing to
interactions among nearby protons.
33. • 3. MR signal is received
• The transverse magnetization vector precesses in
transverse plane and generates current. This current is
received as signal by the RF coil.
• 4. Image formation—
• MR signal received by the coil is transformed into image
by complex mathematical process such as Fourier
Transformation by computers.
40. T1-Weighted Imaging
• characterized by short TR and TE times.
• Thus the signal is caught early, at a time when the
difference in relaxation characteristics for fat and water is
most noticeable and tissues that rapidly recover their
longitudinal magnetization, such as fat, give rise to high
signal intensity (create a bright image).
• When short TE is employed, tissues that are slow to
regain longitudinal magnetization, such as tissues with
high free-water content, render low signal intensity .These
tissues appear dark on T1-weighted images.
42. T2
• TR: long
• TE: long
• fat: intermediate-bright
• fluid: bright
43. • Long TR and TE times characterize T2 imaging.
• Because in T2-weighted imaging the signal is measured
late in the decay process, tissues that are most reluctant
to give up energy are selectively imaged.
• Free water is slow to give up its energy and consequently
renders high signal intensity on T2 sequences.
• Fat, which gives up its energy rapidly, gives rise to low
intensity on T2.
T2-Weighted Imaging
44. The Difference Between T1-
and T2-Weighted Imaging
• T1 imaging measures energy from structures such as fat,
which give up energy rapidly, early in the process of
longitudinal remagnetization.
• T1 imaging provides images of good anatomic detail,
displaying the tissues in a fairly balanced manner.
• T2 imaging measures energy late in the decay of
transverse relaxation and selectively images structures
that do not readily give up energy, such as water.
• It is particularly valuable for detecting inflammation
45.
46.
47.
48.
49. Proton Density (PD)
• 1. TR is long (more than 2,000 ms) and TE is short (20 to
30 ms).
• 2. Images are based on measurements of proton density
and are similar in appearance to T1 images but with
greater anatomic detail.
50. Advantages of MRI
• 1. Non-ionising, for they do not use X-ray as medium for imaging.
• 2. Multiplanar imaging is automatically possible, for images in sagittal,
coronal and transverse planes are generated simultaneously.
• 3. Superior contrast in tissue give exquisite anatomical details.
• 4. Certain tissue diagnosis is possible, e.g. lipoma, edema, age of
hemorrhage, etc.
• 5. MR myelogram is created without injection of any contrast medium.
• 6. In tumor imaging, it gives exact anatomical details regarding the
tumor limits, edema limits, vascularity, etc.
51. Disadvantages of MRI
(compared to CT scan)
• 1. It has low sensitivity for calcium, therefore cannot diagnose calcification
clearly.
• 2. It has low sensitivity for acute hemorrhage.
• 3. Scan time is prolonged.
• 4. Contraindications prevent certain patients from entering the MRI
system. Patients with metallic implants like cochlear implant, steel
sutures, pacemakers, etc. are not allowed inside the MR scanner.
• 5. Patients with claustrophobia cannot tolerate the study and some
young children may need anesthesia.
• 6. Intravenous contrast agents may be needed.