We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
GENETICS - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
We could define Mendel´s laws as the basic laws that talks about the inheritance of biological features that every human being has. They were created by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865. Mendel created three laws: The law of Segregation, the law of Independent Assortment and the law of Dominance.
The rules of Mendel's inheritance: In a cross between pure contrasting traits, the dominant trait will be observed in the phenotype of the organism whilst the recessive trait will be concealed. Only a single gene copy is allocated in a gamete cell and this is carried out in a random manner.
Mendel’s Procedure: (i) Mendel observed one trait at a time. For example, he crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. (ii) He hybridised plants with alternate forms of a single trait (monohybrid cross). The seeds produced by this cross were grown to develop into plants of Fillial 1 progeny or F 1 -generation
GENETICS - Dr. P. Saranraj, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India
“Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a particular trait is not expressed completely over its paired allele.” What is Incomplete Dominance? Incomplete dominance is a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.
It shows that alleles of red and white coloured flowers were unable to dominate the other, thus resulting in incomplete dominance. Thus, the law of incomplete dominance says that when none of the two alleles exerts complete dominance over the other, the offspring will be a mixture of parents’ phenotypes. Aside from flowering plants, incomplete dominance takes place in human beings and animals as well. One such incomplete dominance example in human beings is that the growth of wavy hair.
The phenomenon in which two true-breeding parents crossed to produce an intermediate offspring (also known as heterozygous) is called incomplete dominance. ... In incomplete dominance, the variants (alleles) are not expressed as dominant or recessive; rather, the dominant allele is expressed in a reduced ratio.
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
“Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a particular trait is not expressed completely over its paired allele.” What is Incomplete Dominance? Incomplete dominance is a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype.
It shows that alleles of red and white coloured flowers were unable to dominate the other, thus resulting in incomplete dominance. Thus, the law of incomplete dominance says that when none of the two alleles exerts complete dominance over the other, the offspring will be a mixture of parents’ phenotypes. Aside from flowering plants, incomplete dominance takes place in human beings and animals as well. One such incomplete dominance example in human beings is that the growth of wavy hair.
The phenomenon in which two true-breeding parents crossed to produce an intermediate offspring (also known as heterozygous) is called incomplete dominance. ... In incomplete dominance, the variants (alleles) are not expressed as dominant or recessive; rather, the dominant allele is expressed in a reduced ratio.
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
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12/15/2011
1
Genetic
Mendle’s law
Patterns of Inheritance
• Mendel’s Laws
• Variations on Mendel’s Laws
• The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
• Sex Chromosomes and Sex-linked Genes
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2
The Field of Genetics has Ancient Roots
• Hippocrates (father of medicine): particles from every part of the body travel to eggs
and sperm to be passed on
• Aristotle (philosopher): ‘potential’ rather than particles to produce body features
• 19th century biologists: blending- mom and dad’s traits blend like blue and yellow paint
Hippocrates Aristotle
Experimental Genetics Began in an Abbey Garden
• Modern genetics began in 1860s
• Gregor Mendel (monk in what was then Austria- now Czech Republic)
• Parents pass on discrete, heritable factors (1866)
• Heritable factors retain their individuality for generations (no blending)
• Studied garden peas
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3
• In a typical breeding experiment
– Mendel mated two different, true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization
• The true-breeding parents
– Are called the P generation
• The hybrid offspring of the P generation
– Are called the F1 generation
– F2 generation comes next
Experimental Genetics Began in an Abbey Garden
• Cross: pollinating a flower of one variety with the pollen of another variety
Mendel chose to work with peas:
– Because they are available in many varieties
– Because he could strictly control which plants mated with which
– Because he could easily start his experiments with varieties that were “true-breeding”
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4
Some genetic vocabulary
Character: a heritable feature, such as flower color
Trait: a variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers
Gene: a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
DNA (nucleotide) sequence on a chromosome
Allele: alternative version of a gene
Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Characteristic
Performed monohybrid crosses (only 1 trait differs between the varieties)
• When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white and purple
flowered pea plants
» All of the offspring were purple!!!
Mendel discovered:
A ratio of about three to one (3:1)
purple to white flowers,
in the F2 generation
When Mendel crossed the F1 plants –
Many of the plants had
purple flowers, but some
had white flowers
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5
Mendel’s Law of Segregation Describes the Inheritance of a Single Characteristic
Mendel developed a hypothesis to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern that he observed
among the F2 offspring
Four Parts:
1. First, alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
which are now called alleles
Allele for purple flowers
Locus for flower-color gene
Homologous
pair of
chromosomes
Allele for white flowers
Mendel’s Model for Inheritance
Four Parts:
1. First, .
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4. What is heredity?
The passing on of
characteristics (traits)
from parents to offspring
Genetics is the study of
heredity
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5. Mendel used peas...
They reproduce sexually
They have two distinct,
male and female, sex cells
called gametes
Their traits are easy to
isolate
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6. Mendel crossed them
Fertilization - the uniting
of male and female
gametes
Cross - combining gametes
from parents with
different traits
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7. Questions
What did Mendel cross?
What are traits?
What are gametes?
What is fertilization?
What is heredity?
What is genetics?
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8. What Did Mendel Find?
He discovered different
laws and rules that explain
factors affecting heredity.
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9. Rule of Unit Factors
Each organism has two
alleles for each trait
– Alleles - different forms of
the same gene
– Genes - located on
chromosomes, they control
how an organism develops
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10. Rule of Dominance
The trait that is observed
in the offspring is the
dominant trait (uppercase)
The trait that disappears
in the offspring is the
recessive trait (lowercase)
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11. Law of Segregation
The two alleles for a trait
must separate when
gametes are formed
A parent randomly passes
only one allele for each
trait to each offspring
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13. Questions...
How many alleles are there
for each trait?
What is an allele?
How many alleles does a
parent pass on to each
offspring for each trait
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14. Questions...
What do we call the trait
that is observed?
What case (upper or lower)
is it written in?
What about the one that
disappears?
What case is it written in?
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15. Phenotype & Genotype
Phenotype - the way an
organism looks
– red hair or brown hair
genotype - the gene
combination of an organism
– AA or Aa or aa
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16. Heterozygous & Homozygous
Heterozygous - if the two
alleles for a trait are
different (Aa)
Homozygous - if the two
alleles for a trait are the
same (AA or aa)
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17. Dihybrid vs Monohybrid
Dihybrid Cross - crossing
parents who differ in two
traits (AAEE with aaee)
Monohybrid Cross crossing parents who
differ in only one trait
(AA with aa)
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18. Questions...
What is the phenotype?
What is the genotype?
What is homozygous?
What is heterozygous?
What is monohybrid
crossing?
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