The document discusses various theories of personality including Neo-Freudian, trait approaches, and learning theories. It provides details on key figures in each approach, such as Gordon Allport's trait theory involving cardinal, central, and secondary traits. It also summarizes Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factors and Hans Eysenck's three dimensions of personality. Learning theories discussed focus on how expectancies, learning, and the environment guide behavior.

1. NAME : ADNAN ABDULLAH
REG NO : 12856
COURSE : PSYCHOLOGY
DATE : 30-09-2010
DAY : Thursday 12-03
PROFESSOR : Dr. R.A Shah
1

2.  NEO-FREUDIAN PYSCHOANALYST
 TRAIT APPROACHES
 LEARNING THEORIES
2

3.  The Neo-Freudian psychologists were a group
of loosely linked American theorists of the mid-
twentieth century thinkers who agreed with the
basis of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, but
changed and adapted the theory to incorporate
their own beliefs, ideas and theories.
 Psychologist Sigmund Freud proposed a
number of ideas that were highly controversial,
but also attracted a number of followers.
3

4.  Many of these thinkers agreed with Freud's
concept of the unconscious mind and the
importance of early childhood. However, there
were also a number of points that other thinkers
disagreed with or directly rejected.
The neo-freudian placed great emphasis on
EGO suggesting that it has more control on our
day to day activities than ID has.
Also paid greater attention on Social factors that
effects the personality development.
4

5.  Introduced concept of striving for superiority to
account for most human motivation.
 Mentioned that People take an active role in
creating their own lives.
 First to emphasize interpersonal and social
factors.
5

6.  Proposed a collective unconscious in addition to a
personal unconscious for the study of personality.
 The collective unconscious contains material each
of us inherited from past generations and is basically
the same for all people.
 He also emphasize that man possess an
unconscious feminine archetype and women have a
male archetype that effect how they behave.
6

7.  Erik Erikson
 Anna Freud
 Karen Horney
(Focused More on Social and cultural factors behind
personality Development and less on aggression drives)
7

8.  The trait approach to personality is one of the major
theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory
suggests that individual personalities are composed broad
dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality
of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of
traits, such as outgoing, kind and even-tempered. A trait can
be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes
individuals to behave in certain ways.
 Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory
In 1936, psychologist Gordon Allports found that one English-
language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words
describing different personality traits. He categorized these
traits into three levels:
8

9. i. Cardinal traits :Traits that dominate an
individual’s whole life, often to the point that the
person becomes known specifically for these traits.
ii. Central Traits: These are the general
characteristics that form the basic foundations of
personality. These central traits, while not as
dominating as cardinal traits, are the major
characteristics you might use to describe another
person.
iii. Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are
sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and
often appear only in certain situations or under
specific circumstances.
9

10.  Raymond Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire:-
 Trait theorist Raymond cattell reduced the number of
main personality traits from Allport’s initial list of over
4,000 down to 16 key personality traits.
 According to Cattell’s, these 16 traits are the source of
all human personality. He also developed one of the
most widely used personality assessments known as
the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF).
10

11. Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality:
British psychologist Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based upon
on three universal traits:
1) Introversion/Extraversion:
Introversion involves directing attention on inner experiences, while
extraversion relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the
environment.
2) Neuroticism/Emotional Stability:
This dimension of Eysenck’s trait theory is related to moodiness versus even-
temperedness.
3) Psychoticism:
Later, after studying individuals suffering from mental illness, Eysenck added a
personality dimension he called psychoticism to his trait theory.
11

12. Hold that people behaviour is guided by thought,
expectancies, learning, and the environment.
Expectancies
• What a person anticipates in a situation or as a
result of behaving in certain ways.
Performance standards
• Individually determined standards by which to
judge one’s own behaviour.
12