Radiation Poloution

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Submitted to: Dr. Saima Shahzadi
Name: M.Kashif Sattar
Roll No. 6
Class: M.Phill Botany (weekend)

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 Introduction
Sources of radiation
 Natural sources
 Man made sources
Measurement
Classification of radiation
 Ionizing radiation
 Non-ionizing radiation
Effects of radiation pollution
 Effects on humans
 Effects on plants
 Effects on animals
Principles of Radiation protection
Waste disposal

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Radiation
Radiation is the process by which radiant energy
is transferred from one place to another in the
form of electro-magnetic waves.
Radiation pollution
Radiation pollution or nuclear pollution is a
term that refers to pollution caused by
radioactive materials.

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•A curie is a unit of decay
which refers to 37 billion
atoms decaying per
second.
•The impact of
radioactivity is measured
in what has been termed a
dose.
•Rad (radiation absorbed
dose) refers to the energy
received per unit of
material exposed.
•100 erg/gram is
equivalent to one rad.
• Radiologists frequently
use the unit R (Roentgen)
while conducting x-ray
examination.

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Radioactive minerals
Radio nuclides
Cosmic rays
 Medical applications
 Nuclear weapons
 Nuclear reactors
 Nuclear power plants
 Mining
 Accidents at nuclear
facilities
 Spillage of radioactive
chemicals

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Emission of energetic
radiations that causes
pollution such as Uranium-
235, Uranium-238,
Thorium-232 etc.
The splitting of unstable
nuclides into smaller parts
emitting the energetic
radiations
 These radiations enter
into the body of
organism with air during
respiration
Cosmic rays are a major
natural source of external
exposure to radiation.
 They interact with the
atmosphere producing
radiations

8. Cosmic Rays

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MEDICALAPPLICATIONS
It accounts for 98 per cent of the radiation
exposure from all artificial sources
Diagnostic radiology is the analysis of images
obtained using X-rays, such as in plain radiography
(e.g. chest or dental X-rays), fluoroscopy (e.g. with
barium) and computed tomography (CT).

11.  Longer wavelength
electromagnetic
radiations are non-
ionizing radiations.
 Radio waves,
microwaves, visible
radiations
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12.  Shorter wavelength
radiations or particulate
radiations are ionizing
radiations.
 Gamma radiation, X-
radiation
 Alpha particles, beta
particles, neutrons,
protons.
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13. N U C L E A R D E V I C E S S H O U L D B E E X P L O D E D U N D E R G R O U N D .
C O N T A M I N A N T S M A Y B E E M P L O Y E D T O D E C R E A S E T H E
R A D I O A C T I V E E M I S S I O N S .
P R O D U C T I O N O F R A D I O I S O T O P E S S H O U L D B E M I N I M I S E D .
E X T R E M E C A R E S H O U L D B E E X E R C I S E D I N T H E D I S P O S A L O F
I N D U S T R I A L W A S T E S C O N T A I N E D W I T H R A D I O N U C L I D E ’ S .
U S E O F H I G H C H I M N E Y A N D V E N T I L A T I O N S A T T H E W O R K I N G .
P L A C E W H E R E R A D I O A C T I V E C O N T A M I N A T I O N I S H I G H .
MEASUREMENTS

14. Effects of radiation on plants
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 UV radiations affects plant growth and sprouting
 Radiation exposure cause the soil to become compact
 Lose of nutrients needed for growth of plants
 Stomatal resistance is disrupted because of high rate of evaporation due to intense
radiations
 Genetic material for plant reproduction is damaged by radiations
 Chances of mutation are increased

15. PLANT GROWTH
STOMATA
EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS ON PLANTS

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Exposure to very high levels
of radiation, effects such as
skin burns and acute
radiation syndrome
(“radiation sickness"). It can
also result in long-term
health effects such as cancer
and cardiovascular disease.
Acute radiation
syndrome,
which could include nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea,
intestinal cramps,
salivation, dehydration,
fatigue, apathy, listlessness,
sweating, fever, headache
and low blood pressure.
Cancer is responsible for about 20
percent of all fatalities and is the most
common cause of death in
industrialized countries after
cardiovascular disease.

17. GENETIC EFFECT

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 Harmful effects
 Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to affect the atoms in living cells and thereby
damage their genetic material (DNA).
 Radiation kills nerve cells and small blood vessels, and can cause seizures and immediate
death.
 The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine. In sufficient amounts, radioactive
iodine can destroy all or part of the thyroid.

19. RUBAB
REHMAN

20. PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION
PROTECTION
Intenational Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP) proposed a system of radiation protection with
its three principles:-
 Justification
 Optimisation
 Dose Limitation
Justification and optimization, these two principles are
source related and apply in all exposure situations
whereas the principle of dose limitation is individual
related and applies in planned exposure situations.

21. The principle of
radiation
protection is
interrelated with:-
• The exposure
situations
• Categories of
exposure
• The dose criteria
• The Applications
of the system

22. 1- The Principle Of Justification
Any decision that alters the radiation exposure
situation should do more good than harm i.e
 By introducing a new radiation source
 By reducing existing exposure
 By reducing the risk of potential exposure
One should achieve sufficient individual or societal
benefit to offset the detriment it causes.

23.  The principle of justification applies at three levels in
medicine:-
 At The First level: the proper use of medicine is
accepted as doing more good than harm to the society.
 At The Second level: A specified procedure is
justified for a group of patients showing relevant
symptoms or for a group of indviduals at risk for
clinical condition that can be detected and treated.
 At The Third Level: the application of a specified
procedure to an individual patient is justified if that
particular application is judged to do more than harm
to the individual patient.

24. The Principle of Optimization:-
Optimization of protection for patients is also
unique.The basic aim of optimization of protection is to
adjust the protection measures for a source of radiation
in such a way that the net benefit is maximized.
 The optimization of radiological protection means
keeping the dose ‘as low as reasonably achivable
(ALARA)’ , economic and societal factors being taken
into account.
The ALARA radiation safety principle is based on the
minimization of radiation doses and limiting the release
of radioactive materials into the environment by
employing all reasonable methods.

26. Principle For Maintaining Doses
The three major principles to assist with maintaining
doses are:-
1. Time
2. Distance
3. Sheilding
Time: Reducing the time of radiation exposure can
directly reduce radiation dose.
Distance: Increasing the distance between you and the
radiation source,you will reduce the exposure by square
of the distance.
Shielding: Lead or lead equivalent shielding for X-
Rays and gamma rays is an effective way to reduce
radiation exposure.

27. The Principle of Dose Limitation
Dose limit is used to apply controls on each individual’s
accumulation of dose. The total dose of any individual
from regulated sources in planned exposure situations
other than medical exposure of patients should not
exceed the appropriate limits by the commission.
Annual Dose Limits: There are three different
categories of dose limit for
1) Radiation workers
2) Members of the Public
3) Trainees of Radiation
4) Planned special exposures
5) Female pregnant workers

28. WASTE DISPOSAL
 Disposal of low-level waste is straightforward and
can be undertaken safely almost anywhere. Storage
of used fuel is normally under water for at least five
years and then often in dry storage. Deep
geological disposal is widely agreed to be the best
solution for final disposal of the most radioactive
waste produced.

29. Near-surface disposal at
ground level, or in caverns
below ground level (at depths
of tens of metres)
LLW and short-
lived ILW
•Implemented for LLW
in many countries,
including Czech
Republic, Finland,
France, Japan,
Netherlands, Spain,
Sweden, UK, and USA.
•Implemented in
Finland and Sweden for
LLW and short-lived
ILW.
Deep geological disposal
(at depths between 250m and
1000m for mined
repositories, or 2000m to
5000m for boreholes)
Long-lived ILW
and HLW
(including used
fuel)
•Most countries have
investigated deep
geological disposal and
it is official policy in
several countries.
•Implemented in the
USA for defence-related
truansuranic waste at
WIPP.
•Preferred sites selected
in France, Sweden, and
the USAa. Facility under
construction and due to
begin operations in 2023