This document discusses energy losses that occur in pipe fittings. It introduces the two types of energy losses that occur: major losses due to friction along pipe walls, and minor losses due to fittings, changes in flow direction, and changes in flow area. The document then discusses how to calculate minor head losses using a head loss coefficient K and describes the importance of accurately determining K values for all fittings. It outlines the objectives, equipment, procedure, calculations, and conclusions of an experiment to determine K values for various pipe fittings.

1. Welcome to:
Energy Loss
in
Pipe fittings
Prepared by : Group A

2. What we discuss today?
An introduction about the presentation and a theory about it.
A Practical of it’s Application and the types of the fittings.
The subject’s objective.
The apparatuses or the equipments which should be used.
What is friction loss in pipe fittings?
Why it is important to know the frictional losses in pipes?
Procedure with results and calculations.
Conclusion and the references.

3. Introduction
Two types of energy loss predominate
in fluid flow through a pipe network;
major losses, and minor losses. Major
losses are associated with frictional
energy loss that is caused by the
viscous effects of the medium and
roughness of the pipe wall. Minor
losses, on the other hand, are due to
pipe fittings, changes in the flow
direction, and changes in the flow
area. Due to the complexity of the
piping system and the number of
fittings that are used, the head loss
coefficient (K) is empirically derived as
a quick means of calculating the minor
head losses.
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4. The term “minor losses”, used in many textbooks for head loss across fittings, can be
misleading since these losses can be a large fraction of the total loss in a pipe
system. In fact, in a pipe system with many fittings and valves, the minor losses can
be greater than the major (friction) losses. Thus, an accurate K value for all fittings
and valves in a pipe system is necessary to predict the actual head loss across the
pipe system. K values assist engineers in totaling all of the minor losses by
multiplying the sum of the K values by the velocity head to quickly determine the
total head loss due to all fittings. Knowing the K value for each fitting enables
engineers to use the proper fitting when designing an efficient piping system that
can minimize the head loss and maximize the flow rate.
A partial application
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5. Types of the pipes and the fittings:
Fittings: Pipes:
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6. Abstract. Energy losses in pipes used for the transportation of fluids
(water, petroleum etc.) are essentially due to friction, as well as to the
diverse singularities encountered. These losses are usually converted into
head reductions in the direction of the flow.
What is energy loss in pipe?
H2O
Here fittings should be used
Pipe is used to transportation the fluid

7. The subject’s objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the loss coefficient (K) for a range of pipe
fittings, including several bends, a contraction, an enlargement, and a gate valve.
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The head loss coefficients are determined by measuring the pressure head
differences across a number of fittings that are connected in series, over a
range of steady flows, and applying the energy equation between the
sections before and after each fitting.
method
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8. 1. Reduce interior surface roughness of the piping system.
2. Increase pipe diameter of the piping system.
3. Minimize length of piping system.
4. Minimize the number of elbows, tees, valves, fittings, and other
5.obstructions in the piping system; replace 90 degree turns with gentle bends.
What is friction loss in pipes?
Friction loss affects flow rate and fluid pressure within the piping system and must be
considered during system design. Fittings, bends, valves, expansion joints and any
change in direction can also create friction that causes pressure loss and can result
in operational challenges.
__________________________________________________________________________________
how to reduce friction loss in pipe fittings?
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9. Major losses occur due to friction within a pipe, and minor losses
occur at a change of section, valve, bend or other interruption. In
this practical you will investigate the impact of major and minor
losses on water flow in pipes.
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what is the difference between major and minor losses
Major losses occur due to the friction effect between the moving
fluid and the walls of the pipe. The minor losses occur due to any
disturbance that might occur to the flow, which is mainly caused by
the installed fittings on the pipeline.
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10. Why it is important to know the frictional losses in pipes?
Frictional loss in pipe per 100'
is a key determinant in
properly sizing a piping
system. In order to
compensate, engineers will
compensate for friction that
can decrease pipe pressure
and disrupt fluid flow by
upsizing the piping systems
or increasing the flow
velocities in design.
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11. Equipments:
1.F1-10 hydraulics bench,
2.F1-22 Energy losses in bends apparatus,
3.Stopwatch for timing the flow measurement,
4.Clamps for pressure tapping connection tubes,
5.Spirit level, and
6.Thermometer
The following equipment is required to perform the
energy loss in pipe fittings experiment:
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12. Equipment Description
The energy loss in fittings apparatus consists of a series of fittings, a flow control valve, twelve
manometers, a differential pressure gauge, and an air-bleed valve, The fittings listed below,
connected in a series configuration, will be examined for their head loss coefficient (K):
1.long bend,
2.area enlargement,
3.area contraction,
4. elbow,
5.short bend,
6.gate valve, and mitre.
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13. The manometers are tapped into the pipe system (one before and one after
each fitting, except for the gate valve) to measure the pressure head
difference caused by each fitting. The pressure difference for the valve is
directly measured by the differential pressure gauge. The air-bleed valve
facilitates purging the system and adjusting the water level in the manometers
to a convenient level, by allowing air to enter them. Two clamps, which close
off the tappings to the mitre, are introduced while experiments are being
performed on the gate valve. The flow rate is controlled by the flow control
valve [3].The internal diameter of the pipe and all fittings, except for the
enlargement and contraction, is 0.0183 m. The internal diameter of the pipe at
the enlargement’s outlet and the contraction’s inlet is 0.0240 m.
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14. Experimental Procedure
In this experiment, the head loss across the gate valve will be measured by taking the
following steps:
1.Clamp off the connecting tubes to the mitre bend pressure tappings to prevent air
being drawn into the system.
2.Open the bench valve and set the flow at the maximum flow in Part A (i.e., 17
liter/min); fully open the gate valve and flow control valve.
3.Adjust the gate valve until 0.3 bar of head difference is achieved.
4.Determine the volumetric flow rate.
5.Repeat the experiment for 0.6 and 0.9 bars of pressure difference.
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15. Calculations
Calculate the values of the
discharge, flow velocity,
velocity head, and Reynolds
number for each
experiment, as well as the K
values for each fitting and
the gate valve. Record your
calculations in the following
sample Result Tables.
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16. conclusion
Two types of energy loss predominate in fluid flow through
a pipe network; major losses, and minor losses. ... Minor
losses, on the other hand, are due to pipe fittings,
changes in the flow direction, and changes in the flow
area.and typically we have to types of energy loss in pipe
fittings which are known as the Minor and the Major loss.
The sum of the elevation head, kinetic head, and pressure
head of a fluid is called the total head. ... The head loss
(or the pressure loss) represents the reduction in the total
head or pressure (sum of elevation head, velocity head
and pressure head) of the fluid as it flows through a
hydraulic system.
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17. References:
1. www.whsteelfittings.com. (n.d.). Spectacle Blind Flange_WN Flange_Eccentric
Reducer_Equal Cross_Company. [online] Available at:
https://www.whsteelfittings.com/product/25/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAyoeCBhCTARIsAOfpKxi4Z-
hvCFnmSy1GYGnTBT0mIN_l5RAXAIITJD_NVeoIZN0RNkpWaL4aArCtEALw_wcB [Accessed
6 Mar. 2021].
2. Ahmari, H. and Kabir, S.M.I. (2019). Experiment #3: Energy Loss in Pipe Fittings. [online]
uta.pressbooks.pub. Available at:
https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-
3/?fbclid=IwAR1NYjaLN8CvHtvmh8sFKBUoX9eU5ORZnticoycmf7K_3tvm8xxoKoU77fk
[Accessed 6 Mar. 2021].
3. Thermal Engineering. (2019). What is Head Loss - Pressure Loss - Definition. [online]
Available at: https://www.thermal-engineering.org/what-is-head-loss-pressure-loss-
definition/.
4. Experiment #4: Energy Loss in Pipes.utapressbooks.pub.6/3/2021.at 10.15 am
5. Balsiger, A., Bastos, L., Behm, J. and Engineering, H. (2014). Minor Losses in Pipes. [online] .
Available at: http://www.tfd.chalmers.se/~lada/MoF/assignment_2-starccm/Minor-
Losses-in-Pipes-Balsiger-Bastos-Behm.pdf.
6. Unisa.edu.au. (2019). Practical 3: Friction and Minor Losses in Pipes. [online] Available at:
https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=466227.
7. Engineeringlibrary
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