Kidney beans, also known as rajma, are an important crop grown in India and around the world. They are high in protein, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. Brazil is the top producer globally, while rajma is commonly grown in northern and southern parts of India. Kidney beans thrive in tropical and temperate regions with adequate rainfall and temperatures between 15 to 25 degrees Celsius. They require well-draining soil with moderate organic matter and pH between 5.5 to 6.0 for best growth. Common varieties grown in India include Phule Surekha and PDR-14, which are tolerant to various diseases. Kidney beans are harvested approximately 120-130 days after planting when the pods
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
GPB 311: Wheat- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality in Wheat
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Sponge gourd
Watermelon
Scientific Classification
History and distribution
Nutritive value
Climate and soil
Varieties of watermelon
River bed cultivation
Sowing
Method of sowing
Seed treatment
Manure and fertilizers
Irrigation
Diseases
Harvesting method
References
Thank you
by Marco Felix Valdez
April 7, 2019
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
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2. French Bean or Kidney Bean or
rajma
Botanical Name: Phaselous vulgaris
Family: Leguminaceae.
French bean is valued as vegetable and seed. it is extensively
grown as green vegetable.
3. Introduction
Kidney beans have become famous all over the world
due to its health benefits as well as their savory texture.
Kidney beans are termed as “King of Nutrition”. Brazil is
top producer of kidney beans in the world. Red kidney
beans are popularly known as “Rajma” in northern India.
Various healthy dishes can be prepared using this beanin
India. These beans are grown in most of the state’s
northern and southern parts of India. Kidney beans are
also called as “common bean”, “haricot bean”, “navy bean
or snap bean”.
source: K. Parmar at al. Dec., 2016
4. Health benefits of Rajma/Kidney Beans :
• Nutritional value per 100 g :
• Energy 1,393 kJ (333 kcal)
• Carbohydrates 60.01 g
• Sugars 2.23 g
• Dietary fibre 24.9 g
• Fat 0.83 g
• Protein 23.58 g
source: R. KRISHI, Farming of kidney beans (Rajma) ,Volume 11, 2
December, 2016, 51-52
7. Local names of Kidney Beans in India:
Kidney Beans(English)
Rajma (Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Gujarati,
Barbati Beej / Raajma (Bengali),
BaragudiChhuin / Rajma (Oriya),
Capparadavare(Kannada),
Chikkuduginjalu / Nallachikkudu(Telugu).
8. Growing season of red Kidney Beans :
Red kidney beans are cultivated in both Rabi
and Kharif season in various parts of India.
Sowing season of kidney beans varies from
state to state.
In rabi season, For U.P. and Bihar regions month
of November, for Maharashtra - Mid of
October
For Kharif season crop, Middle of May to
Middle of June is best sowing season.
source: Department of Agricultural Extension, S.V.P. University of
Agriculture and Technology, MEERUT (U.P.) INDIA
9. Climate required for Rajma cultivation :
This crop grows well in tropical and temperate
areas receiving 60 to 150 cm of rainfall
annually. Ideal temperature for better yield is
15°C to 25°C.
source: Rashtriya Krishi ,Vol. 11 (2) Dec., 2016.
10. Suitable soil for Rajma Cultivation :
• Kidney beans thrives on a wide variety of soils.
However, well drained loamy soils are the best for
its cultivation.
• pH should be 5.5 to 6.0 to obtain better yields.
• Soil with high organic matter/FYM promotes
more vegetative growth.
• This crop requires good moisture in the soil for
better germination of the seeds.
source: K. PARMAR, N.K. SINGH AND l. KUMAR, Rashtriya
Krishi,Vol. 11 (2),Dec., 2016.
11. Spacing in Rajma/Kidney Beans Farming :
Row-to-Row spacing is about 30 cm and Plan to
Plant spacing is about 10 cm to 15 cm. Seeds
should be sown @ depth of 6 cm to 7 cm to
absorb moisture in the soil.
Seed Rate: The seed rate is 40 to 50 kg/ha.
Source: Rashtriya Krishi, Vol. 11 (2) Dec., 2016
12. Manures and fertilizers:
• This crop lack biological Nitrogen fixation due to poor
nodulation. Therefore it needs good amount of
Nitrogen about 100 to 125 kg/ha.
• This crop also requires 60 to 70 kg of P2O5/ha
• FYM have been traditionally used in agriculture for
maintaining soil fertility due to nutrient content, higher
organic matter, increased water holding capacity and
increased uptake of nutrient and yield stability. FYM
also improves physical (soil texture, soil structure),
chemical (soil pH) and biological conditions of soil.
Source: Rashtriya Krishi, Vol. 11 (2) Dec., 2016
13. Irrigation in Rajma crop:
This crop requires pre-sowing irrigation for better
germination of the seed and critical stage for
irrigation is about 3 weeks to 4 weeks after sowing.
Four irrigations @ 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after
sowing the seed are required for optimal yield. This
crop does not require frequent irrigations in rainy
season. In case of heavy rains and make sure the soil
has excellent drainage to avoid the water logging.
source: K. parmar, N.K. singh and . kumar, Rashtriya Krishi ,Vol. 11
(2),Dec., 2016.
14. Weed control as essential requirement:
At initial stage of plantation this crop suffers
from weeds, first one month period is critical
to control the weeds. One hand weeding can
be carried out after 1 month of sowing.
Pre-emergence of pendimethalin @ 1 kg per
hectare or 1 kg/ha of fluchloralin should be
incorporated as part of pre-plantation process.
source: K. Parmar at al. Dec., 2016.
15. Varieties:
• Phule Surekha: Developed by selection from cv.
Jama improved. Suitable for cultivation in Kharif,
rabi and spring summer season. Pods are 9 -10
cm long, flat and light green in colour.
Recommended for Kolhapur, Satara, and Pune
district of Maharashtra. Resistant to yellow
mosaic and wilt disease
• PDR‐14 (Uday): Tolerant to BSMV, red variegated
seeds.
Source: department of agriculture and cooperation, ministory
fo agriculture, government of india.
16. Harvesting/Cutting of Rajma:
Rajma/Kidney Beans crop will be ready for
cutting when the pod turns to brown colour
and the harvesting to be done after 120 to
130 days. Harvested plants should be kept on
sun for 3 to 4 days and threshing can be done
by bullocks or with sticks/sickle. Use seed bins
for storing the clean Kidney Bean seeds.
source: K. Parmar at al. Dec., 2016.
