Abstract This experimental study is to investigate the effect or influence of pedestal vortex generator on one wall of rectangular duct on the flow performance. The effects of geometrical parameters of pedestal vortex generator and aspect ratio of duct on friction factor ratio have resulted in Reynolds number which is based on hydraulic diameter of the rectangular channel in the range 8000 to 24000. The factors which are varied for vortex generator were pitch to height ratio of vortex generator (p/h) and aspect ratios of vortex generators (Δ). Vortex generator numbers were also varied on wall at axial locations. Experimental results reported for aspect ratio 2.8, 5.5, 7.3 and 1.6 of pedestal vortex generator and pitch to height ratio (P/h) 4,8,12, 16. And 8000 to 24000 is the range of Reynolds number. Experimentally investigated that the friction factor ratio increases with increase in Reynolds number and friction factor ratio increases with decrease in pitch to height ratio. For pedestal vortex generator with aspect ratio 2.8 and height 8mm the results were, For pitch to height ratio (P/h)=16 friction factor ratio for 8000 Reynolds number is 27.12% less than the friction factor ratio for the Reynolds number 24000. So it is clear that friction factor ratio increases with increase in Reynolds number. And for Reynolds number 20000, pitch to height ratio (P/h) =4 friction factor ratio is 21.14% greater than pitch to height ratio (P/h)=16 so we can say that friction factor ratio increases with decrease in pitch to height ratio. Keywords: Pitch to height ratio, Aspect ratio, Pressure drop, Hydraulic diameter, Pedestals
Liquid Piping Systems, Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems, Sizing Liquid Piping Systems; Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching, Design of Piping Systems complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps
Engineering Design—Definition; Types of Design in Thermo-Fluid Science; Difference between Design and Analysis; Classification of Design; General Steps in Design; Abridged Steps in the Design Process
Rib roughened cooling passages for turbine coolingDevi Archana Das
In modern gas turbine engines, the continuous increase of power for an expected lifetime has resulted in a continuous increase of cycle pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature. The later implies that advanced materials and cooling techniques must be adapted for a safe operation of the high pressure gas turbine blades and vanes. This need for high power and high efficiency gas turbine engines forces the designer to continuously increase the turbine inlet temperature. In recent military applications, the turbine inlet temperature could be as high as 2000K, far above the melting temperature of the most advanced vane and blade materials. Thus apart from the progress made in the metallurgical domain, a continuous cooling of blade of turbine 1st stages allows operating at temperatures which are far above material’s melting point without affecting component integrity and geometry. The efficiency of the blade cooling system is therefore strictly related to the safe operation of the engine and complete understanding of the convection mechanisms resulting from the cooling techniques is mandatory.
The most common internal heat transfer enhancement methods of heat transfer augmentation in gas turbine airfoils are ribs, pins, jet impingement, and flow disturbing inserts.To maintain the flow inside the cooling passage of turbine blade turbulent all these methods can be used. These devices act to increase turbulent mixing through the enhancement of turbulence.
Tool wear and surface finish investigation of hard turning using tool imagingeSAT Journals
Abstract Surface roughness and tool wear is one of the most specified customer requirements in a machining process. To predict the surface roughness and tool wear, Genetic Algorithm& Image processing model was designed through MATLAB 7.1 software for the data obtained. Keywords: Tool wear, Profile projector, GA.
A detection technique of signal in mimo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract MIMO techniques are based on multiple antennae in receiving and transmitting signals and also used in multipath propagation for the transformation of entire channel into many independent virtual channels. In MIMO system multiple antennae can increase the spectral efficiency/ reliability of radio channel without increasing bandwidth or transmit power. Commercially, it is not feasible in case of MIMO systems. So, simple and efficient receiver that can harness MIMO architecture benefits without draining mobile receiver battery power or long time to decode transmitted symbols was required. In this paper problem of receiver design for MIMO system in spatial multiplexing scheme that is Maximum likelihood detection problem also known as NP hard combinatorial optimization problem, which need an exponential search over the space of all possible transmitted symbols in order to find closest point in Euclidean sense to received symbols, has been considered. A metaheuristic algorithm for detection of MIMO wireless system based on the Ant colony optimization (ACO) technique using MATLAB give the best solution to the problem and find the optimal path for the receivers. Keywords: ACO, CO- combinatorial optimization, MATLAB, Metaheuristic, MIMO, NP Hard-non deterministic polynomial time hard, QAM- quadratic amplitude modulation
Liquid Piping Systems, Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems, Sizing Liquid Piping Systems; Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching, Design of Piping Systems complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps
Engineering Design—Definition; Types of Design in Thermo-Fluid Science; Difference between Design and Analysis; Classification of Design; General Steps in Design; Abridged Steps in the Design Process
Rib roughened cooling passages for turbine coolingDevi Archana Das
In modern gas turbine engines, the continuous increase of power for an expected lifetime has resulted in a continuous increase of cycle pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature. The later implies that advanced materials and cooling techniques must be adapted for a safe operation of the high pressure gas turbine blades and vanes. This need for high power and high efficiency gas turbine engines forces the designer to continuously increase the turbine inlet temperature. In recent military applications, the turbine inlet temperature could be as high as 2000K, far above the melting temperature of the most advanced vane and blade materials. Thus apart from the progress made in the metallurgical domain, a continuous cooling of blade of turbine 1st stages allows operating at temperatures which are far above material’s melting point without affecting component integrity and geometry. The efficiency of the blade cooling system is therefore strictly related to the safe operation of the engine and complete understanding of the convection mechanisms resulting from the cooling techniques is mandatory.
The most common internal heat transfer enhancement methods of heat transfer augmentation in gas turbine airfoils are ribs, pins, jet impingement, and flow disturbing inserts.To maintain the flow inside the cooling passage of turbine blade turbulent all these methods can be used. These devices act to increase turbulent mixing through the enhancement of turbulence.
Tool wear and surface finish investigation of hard turning using tool imagingeSAT Journals
Abstract Surface roughness and tool wear is one of the most specified customer requirements in a machining process. To predict the surface roughness and tool wear, Genetic Algorithm& Image processing model was designed through MATLAB 7.1 software for the data obtained. Keywords: Tool wear, Profile projector, GA.
A detection technique of signal in mimo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract MIMO techniques are based on multiple antennae in receiving and transmitting signals and also used in multipath propagation for the transformation of entire channel into many independent virtual channels. In MIMO system multiple antennae can increase the spectral efficiency/ reliability of radio channel without increasing bandwidth or transmit power. Commercially, it is not feasible in case of MIMO systems. So, simple and efficient receiver that can harness MIMO architecture benefits without draining mobile receiver battery power or long time to decode transmitted symbols was required. In this paper problem of receiver design for MIMO system in spatial multiplexing scheme that is Maximum likelihood detection problem also known as NP hard combinatorial optimization problem, which need an exponential search over the space of all possible transmitted symbols in order to find closest point in Euclidean sense to received symbols, has been considered. A metaheuristic algorithm for detection of MIMO wireless system based on the Ant colony optimization (ACO) technique using MATLAB give the best solution to the problem and find the optimal path for the receivers. Keywords: ACO, CO- combinatorial optimization, MATLAB, Metaheuristic, MIMO, NP Hard-non deterministic polynomial time hard, QAM- quadratic amplitude modulation
An efficient data pre processing frame work for loan credibility prediction s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In today's world data mining have increasingly become very interesting and popular in terms of all applications especially in the
banking industry. We have too much data and too much technology but don't have useful information. This is why we need data
mining process. The importance of data mining is increasing and studies have been done in many domains to solve tons of
problems using various data mining techniques. The art of preparing data for data mining is the most important and time
consuming phase. In developing countries like India, bankers should vigilant to fraudsters because they will create more problems
to the banking organization. Applying data mining techniques, it is very effective to build a successful predictive model that helps
the bankers to take the proper decision. This paper covers the set of techniques under the umbrella of data preprocessing based
on a case study of bank loan transaction data. The proposed model will help to distinguish borrowers who repay loans promptly
from those who do not. The frame work helps the organizations to implement better CRM by applying better prediction ability.
Keywords: Data preprocessing, Customer behavior, Input columns, Outlier columns, Target column, Dataset, CRM
Performance study of adhoc routing protocols for cbr trafficeSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy is a popular routing category for wireless adhoc routing. The primary objective of this paper is to do comparative study of the performance of routing protocols Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc on demand Distance Vector (AODV) for wireless ad hoc networks in a simulated environment against varying network parameters. The evaluations are done by means of simulations using NS-2 network simulator. The study was done on the basis of performance metrics: throughput, packet delivery function, end-to-end delay, routing overhead and packet lost. Simulation results show that despite in most simulations reactive routing protocols DSR and AODV performed significantly better than proactive routing protocol DSDV for the CBR based traffic. Keywords- component; Mobile Adhoc Network, Routing protocol, DSR, AODV, DSDV
Optimization of cutting parameters on mild steel with hss & cemented carb...eSAT Journals
Abstract Optimum Selection of cutting conditions importantly contribute to the increase of productivity and the reduction of cost, therefore utmost attention is paid to this problem in this contribution. In this paper, a neural network based approach to complex optimization of cutting parameters is proposed. To reach higher precision of the predicted results a neural optimization algorithm is developed and presented to ensure simple, fast and efficient optimization of all important turning parameters. The approach is suitable for fast determination of optimum cutting parameters during machining, where there is not enough time for deep analysis. Surface roughness, an indicator of surface quality is one of the most specified customer requirements in a machining process. To predict the surface roughness, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was designed through back propagation network using MATLAB 7.1 software for the data obtained. Keywords: Surface Roughness, ANN, MATLAB.
Performance studies of microbial fuel celleSAT Journals
recent years for its ability to convert organic matter into electricity in the presence of microbes. Lot of research has been carried out on using wide range of substrates like acetate, glucose, monosaccharaides, domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater etc. Phenol and detergent are the major toxic components from industrial and domestic wastewater. If it is left untreated it can have detrimental effect on all kinds of aquatic life. In industries there are methods available for the treatment of these contaminants; however research on use of MFCs for treatment of these contaminants is still in infant stage. Using MFC will have a dual advantage of wastewater treatment as well as electricity generation. In this study a dual-chamber MFC was fabricated with a CMI 7000 membrane separating the chambers and carbon electrodes for both anode and cathode. Experiments were carried out to study the impact of microbes, type of substrate, substrate concentration and substrate refilling at regular intervals on voltage generated by MFC. Performance of MFC was studied by determining the voltage across 1kΩ resistor. Furthermore, Industrial waste water from a local soap industry was used as a substrate along with the other substrates prepared in-house. Results showed that a stable voltage of around 134mV can be obtained with phenol as substrate along with a mixed culture of pseudomonas aeruginosa and shewanella putrefaciens in comparison with all other combinations of substrates and microbes. Keywords: Electricity generation, Microbial fuel cell, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shewanella putrefaciens, Waste water treatment and phenol degradation
Behaviour of fibre reinforce concrete beam in pure torsioneSAT Journals
Abstract It has been observed that a plain concrete member when subjected to cracking torque fails along a spiral inclined at 450 to the axis of the member. It is obvious that reinforcement in the form of 450 rectangular spirals will be most effective in resisting torque in case of a member of rectangular section. Provision of only longitudinal bars without stirrups increases torsional strength to the extent of 15%, the most appropriate system of torsional reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars together with closed transverse stirrups. In view of above observations, an attempt is made to study the following aspects: Behaviour of reinforced concrete beam under. 1)Pure torsional, (a)Without glass fibres (b)With glass fibres 2)The effect of increase of fibre percentage on torsional resistance of beam. 3) To develop torque. Vs. twist relation of the beams. The experimental program consists of casting 4 reinforced concrete beams of size 150mm X150 mm and length 2m. Two of them were cast without fibres to make a comparative study with the remaining 3 beams; one beam is cast with 0.5% fibre by weight, one beam 1.0% fibre by weight in the rest one beam 1.5% fibre by weight added. The longitudinal reinforcement, spacing of shear stirrups is kept constant. Keywords: Aspect ratio, Glass Fibres, Reinforced concrete, Beam,Torsional strength
Integration of a web portal and an erp through web service based implementati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The ternary cubic equation
2 2 3 5(x y ) 9xy x y 1 35z is considered for determining its non-zero distinct integral
solutions Employing the linear transformations x=u+v,y=u-v (u≠v≠0),and employing the meyhod of factorization in complex
conjugates, different patterns of integral solutions to the ternary cubic equation under consideration are obtained.. In each
pattern, interesting relations among the solutions, some special polygonal , pyramidal numbers and central pyramidal numbers
are exhibited.
Keywords: Ternary cubic, Integral solutions, polygonal number, pyramidal number, Mathematics subject
classificationnumber: 11D09
Application of finite element analysis in effective design of flight control ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this project work is to effectively design and analyze the helicopter flight control circuits. The design process involves FE method to assess the directional control circuit. Displacement, stress, strain energy values are obtained for the circuit for different load cases and optimum design is obtained for safe helicopter flight controls for critical maneuvers. In a helicopter the rotor blade is operated using mechanical flight control system consisting of elements like push-pull rod, links, bell crank levers, structural supporting brackets etc. There is a certain amount of reduction in stiffness and strength of elements of the circuit due to stretch in these elements resulting in false control surface deflections. This project work focuses on the application of FEM in design, analysis and optimization of directional flight control circuit using ALTAIR HYPERMESH and MSC NASTRAN software’s. FEM techniques have been extensively used in this study to simulate the control circuit mechanism. Keywords: directional control circuit, finite element analysis, displacement, strain energy
A virtual analysis on various techniques using ann with data miningeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Firstly we discussed on monitoring the quality of video in network and proposing a tool called “VQMT” (Video Quality Measurement Tool) for automatic assessment of video quality and comparing it with MOS (mean opinion score). Secondly; author had proposed a tool called “ReGIMviZ” for video data visualization and personalization system based on semantic classification also used fuzzy logic. And lastly we focus on “SOFAIT” (SIFT and Optical flow affine image Transform) technique for face registration in video to improve action unit and its various algorithms. Here, in every system the common area is ANN architecture based on supervised learning algorithm.
Abstract Beauty of Cloud Computing is its Simplicity. A lot of visions exist for Cloud computing terminology. Here is a re-collection of facts about cloud computing. Basic approach for understanding CC technology Interview of cloud technology as well as proposal for further empirical work in modeling cloud computing technologies Index Terms: Parameters; Models; Privacy; Maintenance; Protected cloud
Design and implementation of an ancrchitecture of embedded web server for wir...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, the embedded web server, by means of ARM9-S3C2440 processor as core, its operating system is Linux, and the system hardware architecture is obtainable. We present the principles and to plan a system for Internet-based data-acquisition system and control by using Advanced RISC Machine (ARM9) processor and in-build web server application. Client can observe and control remote temperature and video information. The platform used is Linux and ARM 9 processed. The embedded web server technology is the amalgamation of embedded device and Internet technology, which provide a flexible remote device monitor and management function base on an Internet browser and it has turn into an superior development trend of embedded technology and realize an embedded web server, which enable data acquisition and status monitor with the assist of any standard web browser. This embedded web server user can right of entry their equipment remotely. The embedded web server plan includes a total web server with TCP/IP support and Ethernet interface. It consists of application programs written in C-programming in LINUX for accessing data through the serial port and updating the web page, porting of Linux Kernel with application program on ARM9 board. Then the procedure of the Linux operating system being transplanted on ARM is introduced. Enterprise users can work together more flexibly and cost-effectively with business and trading partners. The server enable Web access to distributed measurement/control systems and provide optimization for educational laboratories, instrumentation, Industrial and home automation. The proposed system eliminates the need for server software and preservation and minimize the operational costs while operating with a big amount of data. The big benefit of this web server is embedding a PC based web server into the ARM platform without losing any of its features. Key Words: Code Vision AVR C Compiler, ARM-LINUX-GCC Compiler, LINUX KERNEL, ARM9 Processor, Embedded Web Server, XBEE Modules.
Performance evaluation of larger matrices over cluster of four nodes using mpieSAT Journals
Abstract Parallel computing operates on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently to save time (wall clock time) by taking advantage of non-local resources and overcoming memory constraints. The main aim is to form a cluster based parallel computing architecture for MPI based applications which demonstrates the performance gain and losses achieved through parallel processing using MPI. This can be realized by implementing the parallel applications like solving matrix multiplication problem, using MPI. The architecture for demonstrating MPI based parallel applications works on the Master-Slave computing paradigm. We aim to evaluate the time statistics of parallel execution and do comparison with the time taken to solve the same problem in serial execution. We also demonstrate communication overhead involved in parallel computation. The results with runs on different number of nodes are compared to evaluate the efficiency of MPI based parallel applications. We also show the performance dependency of parallel and serial computation, on RAM. Finally we show the relationship between the number of slave processes to be specified for computation and the number of cores available for parallel computation. Keywords: Parallel Execution, Cluster Computing, Symmetric Multi-Processor (SMP), MPI (Message Passing Interface), RAM (Random Access Memory).
An analytical study on test standards for assessment of jute geotextiles for ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Geosynthetics made of man-made fibres, and used for addressing a host of geotechnical problems, have for the last two decades, registered a remarkable growth clinching about 95% share of the total global demand in several fields such as erosion control, management of slopes, strengthening of roads, stabilization of embankments, protection of river banks, consolidation of soft soils etc. One such major application of Geosynthetic material is in the field of road construction which has become an established phenomenon worldwide. Recently, however, increasing environmental concerns concomitant with the alarming danger of carbon foot-print generation have generated interest in and led to acceptance of natural Jute Geotextile (JGT) where this material plays a significant role for the purpose of reinforcement providing dimensional stability as well as cushioning effect to the road surface thereby improving the life cycle as well as maintenance cost of the road. With the increasing use of Jute Geotextile worldwide in combating geotechnical problems without hampering environmental sustainability, and the confidence with which they are being used is also developing amongst engineers, manufacturers and end users is opening new avenues for potential Jute Geotextile . Hence, there is a dire need for quality control in terms of testing and evaluation of Jute Geotextile demanding formulation of new standards for testing. The existing test standards for synthetic Geotextiles for evaluating different end use property parameters are not uniform globally i.e., these test standards vary from country to country. However, in the field of standardization for testing of different properties of Jute Geotextiles there is a paucity of data for formulation of specifications and quality control guidelines. Test standards for synthetic Geotextiles understandably do not exactly apply to JGT. While study is on to develop exclusive test and design standard for JGT, there is need to adopt any of the existing standards for synthetic Geotextiles that cater to the majority of requirements in the interim period. The paper suggests adoption of ASTM standards for testing JGT because of the wide range of test standards available and their credibility. Keywords: Jute Geotextile, ASTM standards, Carbon foot print, Geotechnical Engineering, European Standards, CEN
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Analysis of photokeratitis related risk factors in welders of pt. pal indones...eSAT Journals
Abstract During welding activities, there are eye-related electromagnetic light and ultraviolet is one of them. After 2 to 10 hours of ultraviolet exposure, a welder will complain of pain, sandy feeling, and other eye-related complaints. A disease caused by ultraviolet derived from welding activities is called photokeratitis. The purpose of the present study was to analyze photokeratitis-related risk factors in welders. This study was a quantitative analytic survey using a cross-sectional design involving 50 respondents. Results of fluorescein test of 50 welders showed that 29 welders were photokeratitis-positive. Logistic regression test of respondents with UV exposure intensity of 0.3 mW/cm2 showed that those respondents had 5.55 times higher risk of developing photokeratitis than respondents exposed to an UV intensity of less than 0.3 mW/cm2. Respondents aged 41 years and above had 7.09 times higher risk of developing photokeratitis than respondents aged below 41 years. Respondents rarely taking vitamin A had 15.87 times higher risk of developing photokeratitis than those frequently taking vitamin A. Respondents always experiencing eye complaints had 12.82 times higher risk of experiencing photokeratitis than those never had eye-related complaints. Respondents occasionally using personal protective equipment had 29.41 times higher risk of developing photokeratitis than those always using personal protective equipment. Respondents with the length of exposure of more than 8 hours had 4.87 times higher risk of developing photokeratitis than those with the length of exposure of less than 8 hours. The variable representing the most dominant risk factor for photokeratitis respondents was the use of personal protective equipment with 29.41 times higher risk than other independent variables. Keywords: welders, ultraviolet radiation, photokeratitis, general engineering
Response sensitivity of the structure using vibration based damage detection ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Many developments have been carried out in order to try to quantify the effects produced by damage and the vibration based methods
of damage diagnostics are proved to be promising. In the present study, a two storey one bay steel portal frame with cross bracing is
considered as an undamaged case. The damage is introduced to the frame by removing the bracing at various levels. The modal
parameters of the undamaged and damaged frames were extracted by using FEM software ANSYS 14.5 and validated through
experimental results performed using mini shake table. The Frequency response function (FRF) plot is drawn from the experimental
results. Further the damage is introduced to the frame by reducing the young’s modulus, reducing the cross sectional area and
increasing the temperature due to fire in bracing and at each floor is also studied by using ANSYS 14.5 by performing the modal
analysis. The results show that the natural frequencies for the damaged structure decreases and the amplitude increases.
Keywords: steel frame structure, damage detection, sensitivity analysis, Dynamic response, fire temperature.
Handwritten character recognition using method filterseSAT Journals
Abstract Handwritten character recognition is an emerging and a very challenging field of research as the handwritings vary from person to person. In this paper we have focused on some of the existing methodologies of character recognition and come up with some new methodologies. A system which encompasses different character recognition methods as filters is proposed in this paper. The methods are prioritized based on their result efficiencies and applied on the input. As we pass through the process, the number of possible results in the solution set keeps decreasing steeply. Using a combination of methods as a filter for recognition yields more accurate results than using a single method and also decreases the space and time complexity of the algorithm. Finally, further scope of development of this model is discussed. Keywords –Glyph, Character recognition, handwriting recognition, space time complexity, filter process.
Explicit model predictive control of fast dynamic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Explicit Model Predictive Control approach provides offline computation of the optimization law by Multi Parametric Quadratic Programming. The solution is Piece wise affine in nature. It is explicit representation of the system states and control inputs. Such law then can be solved using binary search tree and can be evaluated for fast dynamic systems. Implementing such controllers can be done on microcontroller or ASIC/FPGA. DC Motor Speed Control - one of the benchmark systems is discussed here in this context. Its PWA law obtained, simulation of closed loop e-MPC is presented and its implementation approach using MPT toolbox and other such toolboxes is shown in brief. Index Terms: Model Predictive Control, explicit, Piece-wise Affine, and Multi Parametric Toolbox
Windpower Engineering Webinar - Vortex Generators on Wind TurbinesUpWind Solutions
Smart Blade and UpWind Solutions present on how vortex generators can be applied to wind turbine blades and help improve lift, ultimate increasing AEP by 1-3%.
Influence of number of impeller and diffuser blades on the pressure recovery ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Impeller is a very important element in rotating devices to deliver energy to/from the fluid. The diffusers are essential for effective transformation of the kinetic power produced by the rotor in a centrifugal fan. Hence the flow in the impeller and diffuser passages is the important phenomenon in optimizing the performance. These impeller and diffuser flow passages are the most complex regions to predict the flow behavior. With the advanced development of Particle Image Velocimetry as well as convenient numerical CFD tools, it has become possible to reach at an accurate result well-matched with the real behavior of the flow. Hence, in this work moving mesh technique is used to get a numerical solution for the estimation of actual flow manner. Numerous research works have been done recently to get the physics of fluid flow through impeller and diffuser, both numerically and experimentally. But it is found from the literature that the study on the performance of the fan by changing the number of impeller and diffuser blades together in a combination has not been the emphasis of attention in these works. Hence a numerical analysis has been carried out in this paper to comprehensively lookout the fluid interaction in impeller-diffuser as well as to envisage the flow behavior of the fan by changing the number of impeller and diffuser blades together in combination. For the same number of impeller blades, it is found from the analysis that a higher static pressure rise coefficient is achieved at the outlet of the fan for smaller number of diffuser blades. It is also found that larger the number of impeller blades, larger is the static pressure rise coefficient for the same number of diffuser blades, hence performance gets improved. Key Words: Unsteady flow, Recirculation zone, Turbulence, Impeller vane, Diffuser vane, Static pressure rise.
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...IJERA Editor
The objective of this project work is to computationally analyze shock waves in the Convergent Divergent (CD) Nozzle. The commercial CFD code Fluent is employed to analyze the compressible flow through the nozzle. The analysis is about NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) i.e., the ratio between exit pressure of the nozzle to ambient pressure. The various models of CD Nozzle are designed and the results are compared. The flow characteristic of shockwave for various design of CD Nozzle is also discussed. The purpose of this project is to investigate supersonic C-D nozzle flow for increasing NPR (Nozzle pressure ratio) through CFD. The imperfect matching between the pressures and ambient pressure and exit pressure leads to the formation of a complicated shock wave structure. Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at NPR values far above their design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. The one-dimensional analysis approximations are not accurate, in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable. Shock wave affects flow performance of nozzle from NPR value 1.63 for existing geometrical conditions of nozzle. Problem of using this nozzle above 1.63NPR is shock wave at downstream of throat. After shock wave, static pressure increases further downstream of flow. It leads to flow separation and back pressure effects. Back pressure makes nozzle chocked. To investigate this problem, geometry of divergent portion is introduced and analysed through CFD. This is expected in resulting of reduction of flow separation and back pressure effect as well as increase in nozzle working NPR.
Investigation on Divergent Exit Curvature Effect on Nozzle Pressure Ratio of ...IJERA Editor
The objective of this project work is to computationally analyze shock waves in the Convergent Divergent (CD) Nozzle. The commercial CFD code Fluent is employed to analyze the compressible flow through the nozzle. The analysis is about NPR (Nozzle Pressure Ratio) i.e., the ratio between exit pressure of the nozzle to ambient pressure. The various models of CD Nozzle are designed and the results are compared. The flow characteristic of shockwave for various design of CD Nozzle is also discussed. The purpose of this project is to investigate supersonic C-D nozzle flow for increasing NPR (Nozzle pressure ratio) through CFD. The imperfect matching between the pressures and ambient pressure and exit pressure leads to the formation of a complicated shock wave structure. Supersonic nozzle flow separation occurs in CD nozzles at NPR values far above their design value that results in shock formation inside the nozzle. The one-dimensional analysis approximations are not accurate, in reality the flow detaches from the wall and forms a separation region, subsequently the flow downstream becomes non-uniform and unstable. Shock wave affects flow performance of nozzle from NPR value 1.63 for existing geometrical conditions of nozzle. Problem of using this nozzle above 1.63NPR is shock wave at downstream of throat. After shock wave, static pressure increases further downstream of flow. It leads to flow separation and back pressure effects. Back pressure makes nozzle chocked. To investigate this problem, geometry of divergent portion is introduced and analysed through CFD. This is expected in resulting of reduction of flow separation and back pressure effect as well as increase in nozzle working NPR.
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnelijtsrd
This paper disclose the entire approach to design an open circuit subsonic wind tunnel which will be used to consider the wind impact on the airfoil. The current rules and discoveries of the past research works were sought after for plan figuring of different segments of the wind tunnel. Wind speed of 26 m s have been practiced at the test territory. The wind qualities over a symmetrical airfoil are viewed as probably in a low speed wind tunnel. Tests were finished by moving the approach, from 0 to 5 degree. The stream attributes over a symmetrical airfoil are examined tentatively. The pressure distribution on the airfoil area was estimated, lift and drag force were estimated and velocity profiles were acquired. Rishabh Kumar Sahu | Saurabh Sharma | Vivek Swaroop | Vishal Kumar ""Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23511/experimental-investigations-and-computational-analysis-on-subsonic-wind-tunnel/rishabh-kumar-sahu
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
Experimental investigation of stepped aerofoil using propeller test rigeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental studies on pressure drop in a sinusoidal plate heat exchanger ef...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Experimental investigation of air flow characteristics in rectangular channel using pedestals as vortex generator (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Experimental investigation of air flow characteristics in rectangular channel using pedestals as vortex generator
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | September-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 309
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF AIR FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNEL USING
PEDESTALS AS VORTEX GENERATOR
Anandkumar S Malipatil1
, Praveen Siddanna 2
1
AssistantProfessor, Thermal power engg., VTU,Ro/PG,Kalaburagi, India
2
P.G.student, Thermal power engg., VTU,Ro/PG,Kalaburagi, India
Abstract
This experimental study is to investigate the effect or influence of pedestal vortex generator on one wall of rectangular duct on the
flow performance. The effects of geometrical parameters of pedestal vortex generator and aspect ratio of duct on friction factor
ratio have resulted in Reynolds number which is based on hydraulic diameter of the rectangular channel in the range 8000 to
24000. The factors which are varied for vortex generator were pitch to height ratio of vortex generator (p/h) and aspect ratios of
vortex generators (Δ). Vortex generator numbers were also varied on wall at axial locations. Experimental results reported for
aspect ratio 2.8, 5.5, 7.3 and 1.6 of pedestal vortex generator and pitch to height ratio (P/h) 4,8,12, 16. And 8000 to 24000 is the
range of Reynolds number. Experimentally investigated that the friction factor ratio increases with increase in Reynolds number
and friction factor ratio increases with decrease in pitch to height ratio. For pedestal vortex generator with aspect ratio 2.8 and
height 8mm the results were, For pitch to height ratio (P/h)=16 friction factor ratio for 8000 Reynolds number is 27.12% less
than the friction factor ratio for the Reynolds number 24000. So it is clear that friction factor ratio increases with increase in
Reynolds number. And for Reynolds number 20000, pitch to height ratio (P/h) =4 friction factor ratio is 21.14% greater than
pitch to height ratio (P/h)=16 so we can say that friction factor ratio increases with decrease in pitch to height ratio.
Keywords: Pitch to height ratio, Aspect ratio, Pressure drop, Hydraulic diameter, Pedestals
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1. INTRODUCTION
There are many uses in engineering processes in which we
come across addition or removal of heat for this to happen
we use heat exchange equipment‟s in wide applications of
engineering. Flow in channels gains more attention because
of their uses in heat exchangers. In channels we use vortex
generators which obstruct the flow and produce vortices due
to these vortices heat transfer rate is enhanced. There are
many types of vortex generators which are used in channel
flow and the most often used are ribs, wings and winglet
pairs. And for these vortex generators there are many
number of methods to raise the coefficient of heat transfer.
Commonly used methods are active, passive and compound
methods. But here we are using passive method in which no
external power is used but we make use of geometry of
surface which is main factor in passive method, where as in
active method we use external power like mechanical
equipment‟s, surface vibration ,electric or acoustic fields.
The method which makes use of both active and passive
method is named as compound method. In passive method
the main factors which raises the heat transfer rate mainly
depends on two important things one is disturbing thermal
layer and mixing of bulk fluid. This disturbance in the
presence of roughness elements will raise the heat transfer
rate by producing a boundary layer which is thinner than
undisturbed thermal boundary layer. Mixing of bulk fluid
increases the heat transfer rate and because of vortices
produced due to disturbance reduces thermal gradient in the
center and it mainly on side wall region of the channel. This
can be achieved by using vortex generators.
The method which uses vortex generators to raise the heat
transfer rate is named as induced vortex enhancement
technique. The vortex generators are mainly divided into
four forms on the basis of their geometry. Ribs, winglet
pairs, delta wings and delta winglet pairs.
Vortex generators which disturb the flow and produce
vortices which further increase the heat transfer rate and
these shapes of vortex generators are either be cut or
punched. And these vortex generators are attached to the
surface of the channel which is to be roughened. These
vortex generators stick to the surface which is to be
roughened with the help of glue or anabond. And the
channel which we are using is two way closed channel
And the material used for channel is transparent acrylic
sheets. Mixing can also be effected using ribs, dimples and
surface bumps.
Ribs are also most commonly used type of vortex generators
and vortex generators used here are rectangular pedestals.
And the most attractive heat transfer rise can be achieved by
dimples. These produce multiple vortex pairs that
supplement local nusselt number distributions. They actually
do not peek into the flow because of low pressure drop is
being produced by dimples. Other than dimples like ribs are
attached to the surface with the help of glue or anabond and
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Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | September-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 310
these are kept at angle with respect to open stream end. In
ribs since they extend into the flow because of this ribs
produces higher pressure drop than the dimples. And same
case with pedestals which offer higher pressure drop. The
material used for pedestals is transparent acrylic which is cut
into shapes with base which resembles the base of the
channel surface which is roughened. The duct we are using
is rectangular duct with turbulent flows.
2. VORTEX GENERATORS
These are the members which obstruct the flow and produce
vortices that raise heat transfer rate. There are various
types of vortex generators that can be used to obstruct the
flow and they are such ribs, winglet type generators, delta
wing and these are used in cooling methods in gas
turbine blades. But the vortex generator which we are using
here is PEDESTALS. Rectangular pedestals which are of
acrylic material and they are cut according to the aspect
ratio. Due to this, longitudinal vortices are produced and
effects of these vortices on heat transfer rate and pressure
drop from the wall duct are studied successfully.
Fig 1 Vortex generators with different heights and aspect
ratios
Pedestals as vortex generators with different aspect ratio (Δ)
are used
Δ= 2.8, 7.3, 1.6 and 5.5
Fig 2 Geometry of the pedestal vortex generator
Aspect ratio for pedestals vortex generator = b/h
(P/h) = it is the ratio of pitch to height of the vortex
generator
Where,
b= width or base of the vortex which resembles the
hydraulic diameter of rectangular channel
h = height of the pedestal vortex generator
p = pitch
3. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND DATA
REDUCTION
Experimental set up is constructed once all the operations of
fabrication are done. To place the venturimeter, rectangular
channel and gate valve what we have done is we designed a
steel table like structure to place the equipment‟s required to
measure the air flow rate. And equipment‟s heights are
adjusted so that the entire set up is at equal height so that do
not disturb the flow of air. The insides of venturimeter and
transition pieces are smoothly finished to avoid back
pressure due to disturbance to the flow. Air is entered from
blower through a gate valve which can be closed and opened
according to the requirement. First we take readings for
smooth duct i.e. without placing the vortex generators in the
channel which obstructs the flow.
And Reynolds number is varied from 8000 to 24000 based
on the hydraulic diameter of the rectangular channel and due
to this there will be variation in U- tube due to pressure drop
across venturimeter. And to measure the pressure drop in
rectangular channel it is connected to differential manometer
which contains two fluids one is water and the other one is
benzyl alcohol of specific gravity 1.04 and weight
1046kg/m3 and it is measured when the pressure is very
small.
It is by operating blower, the air is taken inside duct section
through gate valve. It is operated to vary for Reynolds
number upon which it either closed or opened. Air is entered
in the test section and it is measured by venturimeter
connected to U-tube manometer showing small pressure
drop and difference in pressure at the test section is
calculated using differential manometer. After taking
readings for pressure drop in differential manometers
calculations are done according to the data required for it to
find out frictional factor ratio for different configuration.
And the vortex generators pedestals which are of 4mm
thickness are placed in the chaanel base using sealant
Anabond to stick firmly according to the aspect ratio and
pitch. And readings were taken for different pitch and
different aspect ratio. And the maximum preesure rise in the
differential manometer is 85cm. U tube manometer is used
to measure large pressure drop. Two pressure taps are
drilled to the test section to measure the average pressure
drop.
4. DATA REDUCTION
4.1 Reynolds number (Re):
Reynolds number is calculated based on hydraulic number
of the duct obtained from the equation
Re= ρVDh /µ
Re= VDh/ν
Smooth duct frictional factor (fs) or theoretical friction
factor:
Blasius equation is used to calculate friction factor for fully
developed turbulent flows in a smooth duct
fS =0.046(Re)-(0.2)
Mass flow rate through duct section:
m = ρQ kg/sec
4.2 Experimental or actual friction factor ratio (f):
This is calculated from test section using average velocity of
air in the channel and measured pressure drop. And this is
done at atmospheric temperature i,e at room temperature
without heating And friction factor is calculated using air
density at atmospheric temperature.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | September-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 311
4.3 Pressure loss in the channel is
h = 4fLV2
/2gDh
Δp = 4fLV2
/2gDh
f = Δp / {(4L/Dh) (ρaV2
/2)}
4.4 Pressure Drop (ΔP):
It can be calculated using pressure in the duct section
pressure taps connected across differential manometer.
Pressure drop in the duct was estimated from the differential
pressure head as:
Δp = gy {ρm +ρw[ (d/D)2
-1]} N/m2
4.5 Friction factor ratio based on equal Reynolds
number:
ff = f/fS
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
SMOOTH DUCT
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
ff
Re
Re v/s ff
fa ft
Fig 4 smooth duct curve
Fig 4 is as shown in above graph. It is obtained by plotting
friction factor ratio against Reynolds number. The „fa” is the
actual friction factor and ft is theoretical friction factor
which is obtained from Blasius equation and actual friction
factor is obtained from the experimental readings. From the
graph we come to the result that actual friction factor goes
good with theoretical within the range of ±6% and ±4%.
From the graph if the distance between the lines is more
there will be more error in the experiment
Fig 5 Re Vs f/fs AR= 2.8 and h=8mm
Fig 5 is as shown above it is obtained by plotting Reynolds
number against friction factor ratio for vortex generator
AR= 2.8 and for (P/h) = 4, 8, 12 and 16. From the graph we
can say that as the Reynolds number increases friction factor
ratio also increases. Because rate of vortex formed depends
on flow velocity in the channel and flow velocity is directly
proportional to Reynolds number. So increase in flow
velocity leads to increase in pressure drop and consequently
friction factor ratio. For (P/h)=16, friction factor ratio for
Reynolds 8000 is 27.12% less than the friction factor ratio
for Reynolds number 24000 so from the graph we can
conclude that friction factor ratio increases with increase in
Reynolds number
Fig 6 P/h Vs f/fs AR=2.8, h=8mm
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Fig 6 is as shown in the above graph and the graph is plotted
pitch to height ratio against friction factor ratio. Mixing of
flow is important here, if axial pitch is smaller then the flow
gets disturbed by next pedestal vortex generator which
results in higher pressure drop. If the pitch between the
vortex generators is high then pressure drop decreases which
again results in decrease in friction factor ratio. For aspect
ratio 2.8 and for Reynolds number 20000 (P/h)=4 is 21.14%
is greater than the (P/h)=16, so from this we come to the
result that pitch to height ratio increases with decrease in
friction factor ratio.
Fig 7 Re Vs f/fs AR=7.3, h=3.1mm
Fig 7 is as shown above it is plotted Reynolds number
against friction factor ratio and it is seen that as the
Reynolds number increases for different pitch to height ratio
friction factor ratio also increases. It mainly depends on the
velocity of flow inside the channel. If Velocity is high then
pressure drop increases and automatically friction factor
ratio also increases. For pitch to height ratio (P/h)=12,
friction factor ratio for 24000 Reynolds number is 28.6%
greater than friction factor ratio at Reynolds number 8000.
So from this we can say that friction factor ratio increases
with increase in Reynolds number
Fig 8 P/h Vs f/fs, AR=7.3, h=3.1mm
Fig 8 is as shown above it is obtained by plotting pitch to
height ratio against friction factor ratio. Proper vortices are
formed when the distance between pedestals vortex
generators is more then there will be less chance of flow
getting disturbed by next pedestal vortex generator if the
axial distance is small then pressure drop increases which
again results in increase of friction factor ratio. Reynolds
number 20000 for (P/h=12) friction factor is 23.57% greater
than the friction factor ratio at (P/h)=16 so from the graph it
is clear that friction factor increases with decrease in pitch to
height ratio.
Fig 9 Re Vs f/fs, AR=1.6, h=14.1mm
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Fig 9 is as shown above it is the graph resulted when the
Reynolds number is plotted against fiction factor ratio for
different pitch to height ratio of vortex generators. It is seen
that velocity of flow is less for 8000 Reynolds number to
that of 24000 Reynolds number. So from this we can say
that higher the velocity of flow in the rectangular channel
the higher the Reynolds number which again results in high
pressure drop and friction factor ratio. Example for (P/h)=4
friction factor ratio for 8000 is 20.67% less than that of
friction factor ratio at Reynolds number 24000.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20
f/fs
p/h
f/fsv/s p/h
Re=8000
Re=12000
Re=16000
Re=20000
Re=24000
Fig 10 P/h Vs f/fs, AR=1.6, h=14.1mm
Fig 10 variation of pitch to height ratio to friction factor
ratio for different Reynolds number is shown in the above
figure. If the pedestals vortex generator are placed with less
pitch in the channel then flow gets disturbed in the earlier
stage due vortices being obstructed by next placed pedestal
vortex generator. This results in higher pressure drop and
friction factor ratio. For Reynolds number 20000 for (P/h)
=4 friction factor is 29.27% is greater than friction factor
ratio at (P/h)=16. So it is clear from the graph friction factor
ratio decrease with increase in pitch to height ratio.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 10000 20000 30000
f/fs
Re
Re v/s f/fs
p/h=4
p/h=8
p/h=12
p/h=16
Fig 11 Re Vs f/fs, AR=5.5, h=4.1mm
Fig 11 is as shown in the figure. The parameters which are
presented in this graph are Reynolds number against friction
factor ratio. And from fig.9, and fig.11 it is seen that as the
aspect ratio increases with in Reynolds number and flow
velocity increase leads increase in Reynolds number and
pressure drop and friction factor ratio also increases for
pitch to height ratio for (P/h)=12 the friction factor ratio for
Reynolds 8000 is 3.5% lesser than friction factor ratio for
Reynolds number 24000. So we came to result that friction
factor increases with increase in Reynolds number and as
the aspect ratio increases friction factor ratio also increases.
Fig 12 P/h Vs f/fs, AR=5.5, h=4.1mm
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Fig 12 shows variation of pitch to height ratio to the friction
factor ratio as shown in the above figure. From fig.10 and
fig.12 it is seen that aspect ratio decreases with increasing
friction factor ratio and here from the graph it is seen that if
the axial distance is less it results in higher friction factor
ratio. From the graph taken for Reynolds number 16000 and
for (P/h)=12 friction factor is 5.2% greater than (P/h)=16.
So we can conclude that friction factor increases with
decrease in pitch to height ratio.
CONCLUSION:
From the experimental study and graphs obtained by
experimental investigation the following conclusions can be
drawn:
As the height of the vortex generator increases friction
factor ratio also rises due to more blockage to the flow.
Friction factor ratio increases with increase in aspect
ratio of the vortex generators.
As the Reynolds number increases the friction factor
ratio increases significantly.
It is observed that with more circulation of vortices
there is raise in the resistance to the flow and friction
factor ratio of higher value is obtained.
With reducing pitch to height ratio (p/h) friction factor
ratio starts rising for Reynolds number ranging 8000 to
24000. Shorter pitch to height ratio results in shorter
axial distance before the flow get disturbed by next
pedestals VG‟s which again increases the pressure
drop.
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BIOGRAPHIES
My self AnandKumar S Malipatil working
at VTU as Assistant Professor .I have a
teaching experience of 6 Years and I,am
persuing my Phd in heat transfer and fluid
flow area.
Praveen siddanna securing m.tech degree in
thermal power engineering,VTU Ro/PG
kalaburagi and completed B.E in klecet
belgaum and area of interest is “heat
transfer and fluid flow”