Fast breeder reactors can breed more fissile material than they consume, improving fuel utilization. They use liquid metal like sodium for cooling instead of water as moderators are not needed. India's first commercial fast breeder reactor, the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor, is under construction and will go critical in 2014. Fast breeders and reprocessing of spent fuel can help reduce nuclear waste and allow uranium resources to last much longer than current light water reactors.
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
PWR is the most common type of nuclear reactor, representing about 60% of all nuclear power reactors in the world.
PWRs keep water under pressure so that it heats, but does not boil.
Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the radioactivity stays in the reactor area.
Light Water Cooled
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
nuclear power generation
types of nuclear reactor
position in india
waste management of nuclear waste
generation of nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
PWR is the most common type of nuclear reactor, representing about 60% of all nuclear power reactors in the world.
PWRs keep water under pressure so that it heats, but does not boil.
Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the radioactivity stays in the reactor area.
Light Water Cooled
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
nuclear power generation
types of nuclear reactor
position in india
waste management of nuclear waste
generation of nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
CFD ANALYSIS IN AN EJECTOR OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE TEST BEDIAEME Publication
An Ejector system has been used to provide high mass flow to the aero-gas turbine engine in a ground test bed facility. CFD method has been used to determine the performance of the ejector with and without a debris guard. In the first case of flow analyses without debris guard in the ejector, the back pressure was reduced to an extent to know the entrainment ratio. It was found that a pressure of 0.1 bar is required to attain this condition called double choking of the ejector. Further analysis was carried out for a back pressure of 0.9 bar with debris guard. Total pressure loss of 8.56% was found across the debris guard. Also the mass flow through the ejector has reduced by 15% due to debris guard.
This presentation briefly reviews the history of Reusable Launch Vehicle development and reuse techniques. The presentation considers a range of techniques for recovery and reuse of launch vehicles. Various different concepts of reusability have been discussed. The economics of reuse and the advantages of this technology is also presented.
Nuclear power plant lecture slides, brief detail of its working principle and its advantages and disadvantages. history and its efficiency are also explaind.
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011
Metals, however much we need it or admire it , the drawbacks of it has to be considered.( high density, susceptibility to corrosion,availability etc)
Instead planes of carbon fibre composites can be made without using a tiny scrap of metal, if only we can alter its conductivity issues. that is addressed by a research paper , on the basis of which my ppt is based.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. Outline
Introduction :
Fission & Fusion
Nuclear Reactor :
Fast Breeder Reactor
Faster and Better ?? How??
Liquid Metal coolant
How is it Different?
Fact Check + India’s Pride & Uses
Nuclear Waste :
Best From waste
References
3. Fusion
It is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei
collide at very high speed and join to form a new type of
atomic nucleus .
During this process Mass is not conserved because
“The loss in Mass is the gain in fusion energy”.
“E=Mc2”
4. Fission
It is either a Nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay
process in which the nucleus of a particle splits into
smaller parts .
The fission process often produce free neutrons and
photons in the form of gamma rays , and also release a very
large amount of energy.
5. Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear Reactor generate energy through the
“controlled” fission.
Atomic nucleus split in to two or more smaller
nuclei.
A small amount of mass is converted in to energy ,
which can be used to power a generator to create
electricity.
6. Fast Breeder Reactor
In normal Nuclear reactors , moderators are used to control
speed of neutrons ( i.e., energy), so that fission can occur
efficiently . Thermal neutrons or slow moving neutrons
have the same temperature as coolant.
In FBR , neutrons remain High energetic as it contains
coolant which is not an efficient moderator, such as liquid
sodium . Although these fast neutrons obtained from U-
235, are not as good at causing fission, they are readily
captured by an isotope U-238,which then becomes Pu-239.
Better and faster ??? How??
7. This Plutonium isotope can be reprocessed and used
as more reactor fuel.
In this, we can achieve a situation where more fissile
plutonium nuclei are produced in a unit time than
the number of fissile nuclei which undergo fission
,which leads to chain reaction .
Hence these are called Breeder Reactors.
9. 1 Fuel (fissile material)
2 Fuel (breeder material)
3 Control rods
4 Primary Na pump
5 Primary Na coolant
6 Reactor vessel
7 Protective vessel
8 Reactor cover
9 Cover
10 Na/Na heat exchanger
11 Secondary Na
12 Secondary Na pump
13 Steam generator
14 Fresh steam
15 Feedwater pre-heater
16 Feedwater pump
17 Condenser
18 Cooling water
19 Cooling water pump
20 High pressure turbine
21 Low pressure turbine
22 Generator
23 Reactor building
10. The core of fast breeder reactor consist of two parts :
the fuel rods which contain a mixture of uranium
dioxide and Plutonium dioxide , are found in the
inner part. Hence fission reaction dominate ,while in
outer part ,the predominant process is conversion of
U-238 to Pu-239.
In FBR, there must not be any moderator which
implies that water is not at all suitable as coolant .
instead some liquid metal,usually sodium is applied.
11. Liquid Metal Coolant
Typical metal used is sodium
Some reactors use lead, lead-bismuth alloy, or sodium
fluoride salt
Advantages of sodium
Low melting temperature (98°C)
High boiling temperature (892°C)
High heat capacity
System can run at low pressure
Risks of sodium
Burns when it comes in contact with air or water
Poisonous fumes
12. FAST BREEDER REACTOR Vs
pressurized water reactors
FBR
Fuel is enriched to 15-20%
Moderator: none
Heat transfer by liquid
metal or metal alloys
Typically sodium
Reactor under low
pressure
~1.2 fissile atoms
produced per fission
PWR
Fuel is enriched to 3-5%
Moderator: water
Heat transfer by water
Reactor under high
pressure
Fissile material is only
consumed
13. Fact Check !!
The largest nuclear power plant with a fast breeder reactor
is the Superphenix in France, which started operation in
1986.
• Idaho National laboratory (U.S)-
experimental Breeder reactor in 1951
became the first plant to produce
electricity.
There will be six of me
in India !!
I breed faster
Let me focus on world
domination!!
14. INDIA’s PRIDE
India’s first commercial fast breeder reactor — the
500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) —
is at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
The reactor will go critical in september 2014.
Electricity generated from the PFBR would be sold to
the State Electricity Boards at Rs. 4.44 a unit.
BHAVINI builds the breeder reactors in India.
(Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd. Is a
government owned corporation of India established
in 2004 in Chennai).
15. uses
Production of electricity in a large scale .
Heat from nuclear reactors can be used for direct
heating, as process heat for industry or for desalination
plants , used to make clean drinkable water from
seawater.
Another important use for reactors is the utilization of
their high neutron fluxes for studying the structure and
properties of materials.
Heat generated by radioactive decay can be converted
into electricity through thermoelectric effect in
semiconductor materials and thereby produce Atomic
Batteries.
17. Best from waste !!
If developed sensibly, nuclear power could be truly
sustainable and essentially inexhaustible and could
operate without contributing to climate change.
The key to recycling of nuclear fuel is the
electrorefining procedure. This process removes the
true waste, the fission products, from the uranium,
plutonium and the other actinides (heavy radioactive
elements) in the spent fuel. The actinides are kept
mixed with the plutonium so it cannot be used
directly in weapons.
18. Spent fuel from today’s reactors (uranium and plutonium
oxide) would first undergo oxide reduction to convert it
to metal, whereas spent metallic uranium and plutonium
fuel from fast reactors would go straight to the
electrorefiner.
Electrorefining resembles electroplating: spent fuel
attached to an anode would be suspended in a chemical
bath; then electric current would plate out uranium and
other actinides on the cathode. The extracted elements
would next be sent to the cathode processor to remove
residual salts and cadmium from refining. Finally, the
remaining uranium and actinides would be cast into
fresh fuel rods, and the salts and cadmium would be
recycled.
19.
20. REFERENCE
SMARTER USE OF NUCLEAR WASTE :
-By William H. Hannum,
Gerald E. Marsh and George S. Stanford
2005 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS :
-By Kenneth Crain
21. Is it the end
or the beginning
for me !!
Thank you !!