A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
Use of nuclear power plants for the generation of electricity is increasing all over the globe. Perhaps these plants are found environment friendly as compare to thermal power plants but also contains high risk for human life. However at present nuclear power plants constitute about 10% of total electricity generation in the world.
Nuclear power plant,elements of NPP, types of nuclear reactor (PWR, BWR, CANDU, GCR, LMCR, OMCR, fast breeder, fusion), material for nuclear fuel, cladding, coolants, control rod and shielding, nuclear waste disposal, environmental impacts of NPP
nuclear power generation
types of nuclear reactor
position in india
waste management of nuclear waste
generation of nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
In this Chapter we will talk about the :
1- Nuclear Reactor Components
2-Types of Reactors
3- The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
4- Uranium resources in Egypt
5- Uranium resources in Egypt
Nuclear fission is a process by which certain heavy atomic nuclei split into two, most often after collision with a neutron. The process produces heat and also releases neutrons; these neutrons can go on to cause further fissions, allowing a chain reaction to be sustained. Fission is the basic reaction that underlies our use of nuclear energy.
Use of nuclear power plants for the generation of electricity is increasing all over the globe. Perhaps these plants are found environment friendly as compare to thermal power plants but also contains high risk for human life. However at present nuclear power plants constitute about 10% of total electricity generation in the world.
Nuclear power plant,elements of NPP, types of nuclear reactor (PWR, BWR, CANDU, GCR, LMCR, OMCR, fast breeder, fusion), material for nuclear fuel, cladding, coolants, control rod and shielding, nuclear waste disposal, environmental impacts of NPP
nuclear power generation
types of nuclear reactor
position in india
waste management of nuclear waste
generation of nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
In this Chapter we will talk about the :
1- Nuclear Reactor Components
2-Types of Reactors
3- The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
4- Uranium resources in Egypt
5- Uranium resources in Egypt
Nuclear fission is a process by which certain heavy atomic nuclei split into two, most often after collision with a neutron. The process produces heat and also releases neutrons; these neutrons can go on to cause further fissions, allowing a chain reaction to be sustained. Fission is the basic reaction that underlies our use of nuclear energy.
working of nuclear reactors: Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), Canada Deuterium - Uranium reactor (CANDU), breeder, gas cooled and liquid metal cooled reactors – safety measures for nuclear power plants.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Nuclear power plant
1. 4/21/2018
1
Nuclear Power
Nuclear Energy
• Major Driving Factor
- Price of natural gas more than doubled.
- Volatilityof natural gas prices
- High long-term projections for natural gas prices
• Additional Considerations
– Energy security
– Uncertainty in the future emissions regulations (monetizationof
airborne pollutants such as carbon and mercury)
– Availabilityof advanced nuclear plant designs
– Relativestability of regulatory environment
– Public policy (political)support (Energy Legislationin the U.S.)
• Challenges
- Spent fuel disposal
- Resource availability (human and supply chain)
- Project Management
2. 4/21/2018
2
Advantages of Nuclear Power
• Clean
• Plentiful Supply
• High energy content in uranium
–Small fuel pellet
–Can provide base load power
–Energy savings in transportation
• Operating cost is low after construction
Drawbacks to Using Nuclear Power
• Initial construction costs
• Radioactive waste byproduct
• Storage
• Natural disasters
• Public perception
3. 4/21/2018
3
NPPs AROUND THE WORLD
• Nuclear technology takes advantage of the power
locked in structure of atoms, the basic particle of
matter.
– The nucleus of an atom
contains all of its
positively-charged protons
and non-charged neutrons.
– Negatively-charged electrons
orbit the nucleus.
• Atoms always contain equal numbers of protons
and electrons, , making them electrically neutral.
6
Atomic Structure
4. 4/21/2018
4
• Atoms can have different
numbers of neutrons in
their nuclei.
– Nuclei from the same
element with different
numbers of neutrons are
called isotopes.
• Most isotopes are stable,
but some can
spontaneously break apart,
emitting energy and
particles.
– This is radiation.
7
• Nuclear weapons harness a specific type of
decay called nuclear fission.
– This is the splitting of the nucleus into two smaller
fragments.
• The fuel used by the first
nuclear weapons was
Uranium-235, a naturally
occurring isotope.
– Uranium-235 has an
extremely large nucleus
that can be split when it
is hit with a high-speed
neutron.
8
5. 4/21/2018
5
• In a nuclear bomb, a large amount of uranium-
235 is clustered together, so that when fission is
initiated in one of the atoms, it splits and
released more neutrons, which then cause
fission in other atoms.
– This creates a fission chain
reaction.
• Each time a nucleus splits,
a large amount of energy is
released.
– Multiplied across the entire
chain reaction…
9
Fission of U-235
6. 4/21/2018
6
Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for the developmentof a nuclear chain reaction.
The two materialsmost commonly used are uranium-235 and plutonium-239.
Tricks of the trade
• Slow moving (thermal) neutrons are more
effective at inducing fission, but, fissions
produce fast moving electron. We need to
slow neutrons down.
• Fissions typically produce several neutrons but
a linear chain reaction only needs one. We
need to get rid of a good fraction of our
neutrons.
7. 4/21/2018
7
Moderator
• Neutrons are slowed
down by having them
collide with light atoms
(Water in US reactors).
• Highest level of energy
transfer occurs when
the masses of the
colliding particles are
equal (ex: neutron and
hydrogen)
Control Rods
• Control rods are made
of a material that
absorbs excess
neutrons (usually Boron
or Cadmium).
• By controlling the
number of neutrons, we
can control the rate of
fissions
8. 4/21/2018
8
Basic Ideas
• The Uranium is both the fuel and the source
of neutrons.
• The neutrons induce the fissions
• The Water acts as both the moderator and a
heat transfer medium.
• Control rods regulate the energy output by
“sucking up” excess neutrons
Practicalities
• Processing of Uranium
• Each ton of Uranium ore
produces 3-5 lbs of Uranium
compounds
• Uranium ore is processed
near the mine to produce
“yellow cake”, a material rich
in U3O8.
• Only 0.7% of U in yellow
cake is 235U. Most of the rest
is 238U which does not work
for fission power.
9. 4/21/2018
9
World Distribution of Uranium
Enrichment
• To be used in US
reactors, fuel must be
3-5% 235U.
• Yellow cake is converted
into UF6 and this
compound is enriched
using gaseous diffusion
and/or centrifuges.
• There are some reactor
designs that run on
pure yellow cake.
10. 4/21/2018
10
• NOTE: A nuclear bomb requires nearly
100% pure 235U or 239Pu. The 3% found
in reactor grade Uranium CANNOT create
a nuclear explosion!
Fuel Pellets
• The enriched UF6 is
converted into UO2 which
is then made into fuel
pellets.
• The fuel pellets are
collected into long tubes.
(~12ft).
• The fuel rods are collected
into bundles (~200 rods
per bundle
• ~175 bundles in the core
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11
Cladding
• The material that the
fuel rods are made out
of is called cladding.
• It must be permeable to
neutrons and be able to
withstand high heats.
• Typically cladding is
made of stainless steel
or zircaloy.
To appreciate the consequences of using nuclear fuels to generate
energy it is important to recognize the nuclear fuel cycle. Mining
produces low grade uranium ore. The ore contains 0.2 % uranium
by weight. After it is mined, the ore goes through a milling process.
It is crushed and treated with a solvent to concentrate the
uranium. Milling produces yellow-cake, a material containing 70-
90% uranium oxide.
12. 4/21/2018
12
Summary: How Nuclear Energy Works
NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactoris a device in which nuclear chain
reactionsare initiated, controlled,and sustained at a
steadyrate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the
chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is
uncontrolled causingan exploitation.
13. 4/21/2018
13
CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrons are
inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or
lower the control rods.
. The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers
like, boron, cadmium or indium.
STEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert
water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor
core.
Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the
coolant.
14. 4/21/2018
14
STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into
useful mechanical
Various high-performancealloys and superalloys have
been used for steam generator tubing.
COOLANT PUMP
The coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of
the order of 155bar.
The pressure of the coolant loop is maintained almost
constant with the help of the pump and a pressurizer unit.
15. 4/21/2018
15
FEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through
the condenser for condensation and recirculated
for the next cycle of operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed water
in the working fluid loop.
CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense
vapor into liquid.
The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine
exhaust pressure to increase the efficiencyand to recover
high qyuality feed water in the form of condensate & feed
back it to the steam generator without any further
treatment.
16. 4/21/2018
16
In addition to fuel rods containinguranium, reactors contain control rods of cadmium,
boron, graphite,or some other non-fissionablematerial used to control the rate fission
by absorbing neutrons. Lowering the rods decreases the rate of reaction.
The heat
generatedby the
fission of or
uranium releases
energy that heats
waterto produce
steamto turn
turbinesto
generate
electricity.
Cooling Tower
Reactor is inside a large containment
building
17. 4/21/2018
17
ContainmentStructure
Natural Draft
HyperbolicCooling
Towers
The light water reactors
(LWR) make up 90% of the
reactors operating today,
use ordinary water as the
moderator and as the
coolant. The BWR and
PWR are light water
reactors. In a BWR (20% of
reactors in the world).
Steam is formed within
the reactor and
transferred directly to the
turbine.
The steam must be treatedand the generating building must be shielded. In the PWR (70%
of reactors in the world) the water is kept under high pressure so that steam is not formed in
the reactor.Such an arrangement reduces the risk of radiation in the steam but adds to the
cost of constructionby requiring a secondary loop for the steam generator.
Emergency core
cooling system
18. 4/21/2018
18
Breeder Reactors
• A big problem with nuclear power is the
creation of Plutonium in the reactor core.
• This is a long lived radioactive element that is
difficult to store.
• Q: Why not use it as a fuel too?
Basic Idea
• Process that creates the Pu.
• During fission use one of the extra neutrons to create
a Pu atom
0
1
239
944.2
239
93
0
1
239
93min23
239
92
239
92
238
92
PuNp
NpU
UUn
days
19. 4/21/2018
19
• Somewhat difficult in that we want fast
neutrons to “breed” the 239Pu out of the 238U,
but we want slow neutrons to induce the
fission of 235U.
• Requires a different design of reactor.
• Doubling time: Time required to produce
twice as many 239Pu atoms as 235U destroyed.
A good design will have a 6-10 doubling time.
• There are no currently operating breeder
reactors in the US.
38
• Three Mile Island accident
– A relief water valve stuck open, allowing water to
escape from the core.
– A meltdown, when the fuel and control rods
physically begin to melt due to the heat surge
within the reactor, partially occurred.
– No major leak to the
environment occurred.
20. 4/21/2018
20
• In 1986, a full meltdown occurred at the
Chernobyl nuclear plant located in Ukraine
(formerly Soviet Union).
• A test was being conducted on the reactor to
see how the backup water pump generators
would respond to a full power outage.
– The control rods were fully removed.
– At some point, the fission chain reaction began
occurring uncontrollably.
– An explosion ripped apart the containment building,
spreading radioactive fallout throughout the area
and into the atmosphere.
39
• There were multiple design flaws at the Chernobyl
plant:
– The containment building was inadequate.
– Graphite was used as a
moderator instead of
water. When the
meltdown occurred, it
ignited, releasing more
fallout.
– A water storage pool
was located under the
reactor. If the core had
melted down into this
pool, an even greater
explosion would have occurred.
40
21. 4/21/2018
21
• The burning core was eventually extinguished.
• The nearby employees’ town, Pripyat, was
permanently evacuated.
• A 30km radius around the plant, called the
exclusion zone, has been designated as
uninhabitable to people.
41
• The most recent meltdown
occurred following a
massive earthquake and
tidal wave off the coast of
Japan.
• The generators powering
the water pumps of some
of the Fukushima Daiichi
reactors were flooded.
– Without cooling water, the
core overheated and
experienced a meltdown.
42
Fukushima
22. 4/21/2018
22
• Contaminated water from the plant leaked into
the Pacific.
• Top predators, like bluefin tuna, caught in the
Pacific have positively tested for small amounts
of radioactive fallout.
– A single serving of tuna has less than half of the
exposure from an arm x-ray.
43
44
Radioactive Waste Management
• About 100,000 tons of low-level
waste (clothing) and about
15,000 tons of high-level waste
(spent-fuel) waste is stored in
the U.S. from reactor usage.
• Spent fuel rods are temporarily
placed in deep water pools
while they cool down and the
fission reaction slows.
– Waste is then moved to large
casks of metal and concrete near
the reactor.
23. 4/21/2018
23
45
• The U.S. Department of Energy
announced plans to build a high-
level waste repository near Yucca
Mountain, Nevada in 1987.
• The facility met three important
criteria for long-term waste
storage:
– Low moisture.
– Geologically stable.
– Far away from major population
centers.
• Plans to use Yucca have since
been halted, due to objections
from Nevada residents.
– No long-term storage plan has
been accepted by the U.S.
• Some alternative methods of nuclear
waste disposal have been researched.
– Transmutation uses the waste as fuel in a
different type of reactor, which converts it
to a less-dangerous waste.
– Geologic disposal involves
depositing the waste
deep below the Earth’s
crust in stable rock
formations.
46
24. 4/21/2018
24
Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
– Low-cost electricity due to
Gov’t subsidies, services, &
insurance
– Provides “baseload”
constant power to carry
most of the load
– Clean power without air
pollution (no CO2?)
– Requires highly paid work
force (job votes)
– Source of local taxation
revenue
• Disadvantages
– Potential for radiation
leakage and health
effects
– Possible terrorist target
• Useful just as threat
– Apparent cheap power
retards renewable
energy development
– What to do with the
spent fuel?
090124
Most nuclear power plants originally had a nominal life span of
40 years, but engineering assessments of many plants over the
last decade have established that many can operate longer. In
the US most reactors now have confirmed life spans of 40 to 60
years. In Japan, 40 to 70 years. In the US the first two reactors
have been granted license renewals, which extends their
operating lives to 60 years. A few tidbits:
No new plants commissioned in US since 1974
17% of electricityfrom nuclear power plants
103 plants currently operating at 64 sites in 31 states
nuclear power plants ran 92% of the time in 2002
average age is 22 years, programmedage 40 years extended to 60
Spent fuel at Texas’s plants stored in water filled vats
Since 1993, 175 metric tons of uranium from weapons have been transformed
into fuel for nuclear power plants.
25. 4/21/2018
25
Conclusion
• Nuclear plants provide a significant global energy
• Some antinuclear organizations want all plants closed
right now and vocally oppose them
• Nuclear energy provides too much energy to readily
close them without a substitute (~1600 MW/plant)
• Nuclear energy may be a transitional approach from
fission plants to fusion plants some far away day
• Nuclear plants likely will be built again since
population growth demands more energy, natural gas
prices will be higher in the future, and fossil fuel plants
pollute
060127