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Language Variation and Regional Dialects
1.
LANGUAGE AND REGIONAL VARIATION FROM THE
STUDY OF LANGUAGE –George Yule By Vennila Ramanathan Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
2.
ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE
VARIATION BASED ON REGION/GEOGRAPHY AccentStandard English Isoglosses Bilingualism Regional dialects Creoles Language planning Dialect boundaries Dialect Pidgins The dialect continuum Dialectology Diglossia Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
3.
STANDARD LANGUAGE • Standard
language- An idealized variety because it has no specific region • It is associated with administrative, commercial and educational centres regardless of region • Standard English- Matter which is found in newspapers, books, mass media, fictions, articles and the one taught in schools Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
4.
ACCENT • Every language
user speaks with an accent • Accent refers to the description of aspects of pronunciation where an individual speaker is from, regionally or socially Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
5.
DIALECT • It is
used to describe features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspects of pronunciation • Example: You don’t know what you are talking about - Looks the same when pronounced by an American or a Scott • But Ye dinnae ken whit yer haverin’ aboot in Scottish • There are differences in pronunciation : ye, whit, aboot • There are differences in vocabulary : ken, haverin • There are different grammatical forms : dinnae, yer Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
6.
DIALECTOLOGY • Study of
dialects • It tries to distinguish between two different dialects of the same language and two different languages • None of the varieties of language is inherently better than any other • Sometimes these dialects get associated with a centre of economic and political power • Example: London for British English and Paris for French Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
7.
REGIONAL DIALECTS • The
existence of different dialects is widely recognised and often become the source of humour for those living in different regions • Example – Tree guy in Brooklyn maybe humorous to Southerners since they have heard Brooklyn speakers refer to doze tree guys. Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
8.
ISOGLOSSES • There are
significant differences in the speech of those living in different areas • Example - In one area people may say they carry things home from the store in a paper bag • In another area they say Paper Sac • This difference helps to draw a line across a map separating two areas- This line is called as Isogloss and it represents a boundary linguistic item between the areas with regard to that one particular • Example – Pail in the North and bucket in the South, the other isoglosses can be drawn on the map Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
9.
DIALECT BOUNDARIES • The
broken line in the map in between the two areas is an Isogloss • If an American English (male) speaker pronounces the word greasy as [Grizy] and asks for a bucket to carry water, then he is not likely to have grown up and spent most of his life in Minnesota Source image from George Yule Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
10.
THE DIALECT CONTINUUM •
The drawing of dialect boundaries is quite useful in establishing a broad view of regional dialects, but it tends to obscure the fact that, in the boundary areas, one dialect or language variety merges into another • Regional variation actually exists along a dialect continuum rather than having sharp brakes from one region to the next • It occurs on the side of a political border • Example – As you travel from Netherlands to Germany, concentrations of Dutch speakers may sound more like Deutsch because the Dutch dialects and the German dialects are less clearly differentiated • In border regions speakers maybe bidialectal • In some places, people who know both languages are described as bilingual Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
11.
BILINGUALISM • Regional variation
is not only a matter of two or more dialects of a single language but can involve two or more distinct and different languages • Example – Canada is a bilingual country with both French and English as official languages • In some cases French speaking people can be a minority group but they learn another language in order to take part in a larger dominant linguistic community Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
12.
DIGLOSSIA • A special
situation involving two distinct varieties of a language is called Diglossia • In Diglossia, a low variety is acquired locally and a high variety is learned in schools • In Arab speaking countries, a high variety is used for formal lectures, political and religious discussions Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
13.
LANGUAGE PLANNING • Some
countries are mono-lingual- example. USA • Some other countries are bilingual or multi-lingual • So there has to be a language planning Example -In Israel Hebrew was chosen as the official government language In India the choice was Hindi In East Africa Swahili is the official language in Tanzania • The process of ‘Selection’ ( choosing an official language)is followed by ‘Codification’ in which basic grammar, dictionaries or written models are used to establish the standard variety • The process of ‘Elaboration’ follows with the standard variety • The process of ‘Implementation’ refers to the government’s attempts to encourage the use of the standard and ‘acceptance’ is the final stage when the majority of the population starts using it as their National language Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
14.
PIDGINS • In some
areas the standard chosen language may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country • Example – In Papua New Guinea, more than 800 languages are spoken but official business is conducted in Tok Pisin • This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years ago as a kind of impromptu language called a Pidgin • Pidgin is also often considered as a contact language(used for trading) • If the main source of words in the Pidgin is English, it is called English Pidgin • Example – The word gras- origin in the English word grass In Tok Pisin, it came to be used for hair Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
15.
PIDGINS • Pidgins are
characterized by an absence of any complex grammatical morphology and a somewhat limited vocabulary • Sometimes suffix like –s is rare in English Pidgins • Example – tu buk for (two books) (plural) di gyal place ( the girl’s place) (possessive) • The –ed suffix of standard English is missing in Pidgins • Example – Items for sale appear as ‘smoke meat’ / ‘pickle mango’ • The syntax of Pidgins can be quite unlike the languages from which terms were borrowed and modified • Example – Baimbai yu go – by & by you go hed – head bilongyu – belong you Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
16.
CREOLES • There are
6 to 12 million people using Pidgin language • Between 10 and 17 million are using descendants from Pidgins called Creoles • Beyond being a trade or contact language, when a Pidgin becomes the first language of a social community, it is described as a Creole • Example – Tok Pisin is a Creole now • A Creole develops as the first language of children growing up in a Pidgin using community and becomes more complex as it serves more communicative purposes • Creoles have large numbers of native speakers Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved
17.
CREOLIZATION • The development
of a Pidgin into a Creole is known as creolization • There is now a retreat from the use of the Creole by those who are familiar with the standard variety of the language. This process is known decreolization • Post-creole continuum- The existence of different varieties between a basic variety with more local creole features and a standard variety • Example – In Jamaica, one speaker may say “a fi mi buk dat” Another speaker may say “iz mi buk” Another speaker may say “it’s my book with’ a creole accent • These differences are naturally connected to social values and social identity Copyright © 2020 careertochoose.com Vennila Ramanathan,. All rights reserved