The document provides an overview of principles of radiation protection including relevant organizations like ICRP, IAEA, and UNSCEAR. It discusses concepts like justification of practices, optimization of protection, and dose limitation. It describes occupational, medical, and public exposures and associated dose limits according to ICRP recommendations. The aims of radiation protection are to prevent deterministic effects and reduce stochastic effects.
The document discusses the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which sets standards for radiation protection. The ICRP relies on the linear no-threshold model to establish dose limits for workers and the public. This model assumes that any amount of radiation exposure increases cancer risk proportionally. The ICRP cites data from studies of atomic bomb survivors and other exposed groups to determine that radiation carries a 5% increased risk of cancer per sievert of lifetime dose. Using this risk factor, the ICRP calculates annual dose limits of 20 millisieverts for occupational workers and 1 millisievert for members of the public. Though other models question the linear no-threshold model, the ICRP maintains it is a
Radiation is energy that is given off by particular materials and devices.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination
This document discusses the history and development of radiation protection. Some key points:
- The harmful effects of radiation were initially not well understood after X-rays were discovered in the late 19th century. Several early researchers and technicians suffered health effects.
- Over time, concepts like tolerance doses, maximum permissible doses, and the "as low as reasonably achievable" principle were developed to set safe radiation exposure limits.
- International organizations like the ICRP and IAEA were formed to make recommendations on radiation safety standards and regulation. National bodies like AERB regulate radiation protection in India.
- The principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation form the foundation of modern radiation protection practices and regulation. Exposure
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection for diagnostic radiology, including:
- Medical exposure involves exposing patients for diagnosis or treatment, following principles of justification and optimization.
- Justification involves assessing if a procedure does more good than harm at the individual, generic, and general levels.
- Optimization aims to keep patient doses as low as reasonably achievable given image quality needs.
- Guidance levels indicate typical dose levels and help identify unusually high exposures requiring review. They are not dose limits.
Han 476 basic radiation safety training awarenessloum31945
This document provides an overview of radiation safety. It discusses the history of radiation and natural and man-made background sources. It also covers fundamentals, exposure limits and regulations, detection of radiation, safe practices, and biological effects. Specific topics include types of radiation, radioactive sources, allowable exposure limits, ensuring compliance, detection methods, and a summary of biological effects. The goal is to educate about radiation safety practices and regulations.
Radioactive Contamination and Procedures of Decontaminationmahbubul hassan
Training Course on Radiation Protection for Radiation Workers and RCOs of BAEC, Medical Facilities and Industries, TI, AERE, BAEC Savar, 27 October 2021
Radiation protection involves protecting people from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. There are three types of radiation: primary radiation which is most intense; scattered radiation resulting from the Compton effect; and leakage radiation emitted from x-ray equipment. The three cardinal principles of radiation protection are time, distance, and shielding. The system of radiation protection justifies practices where benefits outweigh risks, uses ALARA to keep doses as low as reasonably achievable, and limits doses to individuals. Radiation can cause stochastic or non-stochastic effects depending on dose thresholds. Exposure includes medical exposure to patients, occupational exposure to workers, and public exposure. Radiation is monitored through personnel and workplace monitoring devices. Radiation facilities use controlled and
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine.ppt 2Rad Tech
This document provides guidance on radiation protection procedures for radionuclide therapy, including administration of therapy, management of radioactive patients, and optimization of protection for medical staff, visitors, and the hospitalized patient. Key points addressed include justifying therapy based on clinical benefits, ensuring proper training and responsibilities of medical personnel, constraining doses to comforters and visitors, providing instructions to hospitalized patients, and surveying rooms prior to releasing patients or decommissioning areas.
The document discusses the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which sets standards for radiation protection. The ICRP relies on the linear no-threshold model to establish dose limits for workers and the public. This model assumes that any amount of radiation exposure increases cancer risk proportionally. The ICRP cites data from studies of atomic bomb survivors and other exposed groups to determine that radiation carries a 5% increased risk of cancer per sievert of lifetime dose. Using this risk factor, the ICRP calculates annual dose limits of 20 millisieverts for occupational workers and 1 millisievert for members of the public. Though other models question the linear no-threshold model, the ICRP maintains it is a
Radiation is energy that is given off by particular materials and devices.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination
This document discusses the history and development of radiation protection. Some key points:
- The harmful effects of radiation were initially not well understood after X-rays were discovered in the late 19th century. Several early researchers and technicians suffered health effects.
- Over time, concepts like tolerance doses, maximum permissible doses, and the "as low as reasonably achievable" principle were developed to set safe radiation exposure limits.
- International organizations like the ICRP and IAEA were formed to make recommendations on radiation safety standards and regulation. National bodies like AERB regulate radiation protection in India.
- The principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation form the foundation of modern radiation protection practices and regulation. Exposure
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection for diagnostic radiology, including:
- Medical exposure involves exposing patients for diagnosis or treatment, following principles of justification and optimization.
- Justification involves assessing if a procedure does more good than harm at the individual, generic, and general levels.
- Optimization aims to keep patient doses as low as reasonably achievable given image quality needs.
- Guidance levels indicate typical dose levels and help identify unusually high exposures requiring review. They are not dose limits.
Han 476 basic radiation safety training awarenessloum31945
This document provides an overview of radiation safety. It discusses the history of radiation and natural and man-made background sources. It also covers fundamentals, exposure limits and regulations, detection of radiation, safe practices, and biological effects. Specific topics include types of radiation, radioactive sources, allowable exposure limits, ensuring compliance, detection methods, and a summary of biological effects. The goal is to educate about radiation safety practices and regulations.
Radioactive Contamination and Procedures of Decontaminationmahbubul hassan
Training Course on Radiation Protection for Radiation Workers and RCOs of BAEC, Medical Facilities and Industries, TI, AERE, BAEC Savar, 27 October 2021
Radiation protection involves protecting people from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. There are three types of radiation: primary radiation which is most intense; scattered radiation resulting from the Compton effect; and leakage radiation emitted from x-ray equipment. The three cardinal principles of radiation protection are time, distance, and shielding. The system of radiation protection justifies practices where benefits outweigh risks, uses ALARA to keep doses as low as reasonably achievable, and limits doses to individuals. Radiation can cause stochastic or non-stochastic effects depending on dose thresholds. Exposure includes medical exposure to patients, occupational exposure to workers, and public exposure. Radiation is monitored through personnel and workplace monitoring devices. Radiation facilities use controlled and
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine.ppt 2Rad Tech
This document provides guidance on radiation protection procedures for radionuclide therapy, including administration of therapy, management of radioactive patients, and optimization of protection for medical staff, visitors, and the hospitalized patient. Key points addressed include justifying therapy based on clinical benefits, ensuring proper training and responsibilities of medical personnel, constraining doses to comforters and visitors, providing instructions to hospitalized patients, and surveying rooms prior to releasing patients or decommissioning areas.
The document discusses principles of radiation shielding, including different types of radiation and common shielding materials. It describes three basic principles for controlling external radiation: time, distance, and shielding. Shielding methods include using thickness of lead, concrete, steel or other materials to reduce radiation intensity based on half-value layer and tenth-value layer measurements.
This document discusses radiation protection and dosimetry concepts. It defines key terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose and their calculations. It describes stochastic and deterministic effects and the objectives of radiation protection to limit both. The ALARA principle and its application are explained. Various radiation measurement instruments like survey meters, dosimeters and their uses are outlined. The document also discusses radiation shielding calculations and definitions of controlled, supervised and uncontrolled areas.
This document discusses concepts and instruments used in dosimetry. It defines key terms like absorbed dose, exposure, and kerma. It explains dosimetry protocols like TG-51 and TRS-398 which provide standards for calibrating dosimeters. Common dosimeters discussed include ionization chambers like thimble chambers and parallel-plate chambers, as well as Geiger-Muller counters. Calibration of dosimeters involves various correction factors to account for influences like temperature, pressure and polarity.
This document provides information on occupational radiation safety for radiologic technologists. It discusses the risks of ionizing radiation exposure and strategies to minimize that exposure through proper use of time, distance, and shielding techniques. Protective equipment discussed includes lead aprons, thyroid collars, gloves, glasses and face masks. The document emphasizes the importance of radiation safety given the increased risk of health issues like cataracts for those who work regularly with medical imaging that uses ionizing radiation.
The document discusses quality assurance in nuclear medicine, outlining general principles and procedures for ensuring high quality patient care and radiation safety. It covers organizing a quality assurance program, administrative routines like requesting exams and generating reports, monitoring occupational and medical exposure, maintaining instrumentation, and educating staff. The overall goal is continual improvement in diagnostic accuracy, effective use of resources, and optimization of radiation dose for patients and workers.
Measurement of Radiation (Thimble Ionization Chamber, Free air Ionization Cha...Upakar Paudel
The document discusses different methods for measuring ionizing radiation, including early methods based on chemical or biological effects and later adoption of the roentgen unit based on ionization in air. It focuses on the free-air ionization chamber, which measures exposure (roentgens) by collecting ions produced in a known mass of air. Limitations led to the development of thimble chambers, which mimic free-air chambers using solid, air-equivalent walls of appropriate thickness to achieve electronic equilibrium within the chamber.
This document discusses optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry and its applications in radiotherapy. It provides an overview of OSL principles, readers, and stimulation methods. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C) OSL dosimeters are commonly used and have good dosimetric characteristics including dose linearity, minimal energy dependence, and suitability for clinical measurements. The document reviews dosimeter characteristics, advantages, clinical applications in phantom and in vivo measurements, and concludes that OSL dosimeters can provide accurate dosimetric data for a variety of radiotherapy uses.
This document discusses the concept of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which compares the biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. It defines RBE as the ratio of doses of radiation (such as x-rays versus neutrons) required to produce the same biological effect. Higher RBE values indicate radiation that causes greater biological damage. The document explains that RBE depends on factors like radiation dose, number of fractions, and biological endpoint. It also discusses how RBE varies with linear energy transfer (LET), being highest around 100 keV/μm, and how RBE and oxygen enhancement ratio are inversely related and peak around the same LET value.
The document discusses recommendations from ICRP 60 & 103 regarding radiation protection. It begins with background on natural and artificial radiation sources and their effects. It then summarizes the evolution of ICRP recommendations over time, from early annual dose limits of 1000 mSv reduced gradually to current limits. Key concepts discussed include justification of practices, optimization of protection, and application of dose limits. Occupational, public, and medical exposure dose limits are provided. ICRP 103 introduced changes like new tissue weighting factors and computational phantoms.
The document provides information about radiation safety at Wayne State University. It introduces the Office of Environmental Health and Safety (OEHS) and its roles in protecting health and safety regarding hazardous materials use. It also provides contact information for the radiation safety and hazardous waste staff. Basic radiation safety training requirements and rights of radiation workers are outlined.
This document discusses radiation protection and provides definitions, types of radiation effects, sources of radiation exposure, units of measurement, dose limits, and techniques to reduce radiation exposure in medical imaging. It defines radiation protection as protecting people from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It describes stochastic and deterministic effects and lists examples of radiation anomalies. It also outlines regulatory bodies, dose limits for occupational workers and the public, and principles of radiation safety including time, distance, shielding and reducing exposure.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been made, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of intelligence remains an ongoing challenge that researchers continue working to achieve.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation protection involves protecting people from harmful effects of ionized radiation. Sources of radiation exposure include occupational, non-occupational natural sources like radon and cosmic radiation, and man-made sources like medical radiation. The biological effects of radiation include prompt personal effects from high doses occurring within days, delayed personal effects from chronic low doses like cancer, and racial effects from hereditary changes. Permissible radiation doses are regulated and the quantities used to measure radiation include activity, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. Effective dose equivalent considers tissue sensitivity and radiation type to measure biological damage risk from radiation exposure.
This document summarizes key aspects of acceptance testing and commissioning for a new radiation therapy machine. It describes the necessary measurement equipment, including radiation survey meters, ionization chambers, and phantoms. Acceptance tests and commissioning involve measuring various beam properties to ensure the machine meets specifications and performs reliably before clinical use. This process establishes the machine's baseline performance values which are then monitored ongoing through periodic quality assurance tests.
Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside or near a tumor to deliver radiation. It has advantages over external beam radiation in better targeting the tumor while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. The document discusses the history of brachytherapy and the types of sources, implants, and machines used. It also covers dosimetry systems for gynecological cancers like cervical cancer, which commonly uses intracavitary implants of radioactive sources in an applicator. Interstitial brachytherapy directly implants radioactive sources in the tumor. Remote afterloading machines allow safely implanting and removing radioactive sources.
This document summarizes a radiological accident where over 385 patients undergoing CT brain perfusion scans were accidentally exposed to excess radiation doses of 3-4 Gy instead of the expected 0.5 Gy. Technicians intentionally used high radiation levels to get clearer images without proper protocols. This led to consequences like hair loss, skin redness, and increased long-term cancer risks for patients. The accident highlighted the need for specific protocols, training, and oversight of CT equipment to prevent such accidents.
Cobalt-60 is commonly used in teletherapy machines for radiation therapy. It decays via beta emission with a half-life of 5.26 years, emitting two high energy gamma rays. Cobalt-60 sources are typically solid cylinders encapsulated in steel and placed inside the head of a teletherapy machine. The machine head uses mechanisms like sliding drawers or rotating wheels to position the source to emit the therapeutic beam or retract it for safety. Proper housing and collimation are needed to shape the beam and minimize leakage radiation. Cobalt-60 provides advantages over other isotopes as a gamma source for radiation therapy.
This document discusses central axis depth doses in water for both SSD and SAD techniques. For SSD technique:
- Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves measure attenuation at different depths and are affected by beam quality, field size, and SSD.
- Buildup region occurs as secondary electrons deposit energy downstream, increasing dose with depth until maximum.
- Depth dose maximum (zmax) depends on beam energy and field size.
- PDD increases with larger field sizes due to increased scatter radiation.
- PDD increases with longer SSD due to the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
Rp004 r.p. principles & regulatory infrastructure3lanka007
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an international organization established in 1928 to provide recommendations on radiation protection. The ICRP recommends three fundamental principles of radiation protection: justification of practices, optimization of protection, and dose limitation for individuals. The ICRP does not have regulatory power but its recommendations strongly influence radiation regulations in most countries. National regulatory bodies are responsible for implementing specific codes and regulations based on ICRP guidance.
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
The document discusses principles of radiation shielding, including different types of radiation and common shielding materials. It describes three basic principles for controlling external radiation: time, distance, and shielding. Shielding methods include using thickness of lead, concrete, steel or other materials to reduce radiation intensity based on half-value layer and tenth-value layer measurements.
This document discusses radiation protection and dosimetry concepts. It defines key terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose and their calculations. It describes stochastic and deterministic effects and the objectives of radiation protection to limit both. The ALARA principle and its application are explained. Various radiation measurement instruments like survey meters, dosimeters and their uses are outlined. The document also discusses radiation shielding calculations and definitions of controlled, supervised and uncontrolled areas.
This document discusses concepts and instruments used in dosimetry. It defines key terms like absorbed dose, exposure, and kerma. It explains dosimetry protocols like TG-51 and TRS-398 which provide standards for calibrating dosimeters. Common dosimeters discussed include ionization chambers like thimble chambers and parallel-plate chambers, as well as Geiger-Muller counters. Calibration of dosimeters involves various correction factors to account for influences like temperature, pressure and polarity.
This document provides information on occupational radiation safety for radiologic technologists. It discusses the risks of ionizing radiation exposure and strategies to minimize that exposure through proper use of time, distance, and shielding techniques. Protective equipment discussed includes lead aprons, thyroid collars, gloves, glasses and face masks. The document emphasizes the importance of radiation safety given the increased risk of health issues like cataracts for those who work regularly with medical imaging that uses ionizing radiation.
The document discusses quality assurance in nuclear medicine, outlining general principles and procedures for ensuring high quality patient care and radiation safety. It covers organizing a quality assurance program, administrative routines like requesting exams and generating reports, monitoring occupational and medical exposure, maintaining instrumentation, and educating staff. The overall goal is continual improvement in diagnostic accuracy, effective use of resources, and optimization of radiation dose for patients and workers.
Measurement of Radiation (Thimble Ionization Chamber, Free air Ionization Cha...Upakar Paudel
The document discusses different methods for measuring ionizing radiation, including early methods based on chemical or biological effects and later adoption of the roentgen unit based on ionization in air. It focuses on the free-air ionization chamber, which measures exposure (roentgens) by collecting ions produced in a known mass of air. Limitations led to the development of thimble chambers, which mimic free-air chambers using solid, air-equivalent walls of appropriate thickness to achieve electronic equilibrium within the chamber.
This document discusses optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry and its applications in radiotherapy. It provides an overview of OSL principles, readers, and stimulation methods. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C) OSL dosimeters are commonly used and have good dosimetric characteristics including dose linearity, minimal energy dependence, and suitability for clinical measurements. The document reviews dosimeter characteristics, advantages, clinical applications in phantom and in vivo measurements, and concludes that OSL dosimeters can provide accurate dosimetric data for a variety of radiotherapy uses.
This document discusses the concept of relative biological effectiveness (RBE), which compares the biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation. It defines RBE as the ratio of doses of radiation (such as x-rays versus neutrons) required to produce the same biological effect. Higher RBE values indicate radiation that causes greater biological damage. The document explains that RBE depends on factors like radiation dose, number of fractions, and biological endpoint. It also discusses how RBE varies with linear energy transfer (LET), being highest around 100 keV/μm, and how RBE and oxygen enhancement ratio are inversely related and peak around the same LET value.
The document discusses recommendations from ICRP 60 & 103 regarding radiation protection. It begins with background on natural and artificial radiation sources and their effects. It then summarizes the evolution of ICRP recommendations over time, from early annual dose limits of 1000 mSv reduced gradually to current limits. Key concepts discussed include justification of practices, optimization of protection, and application of dose limits. Occupational, public, and medical exposure dose limits are provided. ICRP 103 introduced changes like new tissue weighting factors and computational phantoms.
The document provides information about radiation safety at Wayne State University. It introduces the Office of Environmental Health and Safety (OEHS) and its roles in protecting health and safety regarding hazardous materials use. It also provides contact information for the radiation safety and hazardous waste staff. Basic radiation safety training requirements and rights of radiation workers are outlined.
This document discusses radiation protection and provides definitions, types of radiation effects, sources of radiation exposure, units of measurement, dose limits, and techniques to reduce radiation exposure in medical imaging. It defines radiation protection as protecting people from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It describes stochastic and deterministic effects and lists examples of radiation anomalies. It also outlines regulatory bodies, dose limits for occupational workers and the public, and principles of radiation safety including time, distance, shielding and reducing exposure.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been made, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of intelligence remains an ongoing challenge that researchers continue working to achieve.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation protection involves protecting people from harmful effects of ionized radiation. Sources of radiation exposure include occupational, non-occupational natural sources like radon and cosmic radiation, and man-made sources like medical radiation. The biological effects of radiation include prompt personal effects from high doses occurring within days, delayed personal effects from chronic low doses like cancer, and racial effects from hereditary changes. Permissible radiation doses are regulated and the quantities used to measure radiation include activity, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. Effective dose equivalent considers tissue sensitivity and radiation type to measure biological damage risk from radiation exposure.
This document summarizes key aspects of acceptance testing and commissioning for a new radiation therapy machine. It describes the necessary measurement equipment, including radiation survey meters, ionization chambers, and phantoms. Acceptance tests and commissioning involve measuring various beam properties to ensure the machine meets specifications and performs reliably before clinical use. This process establishes the machine's baseline performance values which are then monitored ongoing through periodic quality assurance tests.
Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside or near a tumor to deliver radiation. It has advantages over external beam radiation in better targeting the tumor while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. The document discusses the history of brachytherapy and the types of sources, implants, and machines used. It also covers dosimetry systems for gynecological cancers like cervical cancer, which commonly uses intracavitary implants of radioactive sources in an applicator. Interstitial brachytherapy directly implants radioactive sources in the tumor. Remote afterloading machines allow safely implanting and removing radioactive sources.
This document summarizes a radiological accident where over 385 patients undergoing CT brain perfusion scans were accidentally exposed to excess radiation doses of 3-4 Gy instead of the expected 0.5 Gy. Technicians intentionally used high radiation levels to get clearer images without proper protocols. This led to consequences like hair loss, skin redness, and increased long-term cancer risks for patients. The accident highlighted the need for specific protocols, training, and oversight of CT equipment to prevent such accidents.
Cobalt-60 is commonly used in teletherapy machines for radiation therapy. It decays via beta emission with a half-life of 5.26 years, emitting two high energy gamma rays. Cobalt-60 sources are typically solid cylinders encapsulated in steel and placed inside the head of a teletherapy machine. The machine head uses mechanisms like sliding drawers or rotating wheels to position the source to emit the therapeutic beam or retract it for safety. Proper housing and collimation are needed to shape the beam and minimize leakage radiation. Cobalt-60 provides advantages over other isotopes as a gamma source for radiation therapy.
This document discusses central axis depth doses in water for both SSD and SAD techniques. For SSD technique:
- Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves measure attenuation at different depths and are affected by beam quality, field size, and SSD.
- Buildup region occurs as secondary electrons deposit energy downstream, increasing dose with depth until maximum.
- Depth dose maximum (zmax) depends on beam energy and field size.
- PDD increases with larger field sizes due to increased scatter radiation.
- PDD increases with longer SSD due to the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
Rp004 r.p. principles & regulatory infrastructure3lanka007
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an international organization established in 1928 to provide recommendations on radiation protection. The ICRP recommends three fundamental principles of radiation protection: justification of practices, optimization of protection, and dose limitation for individuals. The ICRP does not have regulatory power but its recommendations strongly influence radiation regulations in most countries. National regulatory bodies are responsible for implementing specific codes and regulations based on ICRP guidance.
Radiation Protection by Irum Khan (Medical Imaging Technologist)irumk746
Radiation Protection
Introduction:Since the announcement of the discovery of X Rays by Röntgen in December 1895, X-rays and the radiological techniques associated with their use have become increasingly central tools in medical diagnosis and management.
As a result of the growth in the usefulness of imaging, other, non-radiation-based, imaging techniques have been developed (e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), and image-guided interventional means of treating patients have become common place. The benefits to patients from these methods of investigation and treatment have been immeasurable.
However, it would be unwise to imagine that no harm can come to patients from the use of radiation-based and other imaging techniques, or from interventional radiology procedures.
Radiation protection is a key aspect of maintaining the safety of patients and Radiation worker in diagnostic and interventional radiology.
Human Responses to Ionizing Radiation DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
1. Acute radiation syndrome
a. Hematologic syndrome
b. Gastrointestinal syndrome
c. Central nervous system syndrome
2. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Extremities
3. Hematologic depression
4. Cytogenetic damage
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
. Leukemia
2. Other malignant disease
a. Bone cancer
b. Lung cancer
c. Thyroid cancer
d. Breast cancer
3. Local tissue damage
a. Skin
b. Gonads
c. Eyes
4. Shortening of life span
5. Genetic damage
EFFECTS OF FETAL IRRADIATION
Prenatal death
2. Neonatal death
3. Congenital malformation
4. Childhood malignancy
5. Diminished growth and development
Purpose Of Radiation Protection
The principle purpose of radiation protection are
To minimize patient exposure in medical diagnostic radiology
To ensure adequate protection of person operating or using x ray equipment.(Radiologist, Medical Imaging Technologist, Radiographer)
To ensure adequate protection of the general public in the vicinity areas where diagnostic procedure are in progress.
The three fundamental principles of radiation protection of patients are
Justification
Optimisation
The application of Dose Limit
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is responsible for the development of these principles.
Justification
The justification principle is anecdotally known as the benefit vs risk principle; that is, an individual's exposure to medical radiation should always have a greater benefit to the patient as to outweigh the negative consequences of the proposed examination. For example, the benefit in requesting a CT brain for a patient that has suffered significant head trauma generally outweighs any negative outcomes associated with that radiation exposure.
If the exposure has no justification then it should be avoided regardless of how small the dose might be.
Radiation Protection Course For Orthopedic Specialists: Lecture 3 of 4: Basic...Amin Amin
The document discusses the basics of radiation protection for orthopedic specialists, including the principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation for patients, staff and the public. It covers natural and artificial sources of radiation, dose limits, and the importance of controlling areas where radiation is used through procedures, signage and monitoring to restrict exposure.
The document discusses the international system of radiation protection. It describes the key organizations that establish standards and recommendations, including the ICRP, IAEA, and UNSCEAR. The system is based on principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation. The ICRP provides recommendations, the IAEA establishes safety standards, and UNSCEAR studies radiation effects. Dose limits are established for occupational, medical and public exposures to restrict radiation doses.
Overview of occupational radiation safety in hospital, Dr. Avinash u. Sonawareohscmcvellore
This document summarizes occupational radiation safety in hospitals. It covers typical medical uses of radiation like radiotherapy, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear medicine. It discusses the regulatory framework in India, categories of radiation exposures, and issues related to excessive exposures. The conclusion emphasizes that while occupational doses are usually low, there are concerns about reported excessive exposures in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. Improving safety culture and proper use of dosimeters is important to ensure doses remain below limits.
The document discusses radiation protection and its principles. It defines radiation protection as protecting people from harmful effects of ionizing radiation exposure. The objectives are to minimize health effects and avoid deterministic effects. The principles proposed by ICRP are justification, optimization, and individual dose limitation. Justification requires any new radiation source do more good than harm. Optimization means keeping doses as low as reasonably achievable. Dose limitation sets limits on individual accumulation of radiation doses.
This document provides information on medical radiation safety. It discusses natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure, units used to measure radiation doses, and key principles of radiation protection including minimizing time, distance, and shielding. The document also covers radiation risks and perceptions, dose limits for occupational exposure, and requirements for radioactive waste management programs.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter. The goals of radiation protection are to protect persons from both short-term and long-term effects of radiation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Effective radiation protection measures are employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that produces charged particles when passing through matter. The goals of radiation protection are to protect persons from both short-term and long-term effects of radiation by adhering to an established radiation protection program. Effective radiation protection employs measures to safeguard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary radiation exposure.
Radiation protection principles aim to safeguard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation during medical procedures. Key concepts include justifying procedures, applying ALARA principles to minimize dose, monitoring personnel dose, and protecting sensitive populations like pregnant workers and children. Radiation safety is an ongoing responsibility requiring adherence to protection programs and guidelines.
Radiation protection and personnel monitoring devicesRubiSapkota
This document discusses radiation protection and personnel monitoring devices. It begins with an introduction to radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. It then covers the effects of radiation, principles of radiation protection including justification of practice, optimization of protection, and dose limits. The document discusses various personnel monitoring devices including film badges, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD), and optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters. It provides details on how each device works and their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses international standards for radiation protection set by organizations like ICRP, IAEA, and ILO. It summarizes ICRP recommendations for occupational exposure limits, public exposure limits, and medical exposure principles. For occupational exposures, ICRP-26 recommended an annual dose limit of 0.5 Sv to all tissues except the lens of the eye and 0.15 Sv to the lens of eye. ICRP-60 introduced the concepts of effective dose and dose constraints and recommended an occupational effective dose limit of 20 mSv per year averaged over 5 years.
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1. Principles Of Radiation Protection
Musa Joya
Radiology Department, Kabul University of Medical
Sciences
2. 2
Table of Content
Concept and aims of Radiation Protection (RP)
Relevant organizations in RP (ICRP, IAEA and UNSCEAR)
System of RP
• Justification of practices
• Limitation of doses
• Optimization of protection
Occupational, medical and public exposures
Dose limits
3. 3
What can radiation do?
Death
Cancer
Skin Burns
Cataract
Infertility
Genetic effects
4. 4
What can radiation do?
Deterministic effects
death, skin burns, cataract,
infertility
Stochastic effects
cancer, genetic effects
5. 5
1.Concepts and aims of radiation protection
• Radiation Protection (RP) is a tool to protect health
against the risks generated by the use of ionizing
radiation
• Always consider BENEFITS Vs RISKS
6. The need for protection applies to all
dose levels
• It is generally assumed that even very small
doses of ionizing radiation can potentially be
harmful (linear no threshold hypothesis)
• Therefore, persons must be protected from
ionizing radiation at all dose levels
6
7. 7
Aims of radiation protection
• Deterministic effects
• RP aims at PREVENTING
them.
• Stochastic effects
• RP aims at REDUCING them.
8. International system of radiation protection
Relevant organizations in RP (ICRP, IAEA and
UNSCEAR)
10. 10
THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE STANDARDSTHE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE STANDARDS
ICRP
IAEAUNSCEAR
Non-governmental
Governmental
Principles
Recommendations
Effects Standards
11. 11
Relevant organizations in radiation protection: ICRP,
IAEA, UNSCEAR
• ICRP provides recommendations
• IAEA establishes standards of safety and
provides for the application of the standards
• UNSCEAR studies the effects of atomic
radiation
12. 12
ICRP (I)
• ICRP (http://www.icrp.org)
• In preparing its recommendations, ICRP considers
the fundamental principles and quantitative bases
upon which appropriate radiation protection
measures can be established, while leaving to the
various national protection bodies the responsibility
of formulating the specific advice, codes of practice,
or regulations that are best suited to the needs of
their individual countries.
13. 13
• ICRP (http://www.icrp.org)
• ICRP offers its recommendations to regulatory and
advisory agencies and provides advice intended to
be of help to management and professional staff
with responsibilities for radiation protection. While
ICRP has no formal power to impose its proposals
on anyone, in fact legislation in most countries
adheres closely to ICRP recommendations.
14. 14
• United Nations Scientific Committee for the
Effects of the Atomic Radiation
• They elaborate the “UNSCEAR reports” to United
Nations General Assembly about use and effects
of atomic radiation.
Relevant organizations in radiation protection:
UNSCEAR
15. 15
• An independent intergovernmental, science
and technology-based organization, in the
United Nations family, that serves as the global
focal point for nuclear cooperation
• Statutory Objectives: to seek, to accelerate
and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy
to …. health …. throughout the word
Relevant organizations in radiation protection: IAEA
(I)
IAEA (http://www.iaea.org)
16. 16
Statutory functions with regard to safety:
• to establish standards of safety for the
protection of health
• to provide for the application of these
standards …. at the request of a state
Relevant organizations in radiation protection: IAEA
(II)
17. 17
• Justification of practices
• Optimization of protection
• Limitation of doses
Systems of radiation protection
18. 18
Justification of a practice
• Justification means that any
exposure produces sufficient
benefit to offset the radiation harm
that it might cause.
• Thus, if the exposure has not any
benefit it is not justified.
19. 19
Optimization of protection
• Optimization includes the
criterion: doses should be “as
low as reasonably achievable”,
• Optimization means that
minimum risk and maximum
benefits should be achieved
20. 20
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
• refers to the continual application of
the optimization principle in the
day-to-day practice.
21. 21
Limitation of doses
• The normal exposure of individuals shall be restricted
so that neither the total effective dose nor the total
equivalent dose to relevant organs or tissues, exceeds
any relevant dose limit, except in special circumstances
•
• Dose limits shall not apply to medical exposures from
authorized practices.
23. 1. Occupational exposure
Defined by the ICRP as:
•Radiation exposures of workers incurred as a
result of their work,
•Doctors, Radiologists, physicists,
dosimetrists, radiography technicians,
nurses, miners etc.
24. 2. Public exposure
• Includes all public exposures other than occupational
or medical exposures, and covers a wide range of
sources of which natural sources are by far the largest
Public exposure in a radiology facility would include
exposure:
• to persons who may happen to be close to or within
the facility and potentially subject to radiation
penetrating the walls of an X ray room
25. 3. Medical exposure
• Medical exposures are intentional exposures for the diagnostic or
therapeutic benefit of the patient
• They are a very significant and increasing source of exposure
• Advanced countries have shown an increase of 58 % in diagnostic
exposures between the UNSCEAR 2000 and 2008
• CT was by far the greatest contributor, being 7.9 % of examinations,
but 47 % of dose
• For the whole world population, the annual effective dose per person
from medical sources is 0.62 mSv compared to 2.4 mSv for natural
sources
• This rapid growth emphasises the need for effective implementation
of the radiation protection principles of justification and optimization
26. Medical exposure is divided into three components:
• patient exposure
• biomedical research exposure
• carers and comforters exposure
An individual person may be subject to one or more of
these categories of exposure, but for radiation
protection purposes each is dealt with separately
3. Medical exposure
28. 28
Dose limits (occupational exposure)
• The occupational exposure of any worker should be
controlled so that the following limits be not exceeded:
500 mSvThe hands and feet
500 mSvThe skin
150 mSvThe lens of the eye
Annual equivalent dose in:
20 mSv per year, averaged over
defined periods of 5 years
50 mSv in any single year
Effective dose
Occupational dose limitApplication
29. 29
Dose limits (public)
50 mSvThe skin
15 mSvThe lens of the eye
Annual equivalent dose in:
1 mSv in a year (*)Effective dose
Public dose limitApplication
(*) In special circumstances, an effective dose of up to 5 mSv in a
single year provided that the average dose over five consecutive
years does not exceed 1 mSv per year.
30. Basic framework of radiation protection
Recommended dose limits in planned exposure situations
(ICRP 103)
Type of limit Occupational Public
Effective dose 20 mSv per year, averaged over
defined periods of 5 yearse
1 mSv in a yearf
Annual equivalent dose in:
Lens of the eyeb
20 mSv 15 mSv
Skinc,d
500 mSv 50 mSv
Hands and feet 500 mSv –
a
Limits on effective dose are for the sum of the relevant effective doses from external exposure in the
specified time period and the committed effective dose from intakes of radionuclides in the same period
For adults, the committed effective dose is computed for a 50-year period after intake, whereas
for children it is computed for the period up to age 70 years
b
this limit is a 2011 ICRP recommendation
c
The limitation on effective dose provides sufficient protection for the skin against stochastic effects
d
Averaged over 1 cm2
area of skin regardless of the area exposed
e
With the further provision that the effective dose should not exceed 50 mSv in any single year
Additional restrictions apply to the occupational exposure of pregnant women
f
In special circumstances, a higher value of effective dose could be allowed in a single year, provided that
the average over 5 years does not exceed 1 mSv per year
31. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
Methods of reducing occupational exposure
Reduction of staff and public dose follows the basic principles
of time, distance, and shielding which are:
@Restrict the time: the longer the exposure, the greater the cumulative
dose
@Ensure that the distance between a person and the X ray source is kept
as large as practicable. Radiation from a point source follows the inverse
square law
►Employ appropriate measures to ensure that the person is shielded
from the source of radiation. High atomic number and density materials such
as lead or steel are commonly used for facility shielding
It is not always necessary to adopt all three principles. There will be occasions
when only one or two should be considered, but equally there will also be
instances when application of the ALARA principle requires the use of all three
32. 4: International system of radiation protection 32
Where to Get More Information
• International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against
Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. 115,
Safety Standards. IAEA, February 1996.
• ICRP 73, Radiological Protection and Safety in Medicine. Annals
of the ICRP, Vol. 26, Num. 2, 1996. Pergamon. UK.
• 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection. ICRP 60. Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 21,
No. 1-3. Pergamon. UK.
• Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations
Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific
Annexes. New York, United Nations 2000.
Editor's Notes
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Explanation or/and additional information
Instructions for the lecturer/trainer
Detriment = خسارت و زیان
This follows from the linear no-threshold hypothesis for stochastic effects
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This image is just to show the relations between ICRP being a non-govermental organization and UNSCEAR and IAEA being governmental organizations.
ماهرانه کار کردن= elaborate
قانونی
Statutory = طبق قانون، مدون
Part …: (Add part number and title)
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Lesson …: (Add session number and title)
Learning objectives: Upon completion of this lesson, the students will be able to:
…
. (Add a list of what the students are expected to learn or be able to do upon completion of the session)
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Incurred = حادث شدن و واقع شدن
United Nations Scientific Committee for the Effects of the Atomic Radiation
Part …: (Add part number and title)
Module…: (Add module number and title)
Lesson …: (Add session number and title)
Learning objectives: Upon completion of this lesson, the students will be able to:
…
. (Add a list of what the students are expected to learn or be able to do upon completion of the session)
Activity: (Add the method used for presenting or conducting the lesson – lecture, demonstration, exercise, laboratory exercise, case study, simulation, etc.)
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