This document provides an overview of nuclear energy, including:
- Nuclear fission and fusion reactions and how they are carried out to produce energy.
- The types of nuclear reactors including light water reactors, pressurized heavy water reactors, and fast breeder reactors.
- The common components of nuclear reactors such as moderators, control rods, coolants, turbines and generators.
- The advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power generation.
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
nuclear power generation
types of nuclear reactor
position in india
waste management of nuclear waste
generation of nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
Types of Nuclear Reactors,BWR,Boiling Water Reactor,PWR,Pressurized Water Reactor,PHWR,Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor,GCR,Gas Cooled Reactor,AGR,Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor,LGR-Light Water Cooled,Graphite Moderated Reactor,nuclear reactor
nuclear power generation
types of nuclear reactor
position in india
waste management of nuclear waste
generation of nuclear reactor
advantages and disadvantages
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
Advanced nuclear reactor in nuclear power stationUday Wankar
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs through turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators. Nuclear generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating. Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production of plutonium for weapons. Some are run only for research. Today there are about 450 nuclear power reactors that are used to generate electricity in about 30 countries around the world.
Hey friends, let us have a look on nuclear power plant...!!!! Are they really safe or not???...Read the presentation and find out the answer...!!! A special info with updated knowledge is provided.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. What is ATOMIC ENERGY?
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
How this reactions are carried out ?
Types of reactors:
Common components of nuclear reactor
Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power
References
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3. Outline History of Nuclear Energy
The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and
nuclear fission was developed from 1895 to 1945,
much of it in the last six of those years.
Over 1939-45, most development was focused on the
atomic bomb.
From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this
energy in a controlled fashion for naval propulsion and
for making electricity.
Since 1956 the prime focus has been on the
technological evolution of reliable nuclear power
plants.
Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a
German chemist.
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4. Ernest Rutherford ,James Chadwick , Fermi, done many
experiments on radioactive metals.
At the end of 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in
Berlin showed that the new lighter elements were barium
and others which were about half the mass of uranium,
thereby demonstrating that atomic fission had occurred.
Hahn and Strassmann showed that fission not only
released a lot of energy but that it also released additional
neutrons which could cause fission in other uranium nuclei
and possibly a self-sustaining chain reaction leading to an
enormous release of energy. This suggestion was soon
confirmed experimentally by Joliot and his co-workers in
Paris.
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5. The energy that is released through a nuclear reaction
or radioactive decay process. Of particular interest is the
process known as fission, which occurs in a nuclear
reactor and produces energy usually in the form of heat.
In a nuclear power plant, this heat is used to boil water in
order to produce STEAM that can be used to drive
large turbines. This, in turn, activates generators to
produce electrical power.
Atomic energy is more correctly called nuclear energy.
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6. Nuclear Energy can be produced by two processes,
1. Nuclear fission
2. Nuclear fusion
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7. In fission ,heavy nucleus is split into two or more lighter nuclei.
The fission process is accompanied not only by the release of energy but
also by the emissions of neutrons called fission , neutrons.
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8. The emitted neutrons can cause further fissions ,and so on.
For self sustaining fission chain to be possible with continuous release of
energy ,certain requirement must be met.
1st is :
Heavy nuclei must be such that they can be fissioned by neutrons of any
energy; this substance are referred to as fissile species.
(U-233, U-235,plutonium-239 are the fissile species)
2nd is :
The neutrons of lower energy must be capable of causing fission.
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9. In fusion ,two or more light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus.
Fusion reactions occur at very high temperatures.
Natural Artificial
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10. Energy is produced in the sun and stars by continuous fusion
reactions in which four nuclei of hydrogen fuse in a series of
reactions involving other particles that continuously appears &
disappears in the course of the reactions ,such as He3,N2,carbon,
and others but giving one nucleus of helium and two positrons.
Heat produced in these reactions maintain temperature of the
order of several million degrees in their cores.
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11. The fusion of a deuterium nucleus (deuteron) and a tritium
nucleus (triton) has been found to take place most readily.
This reaction is also known as D+T reaction.
The fusion of one deuteron and one triton releases 17.6 MeV of
energy.
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12. Nuclear chain reactions are carried out in closed structure called
nuclear reactor in which fissile material is made to undergo a
controlled self sustaining nuclear reaction with the consequent
release of energy.
A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained
nuclear chain reactions.
Reactors are used for generating electricity, moving submarines
and air-craft carriers, producing medical isotopes for imaging and
cancer treatment, and for conducting research.
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13. Types of nuclear reactors are given as under;
1. Light water reactor:
(A) Pressurized water reactor
(B) Boiling water reactor
2. Pressurized Heavy water reactor:
3. Graphite moderated reactor:
(A) Gas cooled reactor
(B) Water cooled reactor
4. Fast breeder reactor:
5. Water -water energetic reactor:
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14. Moderators: It reduces the velocity of very fast moving neutrons thereby
helping in initiating the chain reactor.
Control rods: They are used for absorbing extra neutrons thereby controls the
chain reaction.
Shielding: It is the shell that prevents radiations to reach outside the reactor.
Coolant: It is used to remove the heat generated inside the reactor core by
fission.
Turbines: it converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy.
Generator: It consists of coils and converts mechanical energy into electric
energy.
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16. Advantages:
PWR turbine cycle loop is separate from the primary loop, so
the water in the secondary loop is not contaminated by
radioactive materials.
PWR technology is favored by nations seeking to develop a
nuclear navy, the compact reactors fit well in nuclear
submarines and other nuclear ships.
Disadvantages:
Pressurized components are needed so its construction is
expensive.
Fuel used must be enriched which increases the cost.
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18. Advantages:
It may be designed to operate using only natural circulation so that
recirculation pumps are eliminated entirely.
Operates at a lower nuclear fuel temperature.
The reactor vessel and associated components operate at a
substantially lower pressure (about 75 times atmospheric
pressure) compared to a PWR (about 158 times atmospheric
pressure).
Disadvantages:
Contamination of the turbine by fission products.
Much larger pressure vessel than for a PWR of similar power,
which increases the overall higher cost.
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20. Advantages:
The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR
(pressurized heavy water reactor) system, enabling the use of
natural uranium as the fuel.
Disadvantages:
Heavy water generally costs hundreds of dollars per kilogram.
The reduced energy content of natural uranium as compared to
enriched uranium necessitates more frequent replacement of fuel.
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22. Advantages:
The advantage of the design is that the coolant can be heated to higher
temperatures than water. As a result, higher plant efficiency (40% or
more) could be obtained compared to the water cooled design (33
34%).
The gases are less prone to react chemically with the structural material
of the reactor unlike water which has higher affinity for chemical
reactions with these elements.
Disadvantages:
Higher pumping power compared to liquid coolants.
Need to maintain high pressure in the system, typically around 7 MPa
for helium systems, to approximately 25 MPa for supercritical CO2.
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25. Advantages:
Need not to be pressurized.
A breeder reactor creates 30% more fuel than it consumes.
Working temperature of liquid metals are higher.(Sodium is a solid at room
temperature but liquifies at 98°C. It has a wide working temperature since it
does not boil until 892°C)
Liquid metal cooled reactors were first adapted for nuclear submarine
Because the metal coolants have much higher density than the water & they
remove heat more rapidly and allow much higher power density.
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26. Disadvantages:
It requires liquified sodium or potassium metal as a coolant, as water would
slow down the neutrons. These metals can cause a mishap, as they react
violently when exposed to water or air.
The construction and operation is very costly. Between $4 to $8 billion is
required in the construction alone.
The by-products formed during the fission of plutonium have to be removed
by reprocessing, as they slow down the neutrons and reduce efficiency.
However, this step of reprocessing produces a very pure strain of plutonium,
which is ideal for use in nuclear weapons.
They also work at a very high temperature
Till date, not a single breeder reactor has been economically feasible. Every
year, billions of dollars worldwide are spent for the safe storage of the
plutonium produced, which is then useless, as few reactors use it as fuel.9/6/2015 26
27. Water-Water Power Reactor is a “series of pressurised water
reactor” designs originally developed in the Russia, by OKB
Gidropress.
Power output ranges from 300 to 1700 Mwe (Megawatt
electric) with the latest Russian development of the design.
Fuel assemblies for these are characterized by their hexagonal
arrangement, but are otherwise of similar length and structure to
other PWR fuel assemblies.
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28. Nuclear power generation does not emit carbon dioxide (CO2) and smoke
particles. The emissions of green house gases and therefore the
contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore
relatively little.
This technology is readily available.
It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single
plant.
Nuclear power is reliable. It does not depend on the weather.
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29. The problem of radioactive waste. Disposal of nuclear waste is very
expensive.
National risks so, Despite a generally high security standard, in
transportation etc.
Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets
for terrorist attacks.
Heavy structure is required.
Nuclear energy is not a renewable energy.
Impact on Aquatic Life and Impact on human Life
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30. (Updated 8 August 2015)
India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and
expects to have 14,600 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 & aims to
supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.
Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its
weapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear
plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear
energy until 2009.
Due to earlier trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely
been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.
A fundamental incompatibility between India’s civil liability law and
international conventions limits foreign technology provision.
India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to its
expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle.
CLICK HERE
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31. Reactor Stste Type Mwe net (each)
Tarapur 1&2 Maharashtra BWR 150
Kaiga 1&2 Karnataka PHWR 202
Kaiga 3&4 Karnataka PHWR 202
Kakrapar 1&2 Gujarat PHWR 202
Madras 1&2
(MAPS)
Tamil Nadu PHWR 202
Narora 1&2 Uttar Pradesh PHWR 202
Rajasthan 1&2 Rajasthan PHWR 90,187
Rajasthan 3&4 Rajasthan PHWR 202
Rajasthan 5&6 Rajasthan PHWR 202
Tarapur 3&4 Maharashtra PHWR 490
Kudankulam 1 Tamil Nadu VVER 917
Total : 21 5302 MWe
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