RICE CULTIVATION

Rural Agricultural Work Experience
AGR-411 4(0+4)
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
RAJIV GANDHI SOUTH CAMPUS
“Cultivation Practice of Rice”
Submmitted to:- Submitted by:-
Mr. Pramod Lawate Mohd Aale Navi
Dr. Savita Devangan R-14022
BSc. (Ag) 4th year

Introduction
 Botanical name-Oryza sativa
 Family- Gramineae
 Diploid, 2n= 24
 Origin – Asia (South-Eastern ) Indo Myanmar
 Self Pollinated, C3 crop
 Test weight =25g (wt. of 1000 g grains)
 Rice Inflorescence is panicle.
 Hulling percent in rice is 66 percent or2/3 of Paddy. Consumed 5000 litres of
water to produced 1kg rice grain.
 Highest productivity- Japan(58q) and average productivity in India is 18.5 q/ha.
12/14/2017 Mohd Aale Navi, RAWE, AGR 411 ( 0+4) RGSC-BHU 2

Area and distribution in world
Area:- India > China > Indonesia
Production:- China > India > Indonesia
Productivity:- Japan > USA > China
In world:-Area(158.8 mh.) and Production about744.4 mt.(2015-16)
Area and distribution in India
Area:- West Bengal > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh
Production:- West Bengal > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh
Productivity:- Punjab(34q/ha.)
 In India:- Area (46million hectare ) and Production (157.2 million tons.) in (2016).
Rice contribute about 24% of gross cropped area of country.
 India export 40,45,796 MT of basmati rice of Rs. 22718.44.
 Uttar Pradesh export 3,21,473.61 MT worth of Rs. 949.82 crores.(2015-16)

Year Area
(Lakh hectare)
Production
(million ton.)
Yield
(kg/hectare)
2013-14 441.36 141.10 2388
2014-15 441.10 145.48 2391
2015-16 433.88 157.32 2404
Area production and yield of rice in India
 Area production and yield of rice in Uttar Pradesh
Year Area
(lakh hectare)
Production
(lakh ton.)
Yield
(kg/hectare)
2013-14 62.47 159.07 2358
2014-15 59.16 167.78 2167
2015-16 56.76 140.22 2480
Source: Annual report, department of Agriculture, cooperation &farmer welfare, GOI 2016-17

 Rice Producing State In India
State Production
(lakh tons)
Share(%)
West Bengal 156.05 50
Uttar Pradesh 140.22 13
Andhra Pradesh 128.95 12
Punjab 105.42 10
Tamil Nadu 74.58 7
Bihar 71.62 7
Chhattisgarh 60.28 5
Odisha 58.07 5
Assam 45.16 3
Karnataka 39.55 2
Source: Annual report, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer welfare, GOI, 2015

 Morphology of rice:
Identification of different parts
 Germinating seedling.
 Tillers
 Culm
 Leaf Panicle and Spikelet
 Flor-ate
 Flower
 Rice grain

 Root system:
When a rice grain germinates in a well-drained, upland soil the sheath
(coleorhizae) emerges.
If it germinates in submerged low lands(water) coleoptile, a covering enclosing
the young shoot, emerges ahead of the coleorhiza. The coleoptile emerge as a
tapered cylinder.

Cont.
• The primary, embryonic roots (radicle) comes out through the coleorhiza shortly
after it appears.
• Two or more sparsely branched seminal roots follow.
• These roots eventually die and are replaced by many secondary adventitious
roots.

 Seedling
The first seedling leaf, or primary leaf, emerges from the growing seed.
It is green and shaped like a cylinder. It has no blade.
The second leaf is a complete leaf.
differentiated into a leaf blade.
 Mesocotyl pushing the coleoptile
above the soil surface.

 Tillers and mature roots.
The seedling will grow and develop branched tillers. Parts of the rice tillers
include the roots, culm, and leaves.
Types of mature roots
1)Secondary adventitious roots: Produce from underground nodes of young tillers.
2) Adventitious prop roots: Often from above the soil surface in whorls.

 Shoot system:
• Collectively applies to all plant part visible above the ground level. It is mainly
composed of culms, leaves and inflorescence (panicle).
• Culm: The culm or stem is made up of a series of nodes and internodes
• Node is the solid portion of culm. Nodal regions bears a leaf and a bud and leaves
are borne alternately on the culm
 Young internodes-
 Mature internodes-

Leaves
• Leaf: Node or nodal region of the culm bears a leaf.
Flag leaf: The top most leaf below the panicle is flag leaf.
• Collar & Mid rib: The circular collar joins the leaf blade and leaf sheath. The leaf
sheath is wrapped around the culm above the node with many parallel veins on
the upper surface of the leaf with a prominent ridge in middle.

Cont:
Auricles : Most leaves posses small, paired ear like appendages on either side of
the base of blade. These appendages is called auricle.
Ligule: A papery membrane at the inside juncture between the leaf sheath and
leaf blade. It can have either a smooth or hair like surface.
The length colour, and shape of the ligule differ according to variety.

 Sheath pulvinus
The swelling at the base of leaf sheath, just above the node, is the sheath
pulvinus. It is something incorrectly referred to as the node.
Although similar rice seedling are different from common grasses while rice
plants have both auricles and ligules.

 Panicle and spikelets
• The terminal component of rice tiller is an inflorescence call panicle.
• The panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm. The panicles bears
spikelets, most of which develop into grain.
• These spikelets are borne on the primary and secondary branches.it consist of
pedical and floret.

 Flor-ate of rice:
• The rachilla, sterile lemmas and the rudimentary glumes all support the floret
(lemma+palea+Flower)
• Both the lemma and palea have ridges referred to as nerves.
• The lemma has constricted structure at its end called the keel. In some varieties,
the keel is elongated into a thin extension, the awn.

 CLASSIFICATION
• Oryzae sativa:- variety of this found in Asia, America, and Europe.
Oryza glaberrima: variety of this genus found in west Africa.
• Oryza sativa is a diploid species having 24 chromosomes.
A) indica B. japanica C. javanica
Nutritive vale of rice per 100g.
Cereals
(g)
Protein
(gm)
Fat (gm) CHO (gm) Mineral
(gm)
Calcium
(mg)
Fiber
(gm)
Energy
(k.cal)
Rice(bran) 13.5 16.2 48.4 6.6 67 4.3 393
Rice(raw) 6.8 0.5 78.2 0.6 10 0.2 345
Rice(parboiled) 8.5 0.6 77.4 0.9 10 0.2 349

 Climate and soil requirement
Climate Requirement :
Rice cultivation in India extends from 8 to35ºN latitude and from sea level to as
high as 3000 meters. Rice crop need a hot and humid climate.
Average temperature: 21-32C,At blooming stage-26.5-29.5
Maximum temperature: 40-42C
Temp at different stage:
10 0C - at sprouting stage
20-21 0C - at grain formation
Clay loam soil most suited with PH range:- 5.5-6.5
Crop season Local name Sowing time Harvesting time
Kharif Aus
(west Bengal, Bihar)
May- June Sept- Oct
Rabi Aman or Aghani June- July Nov- Dec
Summer or Spring Boro (west Bengal),
Dalua (Orissa )
Nov-Dec March- April

 Varieties :-
varieties depend to a great extent on agro climatic condition, the cropping
system followed, grain quality and several other factors.
State Ecosystem Varieties
UTTAR PRADESH
Rainfed Upland Narendra Dhan 1,2,80,118
Govind, VL Dhan 97
Irrigated early Saket 4, IR 24, Prashad, Pant
Dhan 6,12,957, Narendra Dhan
359
Irrigated Medium Pant Dhan 10, Pant Sankar
Dhan 1, Narendra Sankar Dhan
Semi-Deep Water Jal Lahari, Madhukar, Barah
Avarodhi
Deep Water Jalnidhi, Jalpriya
Saline Alkaline Ushar 1, Narendra Usar 2,3
CSR-10,13,27

In India rice is mainly cultivated in two types of soil
Uplands
Low land
This method of cultivation of rice in a particular region depends largely on factors
such as:
 Situation of land,
 Type of soil,
 Irrigation facilities &
 Availability of labour intensity and distribution of rainfall

Contn:
(i) Uplands or Semi-dry upland cultivation.
 Also called direct seeded rice.
 Mainly early maturing variety of 100-115 days are sown.
.
The crop of rice is grown with the following methods
(a) Broadcasting the seed (b) Sowing the seed behind the plough or drilling

Cont:
Field prepration-
After harvesting the rabi crop in April- May. The field should be plough with soil
turning plough. The field should be prepared and bunds should be made around the
field just after first shower of monsoon.
Seed rate-
60 kg in behind the plough or drilling and for broadcasting 100 kg seed/hectare is
required.

Contn:
Fertilizer Application-
60kg nitrogen, 30 kg phosphorus, 30 kg potash per hectare
Full dose of P & K and 1/3 or 33% dose of N is applied at time of land preparation. After
35-40 days of sowing or at the time of tillering stage, top dress 50% dose of total
remaining nitrogen& rest nitrogen is applied before or at the time of panicle initiation
stage.
Weeding and Howing-
In upland rice weeds are major problem. Apply Benthiocarb @ of 2 kg a.i. per hectare 6-7
days after seedling of rice.one manual weeding 40-45 days after sowing.

(ii) Wet or lowland rice cultivation
(a) Transplanting in puddled fields.
(b) Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields.
For transplanting one hectare area about 500 square meter area is sufficient for
nursery raising. In case of late sowing area should be 750-1000 square meter.
Seed rate:- 40-45 kg seed for bold grain varieties and 30-35 kg seed for fine grain
varieties.
(b) Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields.(a) Transplanting in puddled fields.

 Methods of Nursery Raising:
There are three major methods of raising nursery - viz
1-Dry bed nursery, 2- Wet bed nursery, 3- Dapog
Dry nursery where the dry seed is sown in dry soil. This method is practiced in areas where
water is not sufficient to grow seedlings in wet nursery. use the same seed rate and
fertilizer as in wet nurseries. Maintain a thin film of water if possible after 5 days of sowing.
Seedling on the dry bed should be ready for transplanting from 21 days.
Water the bed to saturation before uprooting.
Wet nursery where sprouted seed is sown on the moist puddled soil. Wet- nurseries are
preferred under irrigated condition. Nursery would be ready for transplanting at the age of
20-25 days. Apply 225g urea , 500g ammonium sulphate and 500g SSP per 10 square
meter.

 DAPOG Method
 This method of raising nursery has been introduced in India from Philippines.
 Commonly prevalent in Philippines.
 The essential feature of this method is to have a very thick stand of the nursery
seedlings without any contact with the soil.
 Generally, seedlings become ready for transplanting in 12 to 14 days.
 Seedling from 1meter square are sufficient for 200meter square field
 Seed rate are 2.5 times higher than other methd. Crop flowers 4 days earlier
when rice is transplanted by this method.
 60-65 kg seed is sown in 25-30 meter square area is enough to plant 1 ha. main
field.

Land prepration:
1st ploughing- 2-3 weeks before transplanting begins.
2nd ploughing take place 7-10 days after the first ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing.
Puddling –
10 days after harrowing and and one day before transplanting.
• If a basal application of fertilizer is intended, broadcast the ferlizer just before puddling.
• Puddling keeps the soil surface in a more even condition, besides creating beneficial
physical, biological and chemical conditions for rice plant growth.
• Transplanting should be done with proper age of seedlings.

 Transplantinng:
A-Hand transplanting:
In case of short duration varieties, the seedlings should be uprooted from the
nursery beds for transplanting, when it is three to four weeks old.
In case of medium and long duration varieties, four to five weeks old seedlings
should be transplanted.
Always healthy seedlings should be used for transplanting at the four to five leaf
stage or when they are about 15-20cm.High.
Spacing: 20 X 10 cm
Depth of Planting and Directions of Rows
The seedlings should be transplanted at 2 to 3 cm depth.
Shallow planting
The crop planted with rows running in the north-south direction generally gives
better yield particularly in rabi season gives better yields.

Number of seedlings per hill
Use of more seedlings per hill, besides not being any additional advantage, involves an
extra expense on seedling. Transplanting two to three seedlings per hill under normal
conditions is enough.
Broad- ling:
• Method use where rice grown is extremely boggy, making it difficult to walk in them.
• Seedling are throne randomly into the puddled soil.
• The technique require smaller plots.

 Broadcasting sprouted seed in puddle field:
• Area where there is an shortage of laboures or otherwise labour is very expensive
for transplanting.
• 100 kg seed are required for one hectare.
• Seed should be shocked in water and pre germinate before broadcast.
• The sprouted seed with radicle length one two millimeter are uniformly
broadcasted by hand.
Water management-
• Water requirnment is high during in initial period about 10 days.
• Tillering to flowering(booting) is most critical stage.
• Water allowed to stand in the field at depth of 2-5 cm.

 Weed of rice
S.N. BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME FAMILY
GRASSES
1. Echinochloa colonum
Echinochloa crusgali
Bansawan Gramineae
2. Cynodon dactylon Doob grass Graminae
3. Eleusine indica Bankodo Gramineae
4. Dactyloctenium
Aegyptium
Makra Gramineae
5. Setaria glauca Bottle grass Gramineae
SEDGE
6. Cyperus rotundus Motha Cyperaceae
BROAD LEAVES
7. Caesulia axillarics Thukaha(Gurguja) Compositeae
8. Eclipta alba Bhangaria Compositeae
9. Euphoribia herita Bari dudhi Enphorbiaceae
10. Solanum nigrum Ban makoy Solanaceae

 Control of weeds:
S.N. Herbicide Recommended dose Application time
1 Butachlor 1.5 Pre emergence
2 Pretilachlor 1.0 Pre and early emergence
3 Pyrazosulfuronethyl 40g Pre and early post
emergence
4 Oxyflurofen 1.0 Pre emergence
5 Anilophos 0.2-0.4 Pre emergence
6 Trifluralin 1.5 Pre plant
7 2,4 D 1..0-1.5 Post emergence
8 Propanil 2-3 Post emergence
9 Bentazone 2 Post emergence
10 Thiobencarb 1.0-1.5 Post emergence
11 Phenoxaprop-p-ethyle 100g Early post emergence

 Harvesting and threshing
The right stage for harvesting as commonly understood by laymen is when
panicles turn into golden yellow and the grains contain about 20 percent moisture.
When the moisture in the paddy grains reaches 16-17 percent n the standing crop
in the fields, the crop sustains a heavy loss.
In general, three criteria are taken into consideration to specify the right time of
harvesting viz.
(i) - The moisture content of the grains,
(ii-) The number of days after planting or flowering and
(iii)-- The dry matter of the plant and damage by birds and rodents.

Yield of paddy:
A well managed crop of rice:
Mid to late duration :
 Yield about 60-70 quintal paddy / hectare.
Short duration variety:
 Yield about 45-55 quintals / hectare.
Hybrid rice variety:
 Yield about 60-70 quintals / hectare.

 Bacterial leaf blight
Pathogen: Xanthomonas oryzae
Period of occurrence: Tillering to heading stage with close planting.
Yield loss : 6-60 %
Alternated host : Grasses(lyersia spp. And cyperus rotundus)
Damage symptom : 5-10 mm long green yellow spot at tip of leaves.Enlarge and
turn yellow
Management: Ajaya, Asha, Biraj, Gobind, Suraj, Swarna.Avoid excess
nitrogen. Foliar spray of 0.05g stretocyline and 0.5 % CUSO4

 BLAST OF RICE:
Pathogen- Pyricularia oryzae (fungus)
Period of occurrence: seedling to maturity.
Yield loss: 70-80%.
 Favourable condition: low night temp(22-280C)
high relative humidity, Cloudy and drizzling weather.
Mode of transmission: wind, seed
Source of inoculum. Seed, grasses.
Symptoms:
Affects the leaves, cause diamond/ spindle
shaped white to gray lesion with dark green to brown border.
Management : Resistant variety : Jaya, Jyothi, IR- 64 seed treat with pseudomonas
fluorescence 10g/ 1 of water for 30 minute. Spray 1g of Carbendazim (780g/acre)
or 1 ml Edifenphos (780 ml/acre)

 Insect of rice:
 Rice-Hispa-Disladispa armigera
Adult of this insect scrap on upper
surface of leaf blade, leaving only
lower epidemic.
Control- Spray Phosphamidon 85
SL(Dimecron) @ 0.5 milliliter in 1L of
water or monocrotophos 36 EC@ 1 ml
in1 L of water or dust 2% methyl
parathion @ 20 kg ? Ha.
 Stem- borer-Scirpophaga incertulas
Damage caused by larvae.They bore
and feed inside the stem. They drying
of growing part from the base causing
the plant die.
Control-Apply carbofuran(Fura-dan)@
30 kg per hectare or Phorate (Thimet)
10% granules @ 10 kg hectare in 3-4
cm standing water in the field.

RICE CULTIVATION

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