Breeding of wheat

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Breeding of
WHEAT
Triticum aestivum
(2n=6x=42)
Dr. Mamata Khandappagol
Assistant Professor (Contractual)
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
CoA, Chamarajanagara-571127
UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru
Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara

Introduction
• Wheat is a staple crop for a significant proportion of the world’s
population.
• Wheat is rich in carbohydrates, protein and essential vitamins and
minerals such as vitamins B and E, calcium and iron, as well as
fibre.
• It is world’s most widely cultured crop occupying 22%
cultivated areas.
• It is the major crop of USA, Canada and Asia, it is C3 crop not
well adapted to tropical and subtropical condition.
• As many as 25 species recognised in the world, only 3 species
namely, T. aestivum/vulgare (Bread wheat), T. durum (Macroni
wheat) & T. dicoccum (Emmer wheat) commercially grown in
India.
2Dr. Mamata K, Dept. of GPB, Chamarajanagara

History
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• Cultivation of wheat began to spread beyond the
Fertile Crescent after about 8000 BC
• Spread of cultivated wheat started in the Fertile
Crescent about 8500 BC, reaching Greece, Cyprus
and India by 6500 BC, Egypt shortly after 6000 BC.
• The early Egyptians were developers of bread and the
use of the oven and developed baking into one of the
first large-scale food production industries-

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Origin
• Wheat has evolved from wild grasses.
• The centre of origin is South Asia.
• Large genetic variability is observed in
Iran, Isreal, and Bordering countires.
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Ploidy level Origin
Diploid (2X) Asia minor
Tetraploid (4X) Abyssinia, North Africa
Hexaploid (6X) Central Asia

Region of wheat origin: Region of wheat cultivation:

Global Wheat Production
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Wheat production in India

Distribution:
• USA, Canada, Latin America, Europe, China,
Japan, Argentina, Mexico, India, Pakistan – Every
month of the year a crop of wheat is harvested some
where in the world.
• In India extensively cultivated in North West India,
Eastern part, Central plain to some extent Southern
peninsular zone.

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Classification :
Important Species of Wheat

Classification :
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Important Species of Wheat

Major cultivated species of wheat
• Durum - (T. durum) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely
used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat today.
• Einkorn - (T. monococcum) A diploid species with wild and
cultivated variants . One of the earliest cultivated, but rarely
planted today.
• Common Wheat or Bread wheat - (T. aestivum) A hexaploid
species that is the most widely cultivated in the world.
• Emmer - (T. dicocum) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient
times but no longer in widespreaduse.
• Spelta - (T. spelta) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited
quantities.

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DEVELOPMENT OF
COMMON WHEAT

The evolution of hexaploid bread wheat from its wild relatives.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES

Methods of breeding :

•The CIMMYT, Mexico successfully utilized
the unique wheat germplasm, Norin 10 for
introducing dwarfing genes (Rht 1, Rht 2) for
increasing the yield potential and
resistance/tolerance against various biotic and
abiotic stresses in modem wheat varieties.
•Indian wheat scientists could develop large
number of improved wheat varieties from
wheat germplasm introduced from CIMMYT,
Mexico.
•Some of these varieties like Kalyansona,
Sonalika, C-306, WH 147, WL 711, HD
2329, WH 542 and PBW 343 have become
very popular among Indian farmers.
INTRODUCTION

Cont..
• Theoretical considerations suggest
that wheat yield potential could be
increased by up to 50% through the
genetic improvement of radiation
use efficiency (RUE).
• Trait-based hybridization strategies
will aim to achieve their
simultaneous expression in elite
agronomic backgrounds, and wide
crossing will be employed to
augment genetic diversity where
needed.
• Genomic selection approaches will
be employed, especially for difficult-
to- phenotype traits.

Pure Line Selection
In this method individual progenies are
evaluated and promising progenies are finally
selected old Indian tall varieties E.g. N-P-4, N-
P-6, N-P-12, PB-12, PB-11 were developed by
pure line selection.

• The most common method used in self pollinated crops is pedigree
method of selection.
• The crosses are made between complimentary lines and records are
maintained of selections made over number of generations.
• The procedure provide selection opportunities generation after
generations.
• It allow breeder to identify bet combination with considerable
uniformity.
• The hybrid bulk selection method is relatively inexpensive, in which
generations are advanced without selection till F5 to F6 and much
material can be handled, nut often difficulty is isolation of superior
recombination.
• To overcome, this difficulty single decent method of selection is used
in which population remain constant over segregation generations.
• Varieties: a) Tilmely sown: NIAW-34, NIAW-301, NIAW-2496, HD-
2278, HD-2189.
b) Late Sown : HD-2501, Sonalika, HI-977, etc.
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Pedigree Method

Back Cross Method
• This method is used when variety otherwise is good,
high yielding but deficient in simply inherited trait.
The obvious effect of this method the production
potential of improved variety is fixed at the level of
recurrent variety. Recently identified donors always
are used in back cross breeding programme.
• Stem Rust: Resistance gene- Sr2 From variety
Hope.
Leaf Rust: Resistance gene – Lr 13 from variety
Sonalika

Multiline Breeding
• It is extension of back cross breeding and could be
called Multilateral backcrossing.
• It consist of spontaneous back cross programme to
produce isogenic lines for resistance to disease, in back
ground of some recurrent parent.
• Each isogenic line will be similar to recurrent parent
but they will differ for resistance to various
physiological farms of diseases.
• A mixture of these isogenic lines is called
multiline variety.
• E.g. ML-KS-11 (PAU, Ludhiana) and Bithoor
developed at CSAUAT, Kanpur.

Mutation Breeding
• This method is used in depleted gene pool
situation. Chemical mutagenes EMS provide
broad spectrum genetic changes with lesser
sterility effects, as compared to X ray or
particular mutation.
• Varieties developed are 1) NP836, Sarbati
Sonora, Pusa larma, etc. are examples of
induced mutation and NP-11 is the examples
of spontaneous mutation.

Biotechnology
• In vitro production of haploids- Anther or pollen
culture is used to produce the haploid plants.
• The frequency of obtaining haploids increase when
anthers are treated with cold socks and heat
treatments.
• The haploids when treated with colchicines, the
homozygous diploid line can developed in short period
and can be used in hybrid breeding programme.
• The plantlets can be tested in vitro for different
stresses drought, salt, disease etc. to evaluate before
field screening.

Speed breeding of wheat
Dr. Lee Hickey
• Technology first used by NASA to grow plants extra-
terrestrially is fast tracking improvements in a range
of crops.
• Speed breeding uses enhanced LED lighting and day-
long regimes of up to 22 hours to optimise
photosynthesis and promote rapid growth of crops.
It speeds up the breeding cycle of plants: for example,
six generations of wheat can be grown per year,
compared to two generations using traditional
breeding methods.
• By shortening breeding cycles, the method allows
scientists and plant breeders to fast-track genetic
improvements such as yield gain, disease resistance
and climate resilience in a range of crops such as
wheat, barley, oilseed rape and pea.

Major breakthrough in deciphering bread wheat’s genetic
code
• In one of the largest genome projects ever
undertaken UK scientists have published a draft
sequence of the wheat genome in 2018.
• They identified about 96,000 genes and placed
them in an approximate order. Completing this
sequence represents a major achievement
because wheat has a very large and
complex genome.
• Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a complex
hybrid, composed of the complete genomes of
three closely related grasses.
• It is like having tens of billions of Scrabble letters;
you know which letters are present, and their
quantities, but they need to be assembled on the
board in the right sequence before you can spell
out their order into genes’ Professor Neil Hall.
• The research will accelerate wheat improvement
by allowing wheat breeders and scientists to
identify useful genetic variation and select plants
can resists drought and disease.
Interesting fact: The
bread wheat genome is
five times larger than the
human genome and there
are three genomes in
each plant.

Rothamsted Wheat Trial: Second generation GM technology to
emulate natural plant defence mechanisms
• Currently a large proportion of UK wheat is treated
with broad spectrum chemical insecticides to
control cereal aphids.
• Unfortunately, repeated use of insecticides often
leads to resistant aphids and kills other non-target
insect species including the natural enemies of
aphids.
• Scientists from Rothamsted Research have
conducted a controlled experiment, combining
modern genetic engineering with their knowledge
of natural plant defences to test whether wheat
can repel aphid attack in the field.
• Their approach has been to use a natural odour, or
alarm pheromone, which aphids produce to alert
one another to danger. This odour also attracts the
natural enemies of aphids, e.g. ladybirds.

Breeding of wheat

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