In this presentation, we can describe the basics of the nuclear reactor and its presence in Pakistan. We can also discuss the PWR.

1. Nuclear Reactor
(PWR)
PRESENTED BY: PRESENTED TO:
OSAMA MUNWAR 17441510-098 DR GHULAM NABI WATOO
ARSLAN ASLAM 17441510-093 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
M. QADEER 17441510-081 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

2. Table of Content
11/15/2020Department of Physics University Of Gujrat
2
PWR
History
Availabilty In Pakistan
Types
Construction
Application
References

3. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
• Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) is a type of Nuclear reactor on the basis of the
moderator used here is water.
• The PWR reactors pump water into the reactor core under high pressure to
prevent the water from boiling.
• The water in the core is heated by nuclear fission and then pumped into tubes
inside a heat exchanger. Those tubes heat a separate water source to create
steam. The steam then turns an electric generator to produce electricity.
11/15/2020
3
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

4. History
• First PWR reactor is constructed for the Millitary purpose in a submarine under
the supervision of American Naval Admiral Rickover.
• Admiral got these companies to build a reactor for a mobile submarine so that
Westinghouse and General Electric, as well as two other contractors, Babcock
and Wilcox, and Combustion Engineering, all built PWRs for the navy.
• In the period from operation of the first prototypes in 1953 to 1964, about 50
nuclear powered submarines and three surface ships entered service.
• The first civil nuclear reactor from the military find its way in the late 1950 to
1960s in those areas where the use of oil and gas was difficult.
11/15/2020
4
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

5. Cont:
• Shipping port, the first PWR power station resulted under the directions of Admiral
Rickover's project to build a larger land based prototype for an aircraft carrier
propulsion unit.
• He arranged for the nearby Duquesne Light Company to buy steam from the reactor
for power production. Then the project became a 60 MWe power station which was
started up in 1957.
• The Shipping port reactor, although built by Westinghouse. It was converted to a
demonstration thorium breeder reactor. Now the reactor has been closed down and
is being used for a demonstration of decommissioning techniques.
•
11/15/2020
5
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

6. Cont:
• Later on in 1957 to onward the use of PWR and different types reactors is used
for power generation and different purposes.
• Alvin Weinberg and the Oak Ridge team was the first how come up with idea of
pressurized water as a submarine reactor coolant and moderator for two reasons.
• 1)The distance neutrons in water travel is one-fifth the distance they travel in
graphite, so the water reactor could be very compact.2) Water systems are
simple, familiar, and reliable in a naval context.
11/15/2020
6
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

7. Availability in Pakistan
Reactor Unit Type
Net Capacity
[MW(e)]
Construction Date
CHASNUPP-1 PWR 300 1993
CHASNUPP-2
PWR
300 2005
CHASNUPP-3
PWR
315 2011
CHASNUPP-4 PWR 313 2011
KANUPP-2 PWR 1014 2015
KANUPP-3 PWR 1014 2016
11/15/2020
7
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

8. Types
LWR
PWR BWR
11/15/2020
8
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

9. Construction
• Reactor
• Pressurizer
• Steam Generator
• Moderator
• Fuel
• Control rods
11/15/2020
9
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

10. Reactor
• Nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear power plant.
• The main job of a reactor is to house and control nuclear fission (a process where
atoms split and release energy).
• Reactors use uranium for nuclear fuel.
• Reactor consist of fuel, coolent material (Water) and control rods.
• A reactor core is typically made up of a couple hundred assemblies, depending
on power level.
11/15/2020
10
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

11. Pressurizer
• The main role of the pressurizer is to maintain the reactor coolant pressure at the
desired level in a Pressurized Water Reactor. It provides a volume of steam that
can be adjusted to account for variations in the volume of the reactor coolant.
• The Pressurizer serves as relief volume to moderate pressure increases and the
pressurizer heaters can boil coolant to increase pressure on pressure decreases.
The reactor coolant is mostly water and it evaporate when heated and liquify
when cooled.
• The pressure which is maintained during the whole process is 15.5MPa.
11/15/2020
11
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

12. Steam Generator
• Part of the cooling system of pressurised water reactors (PWR & PHWR) where
the high-pressure primary coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to make
steam for the turbine
11/15/2020
12
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

13. Moderator
• Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that
they cause more fission.
• Water does not make as good of a moderator as graphite as a result of its
relatively high absorption of neutrons.
• In the PWR reactor Water is used as moderator and coolent material in the whole
process.
11/15/2020
13
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

14. Fuel
• The fuel in PWR is slightly enriched uranium of (3%-5%).
• The uranium is processed into small ceramic pellets and stacked together into
sealed metal tubes called fuel rods. Typically more than 200 of these rods are
bundled together to form a fuel assembly.
11/15/2020
14
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

15. Control Rods
• These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium, hafnium or
boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of
reaction, or to halt it. In some PWR reactors, special control rods are used to
enable the core to sustain a low level of power efficiently.
• Control rods can then be inserted into the reactor core to reduce the reaction rate
or withdrawn to increase it.
11/15/2020
15
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

16. Figure: Pressurized Water Reactor
11/15/2020
16
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

17. Applications
• Electricity Production
• Submarine propulsion
11/15/2020
17
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat

18. References
• https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/Pakistan/Pakistan.htm
• https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-
s/pakistan.aspx
• https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/nuclear-101-how-does-nuclear-reactor-
work#:~:text=The%20main%20job%20of%20a,metal%20tubes%20called%20fuel%
20rods.
• https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/pakistan/nuclear/
11/15/2020
18
Department of Physics University Of Gujrat