Liquid Piping Systems, Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems, Sizing Liquid Piping Systems; Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching, Design of Piping Systems complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps
1) A compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it, delivering it at a higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air in cylinders. As the piston moves, the air is compressed and discharged from the cylinder.
3) The work required to compress air depends on the pressure and volume changes. Actual work done is greater than theoretical isothermal work due to heat transfer during compression.
This document discusses cavitation in centrifugal pumps. It defines cavitation as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure. Cavitation can cause damage, noise, vibration and efficiency losses in pumps. To avoid cavitation, the pump inlet pressure must exceed the net positive suction head required by the pump. Proper pump submergence, suction piping design and avoidance of air in the line can also prevent cavitation. Cavitation reduces pump head and efficiency according to the specific speed of the pump. Higher specific speed pumps are less susceptible to cavitation issues.
This document discusses the key aspects of a 134 MW steam turbine. It begins by defining a steam turbine as a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical energy. It then provides specific design data for a 134 MW turbine, including its rated output, speed, steam conditions, number of extractions and stages. The document goes on to classify turbines based on their steam flow, type of energy conversion, compounding, cylinder arrangement, and exhaust conditions. It describes impulse, reaction, and combined impulse-reaction turbines as well as tandem and cross-compound cylinder arrangements.
This document provides information about Group No. 2's project on air compressors. It discusses various types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary vane, screw, and centrifugal compressors. It describes the working principles, classifications, advantages and disadvantages of different compressors. It also covers topics like compressor efficiency, multi-stage compression, selection of compressors, and industrial applications of compressed air.
This document discusses centrifugal pumps, including their basic principles, classification, components, and potential issues. Centrifugal pumps work by imparting a whirling motion to liquid using a rotating impeller with backward curved vanes, forcing the liquid to move from the center to the outer edge and discharge from the casing. Pumps can be classified based on the number of impellers, shaft disposition, or developed head. Cavitation, where bubbles form and implode inside pumps, can cause damage and should be avoided by ensuring the net positive suction head available exceeds the required level.
An air vessel is fitted to reciprocating pumps to provide continuous and uniform fluid flow. It contains compressed air above liquid and has an opening where liquid can flow in and out. This allows the pump to run at high speeds without separation. The document also describes equations to calculate head loss due to friction in suction and delivery pipes at different points in the stroke, as well as equations for pressure head in the cylinder.
1) A compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it, delivering it at a higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air in cylinders. As the piston moves, the air is compressed and discharged from the cylinder.
3) The work required to compress air depends on the pressure and volume changes. Actual work done is greater than theoretical isothermal work due to heat transfer during compression.
This document discusses cavitation in centrifugal pumps. It defines cavitation as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquid pressure drops below vapor pressure. Cavitation can cause damage, noise, vibration and efficiency losses in pumps. To avoid cavitation, the pump inlet pressure must exceed the net positive suction head required by the pump. Proper pump submergence, suction piping design and avoidance of air in the line can also prevent cavitation. Cavitation reduces pump head and efficiency according to the specific speed of the pump. Higher specific speed pumps are less susceptible to cavitation issues.
This document discusses the key aspects of a 134 MW steam turbine. It begins by defining a steam turbine as a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical energy. It then provides specific design data for a 134 MW turbine, including its rated output, speed, steam conditions, number of extractions and stages. The document goes on to classify turbines based on their steam flow, type of energy conversion, compounding, cylinder arrangement, and exhaust conditions. It describes impulse, reaction, and combined impulse-reaction turbines as well as tandem and cross-compound cylinder arrangements.
This document provides information about Group No. 2's project on air compressors. It discusses various types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary vane, screw, and centrifugal compressors. It describes the working principles, classifications, advantages and disadvantages of different compressors. It also covers topics like compressor efficiency, multi-stage compression, selection of compressors, and industrial applications of compressed air.
This document discusses centrifugal pumps, including their basic principles, classification, components, and potential issues. Centrifugal pumps work by imparting a whirling motion to liquid using a rotating impeller with backward curved vanes, forcing the liquid to move from the center to the outer edge and discharge from the casing. Pumps can be classified based on the number of impellers, shaft disposition, or developed head. Cavitation, where bubbles form and implode inside pumps, can cause damage and should be avoided by ensuring the net positive suction head available exceeds the required level.
An air vessel is fitted to reciprocating pumps to provide continuous and uniform fluid flow. It contains compressed air above liquid and has an opening where liquid can flow in and out. This allows the pump to run at high speeds without separation. The document also describes equations to calculate head loss due to friction in suction and delivery pipes at different points in the stroke, as well as equations for pressure head in the cylinder.
The document discusses different types of heat exchangers including regenerative heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and shell and tube heat exchangers. Heat exchangers can be classified based on connecting technique, number of fluids, degree of surface compactness, construction, and flow arrangements such as counter flow, parallel flow, and cross flow. Shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used in oil refineries and large chemical processes due to their ability to handle higher pressures. They consist of tubes, a shell, baffles, and may vary based on tube characteristics like shape, number, length, diameter, and thickness or the material used for the shell.
The document discusses pressure drop analysis in heat exchangers. It states that the pressure drop in a heat exchanger is essential to determine as it is proportional to the pumping power required. It also directly relates to factors like heat transfer, operation, size and cost of the heat exchanger. The document then goes on to describe methods for calculating pressure drop due to friction and other contributions in different types of heat exchangers like extended surface and plate heat exchangers. Key equations for determining pressure drop from friction, flow acceleration/deceleration and other sources are also presented.
Pumps are mechanical devices that use kinetic energy to move fluids by decreasing pressure in the pump's suction and increasing pressure in the discharge. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use an impeller to accelerate fluid and increase pressure. Common industrial pumps include centrifugal pumps like axial flow, mixed flow, and vertical turbine pumps as well as positive displacement pumps like reciprocating, screw, and gear pumps. Pumps have components like a casing, impeller, shaft, and seals and are classified according to their method of moving fluid.
1) Pressure vessels are containers that store fluids under pressure. They are designed to withstand internal pressure loads.
2) Key components of pressure vessel design include the shell, end closures, nozzles, flanged joints, and vessel supports. The shell must be designed to withstand internal pressure as well as combined loading.
3) End closures can be flat heads or formed heads like hemispherical, torispherical, or elliptical heads. Vertical vessels are supported by brackets or skirts and horizontal vessels use saddles.
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids through tube walls. There are two main types: tubular and extended surface. Tubular exchangers include shell-and-tube, U-tube, and double pipe designs. Shell-and-tube exchangers contain tubes in a shell separated by baffles to direct flow. Heat is transferred through the tube walls from one fluid inside the tubes to the other outside. Manufacturing involves forming, welding, inspection, assembly, testing, and documentation. Materials, design, fabrication, and testing must meet codes and standards.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
The document describes the design and construction of heat exchangers. It discusses key components of double pipe heat exchangers like inner and outer pipes, return bends, and support lugs. It also explains components of shell and tube heat exchangers such as tubes, tube sheets, bonnets, channels, nozzles, baffles, and pass partition plates. Additionally, it covers classification of heat exchangers, flow arrangements, fouling factors, heat transfer calculations, and pressure drop analysis for heat exchanger design.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
This document provides an overview of compressed air systems, including:
- The types of compressors and their characteristics such as reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial compressors.
- How compressors work using principles such as the ideal gas law and Bernoulli's equation.
- Factors that affect the energy consumption of compressed air systems such as inlet air conditions, pressure settings, piping layout and leaks.
- Methods for improving efficiency such as variable speed drives, capacity control, and detailed energy audits.
The document discusses compressed air systems in detail over 5 sections, covering the scope of work, types of compressors, selection criteria, performance comparisons, and system components.
This document discusses the reversed Carnot cycle, which is used in Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps. It consists of four processes: 1) adiabatic compression, 2) isothermal compression, 3) adiabatic expansion, and 4) isothermal expansion. This cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction on a temperature-entropy diagram. It is the most efficient refrigeration cycle possible between two temperature levels, as it achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. However, it cannot be practically implemented due to the different speeds required for the adiabatic and isothermal processes.
This document provides information on calculating head losses in piping systems. It discusses the use of Bernoulli's equation to relate total head between two points in a piping system. It also covers friction losses using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Moody diagram, as well as "minor losses" from fittings, valves, etc. The document presents methods to calculate head loss or flow rate given the other, including iterative techniques. It concludes with an example problem calculating maximum flow between reservoirs considering major and minor losses.
The document discusses cooling towers, which are used to transfer heat from cooling water to the atmosphere. There are two main types - natural draft towers which use convection to circulate air, and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be either counter-flow or cross-flow design. The cooling tower cools water by contacting it with air, allowing evaporation which removes heat from the water so it can be recirculated for cooling processes.
This document discusses best practices for maintaining hydraulic systems. It emphasizes that contamination control is the number one priority and describes methods for preventing contamination such as using external filter pumps and handling components as if performing heart surgery. The document also stresses developing an effective preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance program for hydraulic systems, collecting hydraulic fluid samples, performing vibration and ultrasound analysis, and providing training to promote a culture change around maintenance of these systems.
This document provides information on various piping drawings used in piping design and installation. It discusses process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), piping isometrics, plot plans, and general arrangement drawings. PFDs show the major equipment and process flows at a high level, while P&IDs provide more detailed piping information along with instrumentation and control schemes. Piping isometrics are used for fabrication and show piping runs at an angle for clarity. General arrangement drawings indicate equipment locations and piping layouts from a plan view. Together these drawings provide the necessary information for proper piping system design, installation, and operation.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons to compress air inside cylinders. Rotary compressors like screw, vane, and lobe compressors compress air using rotating elements. Centrifugal and axial compressors accelerate air to increase pressure, with centrifugal compressors using impellers and axial using rotating and stationary blades in stages. The document provides details on components and operating principles of these compressor types.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
1) The document discusses mechanical design of pressure vessels. It covers classification of pressure vessels and design considerations like stresses and stability.
2) Pressure vessels are classified based on thickness-to-diameter ratio into thin-walled and thick-walled vessels. Common shapes are cylindrical and spherical.
3) Design codes specify guidelines for design, materials, fabrication, inspection and testing of pressure vessels. Stresses like circumferential, longitudinal and shear stresses are derived. Failure theories like maximum principal and shear stresses are discussed.
4) Buckling stability is important for thin-walled vessels under compression. Membrane stress equations are provided for common vessel shapes like cylinders, spheres, cones and ellipsoids.
This document discusses air compressors and reciprocating compressors specifically. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel. It then describes the basic components and working of a reciprocating compressor, including the polytropic process of compression, equations for calculating work done, factors affecting volumetric efficiency like clearance volume, and diagrams of the actual pressure-volume cycle including valve bounce and intake depression.
This document outlines the scope of work for a plant design piping and equipment team. The team is responsible for creating piping layouts, equipment layouts, spacing considerations, equipment lists, pipe supports, isometrics, and general arrangement drawings. This is done using input documents such as plot plans, P&ID diagrams, piping specifications, and equipment data sheets. The document then provides details on specific types of piping (pump, exchanger, drum, etc.), equipment (pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, towers, compressors), and other design considerations (supports, input documents).
Planning and design of building services in multi Story Vj NiroSh
The document discusses water supply and distribution systems. It defines a water distribution system as a network of pipes that can distribute water supply to premises in an organized manner. It notes that factors to consider when planning water supply layouts include population growth, industrial development, and sources of water supply. The main sources of water supply are listed as surface sources like rivers and lakes, and underground sources like wells and springs. The document also discusses various types of pipes used in distribution systems, as well as fittings, valves, water heating methods, and hot water supply systems.
The document discusses different types of heat exchangers including regenerative heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and shell and tube heat exchangers. Heat exchangers can be classified based on connecting technique, number of fluids, degree of surface compactness, construction, and flow arrangements such as counter flow, parallel flow, and cross flow. Shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used in oil refineries and large chemical processes due to their ability to handle higher pressures. They consist of tubes, a shell, baffles, and may vary based on tube characteristics like shape, number, length, diameter, and thickness or the material used for the shell.
The document discusses pressure drop analysis in heat exchangers. It states that the pressure drop in a heat exchanger is essential to determine as it is proportional to the pumping power required. It also directly relates to factors like heat transfer, operation, size and cost of the heat exchanger. The document then goes on to describe methods for calculating pressure drop due to friction and other contributions in different types of heat exchangers like extended surface and plate heat exchangers. Key equations for determining pressure drop from friction, flow acceleration/deceleration and other sources are also presented.
Pumps are mechanical devices that use kinetic energy to move fluids by decreasing pressure in the pump's suction and increasing pressure in the discharge. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use an impeller to accelerate fluid and increase pressure. Common industrial pumps include centrifugal pumps like axial flow, mixed flow, and vertical turbine pumps as well as positive displacement pumps like reciprocating, screw, and gear pumps. Pumps have components like a casing, impeller, shaft, and seals and are classified according to their method of moving fluid.
1) Pressure vessels are containers that store fluids under pressure. They are designed to withstand internal pressure loads.
2) Key components of pressure vessel design include the shell, end closures, nozzles, flanged joints, and vessel supports. The shell must be designed to withstand internal pressure as well as combined loading.
3) End closures can be flat heads or formed heads like hemispherical, torispherical, or elliptical heads. Vertical vessels are supported by brackets or skirts and horizontal vessels use saddles.
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids through tube walls. There are two main types: tubular and extended surface. Tubular exchangers include shell-and-tube, U-tube, and double pipe designs. Shell-and-tube exchangers contain tubes in a shell separated by baffles to direct flow. Heat is transferred through the tube walls from one fluid inside the tubes to the other outside. Manufacturing involves forming, welding, inspection, assembly, testing, and documentation. Materials, design, fabrication, and testing must meet codes and standards.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
The document describes the design and construction of heat exchangers. It discusses key components of double pipe heat exchangers like inner and outer pipes, return bends, and support lugs. It also explains components of shell and tube heat exchangers such as tubes, tube sheets, bonnets, channels, nozzles, baffles, and pass partition plates. Additionally, it covers classification of heat exchangers, flow arrangements, fouling factors, heat transfer calculations, and pressure drop analysis for heat exchanger design.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
This document provides an overview of compressed air systems, including:
- The types of compressors and their characteristics such as reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial compressors.
- How compressors work using principles such as the ideal gas law and Bernoulli's equation.
- Factors that affect the energy consumption of compressed air systems such as inlet air conditions, pressure settings, piping layout and leaks.
- Methods for improving efficiency such as variable speed drives, capacity control, and detailed energy audits.
The document discusses compressed air systems in detail over 5 sections, covering the scope of work, types of compressors, selection criteria, performance comparisons, and system components.
This document discusses the reversed Carnot cycle, which is used in Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps. It consists of four processes: 1) adiabatic compression, 2) isothermal compression, 3) adiabatic expansion, and 4) isothermal expansion. This cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction on a temperature-entropy diagram. It is the most efficient refrigeration cycle possible between two temperature levels, as it achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. However, it cannot be practically implemented due to the different speeds required for the adiabatic and isothermal processes.
This document provides information on calculating head losses in piping systems. It discusses the use of Bernoulli's equation to relate total head between two points in a piping system. It also covers friction losses using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Moody diagram, as well as "minor losses" from fittings, valves, etc. The document presents methods to calculate head loss or flow rate given the other, including iterative techniques. It concludes with an example problem calculating maximum flow between reservoirs considering major and minor losses.
The document discusses cooling towers, which are used to transfer heat from cooling water to the atmosphere. There are two main types - natural draft towers which use convection to circulate air, and mechanical draft towers which use fans. Mechanical draft towers can be either counter-flow or cross-flow design. The cooling tower cools water by contacting it with air, allowing evaporation which removes heat from the water so it can be recirculated for cooling processes.
This document discusses best practices for maintaining hydraulic systems. It emphasizes that contamination control is the number one priority and describes methods for preventing contamination such as using external filter pumps and handling components as if performing heart surgery. The document also stresses developing an effective preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance program for hydraulic systems, collecting hydraulic fluid samples, performing vibration and ultrasound analysis, and providing training to promote a culture change around maintenance of these systems.
This document provides information on various piping drawings used in piping design and installation. It discusses process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), piping isometrics, plot plans, and general arrangement drawings. PFDs show the major equipment and process flows at a high level, while P&IDs provide more detailed piping information along with instrumentation and control schemes. Piping isometrics are used for fabrication and show piping runs at an angle for clarity. General arrangement drawings indicate equipment locations and piping layouts from a plan view. Together these drawings provide the necessary information for proper piping system design, installation, and operation.
The document discusses different types of compressors used to increase air pressure. It describes reciprocating compressors which use pistons to compress air inside cylinders. Rotary compressors like screw, vane, and lobe compressors compress air using rotating elements. Centrifugal and axial compressors accelerate air to increase pressure, with centrifugal compressors using impellers and axial using rotating and stationary blades in stages. The document provides details on components and operating principles of these compressor types.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
1) The document discusses mechanical design of pressure vessels. It covers classification of pressure vessels and design considerations like stresses and stability.
2) Pressure vessels are classified based on thickness-to-diameter ratio into thin-walled and thick-walled vessels. Common shapes are cylindrical and spherical.
3) Design codes specify guidelines for design, materials, fabrication, inspection and testing of pressure vessels. Stresses like circumferential, longitudinal and shear stresses are derived. Failure theories like maximum principal and shear stresses are discussed.
4) Buckling stability is important for thin-walled vessels under compression. Membrane stress equations are provided for common vessel shapes like cylinders, spheres, cones and ellipsoids.
This document discusses air compressors and reciprocating compressors specifically. It defines an air compressor as a device that takes in atmospheric air, compresses it, and delivers it at higher pressure to a storage vessel. It then describes the basic components and working of a reciprocating compressor, including the polytropic process of compression, equations for calculating work done, factors affecting volumetric efficiency like clearance volume, and diagrams of the actual pressure-volume cycle including valve bounce and intake depression.
This document outlines the scope of work for a plant design piping and equipment team. The team is responsible for creating piping layouts, equipment layouts, spacing considerations, equipment lists, pipe supports, isometrics, and general arrangement drawings. This is done using input documents such as plot plans, P&ID diagrams, piping specifications, and equipment data sheets. The document then provides details on specific types of piping (pump, exchanger, drum, etc.), equipment (pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, towers, compressors), and other design considerations (supports, input documents).
Planning and design of building services in multi Story Vj NiroSh
The document discusses water supply and distribution systems. It defines a water distribution system as a network of pipes that can distribute water supply to premises in an organized manner. It notes that factors to consider when planning water supply layouts include population growth, industrial development, and sources of water supply. The main sources of water supply are listed as surface sources like rivers and lakes, and underground sources like wells and springs. The document also discusses various types of pipes used in distribution systems, as well as fittings, valves, water heating methods, and hot water supply systems.
Module 6 module 4 draft sanitary and plumbing layout and details Gilbert Bautista
The document provides information about drafting sanitary and plumbing layouts and details. It discusses drafting water distribution systems and sanitary and storm drainage layouts. It covers key terms, types of pipes, fittings, valves, and connections used. Symbols and abbreviations for plumbing features are presented, along with examples of schematic plumbing layouts. The purpose is to teach learners how to independently draft sanitary and plumbing layouts and details according to job requirements.
The document provides information about drafting sanitary and plumbing layouts and details. It discusses drafting water distribution systems and sanitary and storm drainage layouts. It defines key terms related to plumbing systems and components. It also provides examples of common plumbing symbols and their meanings to be used in schematic drawings. The objectives are to draft water distribution systems and sanitary and storm drainage layouts following requirements.
Module 6 module 4 draft sanitary and plumbing layout and details Gilbert Bautista
The document provides information about drafting sanitary and plumbing layouts and details. It discusses drafting water distribution systems and sanitary and storm drainage layouts. It covers key terms, types of pipes, fittings, valves, and connections used. It also presents objectives, an introduction, and examples of common plumbing symbols and their meanings. The document is intended to familiarize students with concepts for designing and planning sanitary plumbing and sewerage layouts.
This chapter discusses water piping systems used for air conditioning applications. It describes the principles of once-through and recirculating water piping systems. Recirculating systems can be open or closed. Piping arrangements include reverse return, reverse return header with direct return risers, and direct return piping. The chapter also covers water piping design considerations like pipe sizing, friction loss, velocity, diversity, and pipe length measurement. Design examples demonstrate how to apply diversity factors to reduce pipe sizes and pump capacity.
304.2 r 96 - placing concrete by pumping methodsMOHAMMED SABBAR
This document summarizes a report that describes equipment and methods for pumping and placing concrete. It discusses various types of pumps, pipelines, accessories, and how to proportion concrete to make it pumpable. Recommendations are provided for maintaining uniform delivery and quality of concrete when pumping over long distances. Trial mixes are emphasized to evaluate pumpability. The report does not cover shotcreting or pumping non-structural concrete.
The document discusses the design of a piping system to transport a 15% sodium hydroxide solution from a storage tank to a digester. It identifies the key parts of the system as pipe, elbows, a gate valve, and a centrifugal pump. It then provides sample calculations to determine the pipe diameter, thickness, flow velocity, friction factor, and head losses based on the flow rate of 11,179.8726 kg over 10 minutes. The calculations specify a 10-inch schedule 40 stainless steel pipe based on the fluid properties and system requirements.
Refinery mechanical piping systems a fundamental overviewChetan vadodariya
This paper is based on experience gained by the author in fabrication, design and installation in multinational
manufacturing, contracting and client companies in India, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Piping systems in
any oil refinery is the most critical mechanical hardware for the transportation of feed product i.e. crude oil to
processing units, process piping intra and inter process units and further movement of intermediate distillates
from one processing unit to another for the purpose of processing, blending, value addition and maximization of
recovery from feed stock to finish products. Pipelines are the ultimate transportation solution for despatch of final
product to storage tank farms and to the shipping terminal for internal consumption and for export. This paper lists
proven and established international design
This document discusses energy losses that occur in pipe fittings. It introduces the two types of energy losses that occur: major losses due to friction along pipe walls, and minor losses due to fittings, changes in flow direction, and changes in flow area. The document then discusses how to calculate minor head losses using a head loss coefficient K and describes the importance of accurately determining K values for all fittings. It outlines the objectives, equipment, procedure, calculations, and conclusions of an experiment to determine K values for various pipe fittings.
Piping For Cooling Water Circulation between Cooling Tower and CondenserIJSRD
In thermal power plant, as we know that exhaust steam from turbine goes to heat recovery unit and from there the exhaust stem goes to the condenser to condense. In shell and tube heat exchanger, cooling water as a cooling medium running inside the tubes whereas steam is inside the shell. So to have sufficient amount of cooling water, we require continuous flow of water from the cooling tower. Our main project aim is to provide a piping between condenser and cooling tower. So in this particular project, we will make basic documents such as pfd, p&id, plot plan, equipment layout, piping ga drawing, isometrics, mto, piping specifications, pump specification, calculations, and stress analysis etc.
This document discusses calculation methodologies for designing piping systems. It begins with an introduction to piping systems and their importance. It then discusses stresses piping systems experience from thermal expansion, weight, wind, and earthquakes. ASME B31.3 codes are commonly used for process piping design. The document presents methods to increase piping system flexibility through the use of pipe loops and expansion joints to absorb thermal expansion stresses. Pipe loops are preferable to expansion joints due to being simpler and more reliable.
Great tool provides insight into key considerations when determining whether sliplining or rehabilitating an existing culvert, bridge or storm sewer would be ideal.
This document provides an introduction to piping design. It discusses the different types of pipes used to transfer fluids from one place to another. Pipes are made from various materials and are joined through methods like welding. The document outlines the factors considered in piping design such as pressure, temperature, material selection, and pipe sizing based on nominal diameter. Design codes like ASME B31 are commonly used for piping in industries like oil, gas, and petrochemical. Key parameters in pipe sizing include flow velocity, pressure drop, and Reynolds number.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in industrial processes to transfer heat. They can efficiently transfer large amounts of heat while taking up relatively little space. There are two main types - smaller designs under 12 inches in diameter made of welded steel with copper tubing, and larger designs from 10-100 inches made to TEMA standards using steel pipe or plate. Key components include tubes, tube sheets to attach tubes, baffles to direct flow, and inlet/outlet ports in the shell. Tube materials and configurations can vary to suit different applications and pressures.
1) A water distribution system design includes estimating water demand, selecting proper pipe sizes and materials, and constructing pump and storage systems to deliver water from its source to customers.
2) Pipes are buried beneath streets and their layout follows the road pattern to efficiently cover the service area.
3) Pumps are needed to lift water from its source or treatment plant and push it into distribution mains, as well as to boost pressure at points in the system so water can reach heights required. Centrifugal and positive-displacement pumps are commonly used.
A recommended-approach-to-piping-flexibility-studies-to-avoid-compressor-syst...Adeel Jameel
This document recommends an approach for piping flexibility studies when responsibility for the piping design is shared between a compressor packager and an engineering company. The common practice of limiting analyses to individual scopes and using anchor points and allowable loads at the boundary has limitations. Instead, it recommends overlapping the modeling scopes to account for interactions. Both parties should include a small portion of the other's piping to accurately capture the response of the complete system and avoid overly conservative designs.
This document discusses common design problems encountered in municipal wastewater pump stations and proposed solutions. It identifies issues such as concrete corrosion, use of non-corrosion resistant materials, lack of pump protection from debris, improper pump sizing, and lack of provisions for future expansion. Solutions proposed include using high-density polyethylene liners, stainless steel components, grinders, evaluating total dynamic head calculations more carefully, and oversizing some components to allow for capacity increases. The document provides examples from recently constructed pump stations in Northern Virginia that have implemented some of these solutions successfully.
The document provides a review and summary of revisions made to API 14.3/AGA 3 Part 2 standards for orifice meter installations. Key changes include:
- Recommending a beta ratio of 0.75 for new installations.
- Updated minimum upstream and downstream length requirements based on pipe configuration and use of flow conditioners.
- Specified requirements for flow conditioners including design, materials, and length for straightening bundles.
- Established surface roughness, roundness, and diameter tolerances for meter tubes based on pipe size.
- Specified placement of pressure taps relative to the orifice plate.
This document provides an overview of boundary layer concepts and laminar and turbulent pipe flow. It defines boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. It describes how boundary layers develop on surfaces and transition from laminar to turbulent. It also discusses Reynolds number effects, momentum integral estimates for flat plates, and examples calculating boundary layer thickness in air and water flow. Finally, it introduces concepts of laminar and turbulent pipe flow.
Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review
Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations
Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines
Closed Feed water Heaters (Surface Heaters)
The Steam Turbine
Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams
Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations
Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants
Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems
Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems
Definition and Requirements
Types of Heat Exchangers
The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis
Introduction to Air Distribution Systems, Fluid Mechanics—A Brief Review, Air Duct Sizing—Special Design Considerations, Minor Head Loss in a Run of Pipe or Duct , Minor Losses in the Design of Air Duct Systems—Equal Friction Method, Fans—Brief Overview and Selection Procedures
Engineering Design—Definition; Types of Design in Thermo-Fluid Science; Difference between Design and Analysis; Classification of Design; General Steps in Design; Abridged Steps in the Design Process
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5. Dimensional Analysis and SimilitudeAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Dimensional homogeneity, Buckingham pi theorem, Non dimensionalization of basic equations, Similitude, Significance of non-dimensional numbers in fluid flows
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 3. Integral relations for a control volumeAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, physical laws of fluid mechanics, the Reynolds transport theorem, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Angular momentum equation, Energy equation, Bernoulli equation
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 2 Part II. Fluids in rigid-body motionAddisu Dagne Zegeye
1. The document discusses rigid-body motion of fluids, where fluid particles move together with no internal motion or deformation. It presents equations of motion relating pressure, acceleration, and gravity for fluids undergoing rigid-body translation or rotation.
2. Special cases are considered, including fluids at rest, where pressure only varies with height, and fluids in free fall or accelerated upward, where pressure gradients are altered by acceleration.
3. For fluids accelerating linearly, equations are derived showing pressure varies with both vertical position and horizontal displacement from the acceleration axis, forming parallel inclined surfaces of constant pressure.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
2. Lecture Contents
Liquid Piping Systems
Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping
Systems
Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching
Design of Piping Systems Complete with In-Line or
Base-Mounted Pumps
2
3. Liquid Piping Systems
Piping systems are used to transport diverse liquids for a variety
of different applications.
These applications may range from water service for buildings to
complex two-phase flow systems in industrial plants. The design
of these systems requires consideration of several groups of
specialties and accessories that will be needed for a functional
system.
This chapter will focus on fittings and accessories, pipe
materials, fluid machines, and design considerations necessary
for the successful design of practical piping systems for various
applications.
3
4. Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping
Systems
Fittings
Fittings are used to extend pipe lengths, expand the pipe network,
or perform a selected function.
Examples of fittings specific to liquid piping systems are plugs,
unions, wyes, valves, tees, caps, ferrules, elbows, nipples,
reducers, sleeves, couplings, adapters, fasteners, compression
fittings, and bulkhead fittings, to name a few.
All these add resistance to fluid flow. Tabulated K values (loss
coefficients) are available for these and other fittings
4
5. Valves
Valves are used to control the flow rate of fluid in piping systems.
For valves, lower K values occur when they are fully open; thus,
frictional losses will be low. The K values will increase as the
valve is closed. A similar trend will apply to Lequiv values.
There are many types of valves . Some of these valves and their
drawing symbols are shown in Figure below.
Manufacturer’s catalogs should be consulted to find other valves
and/or pipe fittings and their K or Lequiv values
5
Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid
Piping Systems
6. 6
Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems
Figure. Some
typical industrial
valves
7. Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
General Design Considerations
Sizing liquid piping follows a similar procedure to that outlined in
Example 1 of Chapter 2. Consider the following additional points
when sizing and designing piping systems.
a) Pipe Materials: Is the fluid corrosive? Are there particulates in
the fluid (e.g., oil sand liquid slurries) that will erode the pipe? Is
the fluid temperature high?
b) Pipe Thickness: Is higher pipe strength required for high stress
(high pressure) applications?
c) Plastic Piping: Can plastic piping be used instead of metal pipes?
Plastic pipes are lightweight, easy to join, and corrosion resistant.
d) Flow Velocities: Different services and applications have different
pipe velocity requirements and ranges.
7
8. Examples of Plastic Piping
a) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): For applications in pipes for building cold
water, drains, and condensate piping. Not recommended for hot
water piping.
b) Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC): Similar to PVC. This
plastic material is able to withstand temperatures of up to 140◦F.
c) Reinforced thermosetting resin plastic (RTRP): Recommended for
hot water piping systems with temperatures on the order of 200◦F.
d) Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX): For applications in hydronic-
radiant heating systems, domestic water piping, natural gas and
offshore oil applications, chemical transportation, and transportation
of sewage and slurries. Recently, it has become a viable alternative
to PVC, CPVC, and copper tubing for use as residential water pipes
(particularly in Canada).
e) Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): Used in building plumbing
systems as drain, vent, and sewage piping. It may also be used to
transport potable (drinking) water, chemicals, or chilled water.
8
Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
10. Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
Pipe Data for Building Water Systems
As seen in Chapter 2, pipe and duct sizing can be laborious,
requiring many iterations of complex correlation equations.
In practice for building water systems, charts and tables are used
to simplify the process of liquid pipe sizing. Of importance is pipe
material selection, determination of pipe diameter, and installation
specifications.
While the focus is on building water systems, the procedures
outlined here will apply directly to other types of piping systems
such as wastewater/sludge systems, food processing systems, and
chemical liquid systems.
10
11. A. Pipe Materials for Building Water Systems: Type L copper tubing is
widely used. Schedule 40 steel is used in steam heating systems.
Schedule 80 steel, which is thicker than Schedule 40 steel, is used in
high-pressure steam lines. PEX may also be used in cold or hot
water systems in lieu of copper. It is not recommended for high-
pressure steam lines. Table 3.2 shows some data for copper and steel
pipes.
B. Pipe Sizing Considerations—Determination of Pipe Diameters:
Pipes in closed-loop building systems should be designed to limit
friction losses to 3 ft of water per 100 ft of pipe. This will reduce
the final pump size and cost.
In addition, pipe velocities should be less than 10 fps or 3 m/s to
reduce noise and pipe material erosion. Typically, volume flow rates
in the pipes are known, which makes determination of the pipe
diameter easier.
11
Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
14. Practical Note 1. Higher Pipe Friction Losses and Velocities
The design engineer should bear in mind that the aforementioned
points are guidelines. Flexibility exists in order to optimize the
performance of a given system design. For example, higher friction
losses may be acceptable for shorter run of pipes or for cases where
smaller pipe sizes are mandatory by the client or application. Higher
pipe velocities may be required for fluid systems that transport solid
sediments. This ensures that the sediments do not clog the pipes by
sticking to the pipe wall.
However, for small diameter pipes, erosion becomes a concern when
large velocities are used. For example, in stainless steel tubes, erosion
becomes a concern when velocities are larger than 15 fps (consult
Table A.13 for additional data).
All deviations from the established guidelines should be justified by
the design engineer.
14
Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
16. After selection of the pipe friction loss and velocity, an appropriate
chart may be used to determine the pipe diameter. One such chart
for plastic piping systems is shown in Figure below.
16
Sizing Liquid Piping Systems
Figure. Plastic pipe (Schedule 80) friction loss chart
20. Pipe Installation
Pipes are typically hung between the slab and the dropped
(finished) ceiling and are supported by pipe hangers. The
hangers are fastened around the pipe and their support rods are
anchored to the ceiling. Figure below shows pipes supported on
hangers. The weights per foot of piping filled with water are used
to determine the spacing of the pipe hangers and the sizing of the
support rods.
20
22. Pipe Installation
Practical Note 2. Piping System Supported by Brackets
Not all pipes are installed by being hung on pipe hangers and supports.
Pipes may be supported by mounting them on brackets that are attached
to concrete walls. Shown in Figure below is a part of a piping system
that is installed on stainless steel strut channels. A 1/4-hp (horsepower)
in-line pump is also supported by the pipes and the channels.
22
23. Figure. Pipes and an in-line pump mounted on brackets
23
Pipe Installation
24. Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching
Classifications and Terminology
Pumps serve to move liquids. The pump adds energy to the fluid to
keep it moving, to overcome head losses, and/or to build pressure on
the fluid to overcome elevation head in the line.
As the fluid passes through the pump and energy is added, the
discharge pressure of the exiting fluid becomes greater than the
pressure of the inlet fluid. There are many types of pumps available on
the market.
Types of Pumps
a) Gas pumps: These pumps move gases. Examples of these types of
pumps are fans and compressors.
b) Positive displacement pumps: These pumps pressurize the fluid by
contracting or changing their boundaries to force fluid to flow.
Suction is achieved when the boundaries of the pump expand or the
volume of the pump becomes larger.
24
25. Examples of positive displacement pumps include the human
heart, flexible-tube peristaltic pumps, and double-screw pumps.
These pumps are capable of creating a significant vacuum
pressure at their inlets, even when dry, and are able to lift fluids
from long distances below the pump. These pumps are also called
self-priming pumps.
c) Dynamic pumps: Rotating blades are used to supply energy to the
fluid. The blades impart momentum to the fluid. Fluid enters the
eye of the impeller, is flung from the impeller blades into the
scroll case (volute) of the pump where the fluid is pressurized.
The fluid exits at high pressure.
25
Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching
28. Pump Fundamentals
There are several fundamental parameters that need to be
mentioned before proceeding to pump sizing and selection.
a) Pump Capacity: Volume flow rate of fluid through the pump:
b) Pump Net Head: Used to increase the fluid energy (usually in
units of length). An expression for the pump net head can be
found by considering the energy equation. Thus, the pump
specific work is
where points 1 and 2 are points in the pipe system chosen by the
engineer.
28
29. Dividing by g gives the pump net head (in units of length):
If a control volume were drawn around the pump only, the
following could be assumed:
HlT = 0 (applies to pipe head loss, only); point 1 is the pump inlet;
point 2 is the pump outlet; z2 = z1 (horizontally mounted pump); D2
= D1 (assuming suction and discharge pipe diameters are equal); V2
= V1 (no area changes yields equal velocities).
Therefore
The energy required to generate a pressure rise across the pump is
directly related to the pump net head.
29
Pump Fundamentals
30. c) Water Horsepower: Power delivered directly to the fluid by the
pump:
d) Brake Horsepower (bhp): External power supplied to the pump
by a mechanical shaft or an electrical motor. For a rotating shaft
that supplies the bhp:
where ω is the rotational speed and Tshaft is the torque generated by
the shaft.
e) Pump efficiency: Ratio of useful power to supplied power:
30
Pump Fundamentals
34. The best efficiency point (BEP) of the pump is the maximum pump
efficiency (ηpump,max). Note that the performance curve will show the
pump capacity that produces the BEP.
When selecting a pump, the design engineer needs to determine the
total amount of head that is required to overcome all the losses in the
piping system, build up the pressures required by the design,
overcome elevation differences, and increase the fluid velocity (as
required) across selected points in the system.
Thus, between two points, 1 and 2, the required head for the system is
The pump performance curve shows the amount of head that is
available (Hpump,available) and can be delivered by a specific pump.
The pump head required must be calculated, and the performance
curve must be checked to determine if the selected pump can provide
the required head.34
Pump Performance and System Curves
36. Fig. Schematic of a system curve intersecting a pump performance
curve. This performance curve is for a pump of a fixed impeller diameter
and rotational speed
36
Pump Performance and System Curves
.
37. Practical Note 3. Manufacturers’ Pump Performance Curves
The pump performance curves must be determined experimentally
by the pump manufacturers. These are usually available in
equipment catalogs online or in hard copy. The curves are usually
(almost always) based on water as the working fluid.
The system curve or the operating point must be determined by
the design engineer by considering the pipe system flow rate and
the total system pump head required (Hpump,required).
37
Pump Performance and System Curves
38. Pump Performance Curves for a Family of Pumps
Manufacturers will typically (almost always) provide a group of pump
performance curves for a group of pumps, all on one plot.
Below in the Figure shown is a schematic of a group of performance curves
for a family of “geometrically similar” pumps. Note the following points:
38
a) D1, D2, D3 are impeller diameters
of each pump.
b) The casing enclosure is the same
for each pump to satisfy the
requirement of geometric
similarity.
c) Different pump efficiencies are
shown. Note the shape of the
efficiency curves. The BEP is as
shown.
d) These curves will be determined
experimentally by the
manufacturer for a specific liquid.
Typically, the liquid is water
Fig. Performance curves for a family
of geometrically similar pumps
39. A Manufacturer’s Performance Plot for a Family
of Centrifugal Pumps
Figure below shows a real pump performance plot from a catalog
provided by Taco Inc.
39
40. Note the following points:
a) Model Information: Model 4013, FI and CI Series centrifugal
pumps.
b) Pump Speed: 1160 rpm.
c) Casing Size: 5 in. × 4 in. × 13 in. (5 in. suction diameter, 4 in.
discharge diameter, 13 in. casing).
d) Identify the Axes: Pump head available on the y-axis and pump
capacity on the x-axis.
e) Provided are performance curves for each impeller diameter.
f) The BEP is approximately 80% for this family of pumps.
g) Provided are curves for the bhp. The minimum pump power is
2 hp and the maximum pump power is 15 hp for this family of
pumps.
40
A Manufacturer’s Performance Plot for a Family
of Centrifugal Pumps
41.
41
A Manufacturer’s Performance Plot for a Family
of Centrifugal Pumps
Practical Note 4. “To-the-point” Design
Choosing a 3-hp motor for the pump above would be recommended
for “to the point” design. However, what would happen if the flow
rate spiked to 325 gpm (an 8% increase in flow rate), which is possible
in practice? The motor would overload. Hence, for this design, we
would select a 5-hp motor, which would be nonoverloading for the
entire pump curve
42. 42
Practical Note 5. Oversizing Pumps
Do not oversize your pumps simply to be safe. After selecting the
next larger motor size to ensure that the pump would be
nonoverloading for the entire pump curve, do not proceed to
oversize the pump further to be safe. Hence, do not choose a 10-hp
motor, when a 5-hp motor is sufficient to provide nonoverloading. At
300 gpm, all that is needed is 3–5 hp. Choosing a 10-hp motor would
simply waste energy, increase the installation cost, and require extra
resources to support the larger pump.
A Manufacturer’s Performance Plot for a Family
of Centrifugal Pumps
43. Example. Pump Selection from Manufacturer’s
Performance Plots
You are a design engineer charged with the responsibility of
selecting an appropriate in-line mounted centrifugal pump for an
application. The flow rate will be constant at 80 gpm, but the
required head could vary between 20 and 40 ft. Select an
appropriate Bell & Gossett Series 60 pump for this application.
Solution. A study of each performance plot from the large Bell &
Gossett Series 60 centrifugal pump catalog to find an appropriate
pump could be time consuming. A master pump selection chart is
used to identify a family (or families) of pumps that will meet the
requirements of the design. The master pump selection chart for the
Bell & Gossett Series 60 centrifugal pumps is shown below.
43
47. Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid, small
liquid-free zones (“bubbles” or “voids”), that are the
consequence of forces acting upon the liquid.
It usually occurs when the liquid is subjected to rapid changes of
pressure that cause the formation of cavities in the liquid where
the pressure is relatively low.
47
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
• When subjected to higher
pressure, the voids implode and
can generate an intense shock
wave.
• Collapsing voids that implode
near to a metal surface cause
cyclic stress through repeated
implosion. This results in surface
fatigue of the metal causing a type
of wear also called “Cavitation”.
48. If left untreated, pump cavitation can cause:
Failure of pump housing
Destruction of impeller
Excessive vibration -leading to premature seal and bearing failure
Higher than necessary power consumption
Decreased flow and/or pressure
What can be done to prevent cavitation?
Don’t force the pump to operate too far to the right or left of its
BEP (best efficiency point) . Doing so will result in cavitation over
time. If a pump is correctly sized and not starved, the pump will
run at the intended speed while maintaining the BEP.
Altitude has also a major effect on pump cavitation. When pumps
operate at higher altitudes, special attention must be given to make
sure that cavitation does not occur since liquids boil at much lower
temperature. The boiling point of a liquid depends on the vapor
pressure of that liquid matching the pressure of the gas above it.48
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
49. Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
Suction into a pump may occur as reduced pressure and high velocity is
created to promote the movement of fluid into the pump.
The inlet pressures on the suction side of the pump may be significantly
lower than the discharge pressures, and may be lower than atmospheric
pressure.
In some cases in liquid pumps, the inlet pressure to the pump may become
lower than the vapor pressure of the liquid at the operating temperature.
When this occurs, the liquid will vaporize to form bubbles. Pressure drop
across the pump inlet passage or losses in the pump impeller may also
decrease the pump inlet pressure to values lower than the vapor pressure of
the fluid.
Hence, vapor bubbles will form in liquid pumps if
Pinlet < Pvapor,liquid
In a liquid pump, these vapor-filled bubbles are called cavitation bubbles.
In the high-pressure regions of the pump, these cavitation bubbles will
collapse, resulting in damage to the pump and reduction in pump
performance.49
50. Other negative consequences of cavitation include
a) noise;
b) vibration;
c) pump efficiency reduction;
d) erosion of pump impeller, casing, and blades due to high-pressure
explosion of the bubbles.
The presence of vapor in the impeller can also result in a loss of pump
pressure rise. In effect, for a vapor-filled impeller, a total loss of pump
performance will occur.
It is necessary to ensure that Pinlet > Pvapor,liquid to avoid cavitation and
pump performance loss. NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) can be
used to verify if this requirement will be met.
Therefore, in units of length
50
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
52. Example. Net Positive Suction Head
A centrifugal Peerless Pump Type 4AE11 is tested at 1750 rpm using the
flow system shown. The water level in the inlet reservoir is 3.5 ft above
the pump centerline; the inlet line consists of 6 ft of 4-in. diameter Class
150 cast-iron pipe, a standard elbow, and a fully open gate valve. Calculate
the NPSHA at the pump inlet. The volume flow rate is given as 1200 gpm
of water at 60◦F. Will cavitation occur at this temperature?
52
63. Pump Scaling Laws: Nondimensional Pump Parameters
Dimensional analysis, the Buckingham Pi (π) theorem, and the
method of repeating variables can be used to generate
nondimensional pump parameters that include the pump head,
pump capacity, and pump bhp.
For a typical pump, the following functional forms will apply:
where ε is the relative roughness and D is the diameter of the pump
impeller. The resulting dimensionless π groups produce
nondimensional pump parameters with special names. Following are
the six nondimensional pump parameters of interest:
where ωD is the characteristic velocity.
63
65. Application of the Nondimensional Pump
Parameters—Affinity Laws
Pumps that are geometrically similar may considered to be
equivalent. Pump equivalence implies that the nondimensional
pump parameters are equal for different pumps or for different
states of the same pump.
65
Consider two pumps
(pump A and pump B)
or consider a pump at
two different states of
volume flow rate, speed,
pump head, bhp, etc.
The pump equivalence
equations are:
66. The pump equivalence equations can be expressed as ratios in order
to scale pumps of different sizes or determine the parameters at
different states for the same pump.
Thus, for different pumps,
The aforementioned equations are known as the affinity laws. The
affinity laws also apply to a given pump moving the same liquid.
For this case, ρA = ρB and DA = DB. In general, ω = 2πN, where N is
the number of revolutions per minute of the pump impeller66
Application of the Nondimensional Pump
Parameters—Affinity Laws
67. Hence, for the same pump that has experienced a speed change
from NA to NB,
67
Application of the Nondimensional Pump
Parameters—Affinity Laws
68. Nondimensional Form of the Pump Efficiency
Dimensional analysis can also be used to establish a
nondimensional form of the pump efficiency. Consider the
following analysis:
68
75. Only the performance curves for the 1750 rpm family of pumps are
available. The plots are based on clean, pure water. The affinity
laws and available data will be used to select a 1750 rpm pump that
would give the same performance as an 1150 rpm pump.
The affinity law for the volume flow rate is
Let state “A” correspond to the 1150 rpm speed. The flow rate
required at this speed is 70 gpm.
75
Example. Selecting a Pump Using Equivalent
Performance Plots
76. 107 gpm would be produced in the 1750 rpm pump.
The pump head values in the Bell & Gossett pump performance
plots are in terms of foot of water. The total head in terms of foot
of kerosene must be converted to foot of water.
Therefore,
The total pump head required for the 1150 rpm speed is 8.2 ft of
water. At the 1750 rpm speed, the total pump head is found from
the affinity law for the pump head:
76
Example. Selecting a Pump Using Equivalent
Performance Plots
77. This head corresponds to the total pump head required for
the pump operating at 1750 rpm.
77
Example. Selecting a Pump Using Equivalent
Performance Plots
79. Design of Piping Systems Complete with In-Line
or Base-Mounted Pumps
Open-Loop Piping System
In an open-loop piping system, some part of the circuit is open to the
atmosphere.
For example, a drain may be open to the atmosphere or the piping
circuit may be open to the atmosphere as are typical of cooling towers.
Figure below shows a typical open-loop condenser piping system for
water.
79
80. Note the following regarding typical open-loop piping systems:
a) A strainer (filter in liquid piping systems) is required to protect the
pump from large sediments and potential blockage.
b) Isolation valves may be installed around equipment in the piping
system. These will allow for maintenance without the need for
complete drainage of the piping system. These valves could be ball
valves, globe valves, or gate valves.
c) Regulating valves are used to control the flow rate, especially on the
discharge line from the pump. These valves are typically globe
valves. This type of flow rate regulation is known as discharge
throttling.
d) Expansion (flexible connectors) joints are required to protect the
pipes from expansion and contraction forces due to pumping thermal
stress. They also isolate the piping from pump vibrations.
80
Design of Piping Systems Complete with In-Line
or Base-Mounted Pumps
81. Practical Note 6. Bypass Lines
Not shown in the schematic are bypass lines. These are additional
sections of piping that could be installed around equipment in the
system to divert all or a part of the flow. The bypass line may include
an auxiliary piece of equipment that is normally brought on-line
during maintenance of the primary equipment. Isolation valves should
be installed at the entrance and exit of the bypass line.
81
82. Practical Note 7. Regulation and Control of Flow
Rate across a Pump
Control of the flow rate across a pump can be accomplished by varying the
pump head, speed, or both simultaneously. While there are many different
methods of regulating the fluid flow rate, only three of the methods will be
considered.
Discharge throttling involves the use of a partially closed valve installed on
the discharge line of the pump. In this case, the system curve intersects the
pump performance curve (operating point) at a higher pump head and lower
flow rate. However, this will produce lower pump efficiencies. This is the
cheapest and most common method of flow control
Bypass regulation occurs with the use of a bypass line. Diversion of a
portion of the flow will result in a decrease in the amount of power required.
For this reason, it may be preferred to discharge throttling.
Speed regulation can be used to control the flow rate by varying the speed
of the pump. Some options include variable-speed mechanical drives or
variable frequency drives (VFD) on motors. By changing the pump speed,
the power requirement varies, without adverse impact on the efficiency of
the pump.82
84. Example. Designing an Open-Loop Piping System
Metal Mint, Inc. (located in Southern Mexico) has contracted the
services of EBA Engineering Consultants, Ltd. to design a cooling
system for their high-quality stainless steel bullion bars. The hot
stainless steel bars will be transported slowly on a conveyor belt to
allow for cooling. A design engineer at EBA Engineering
Consultants, Ltd. has suggested the use of water in an evaporative
cooling system. They wish to transport water from an existing 1200-
gallon tank, which has a height of 50 in., to a large nozzle located 10
ft above grade (the ground). Once transported to the nozzle (KL =
14), the water will be atomized to small droplets to produce shower-
like streams of water to enhance evaporative cooling. Given that
water is scarce in this area, the subsequent design of the conveyor
cooling system will be determined by the piping system design. A
sketch was submitted by the design engineer for consideration:
84
85. a) Based on the sketch provided by the design engineer, design an
appropriate piping system, complete with all necessary
equipment, to transport the water to the atomization nozzle. Metal
Mint, Inc. (the client) has an open business agreement with Bell
& Gossett—ITT Industries. Equipment schedules, specifications,
and installation guidelines are not required by the client.
b) For the convenience of the client, it is recommended that a low-
level switch be installed in the tank. Based on the piping system
design and equipment selected, conduct an analysis to determine
and/or justify the minimum height of water in the tank (i.e.,
minimum height of the low-level switch in the tank).
85
Example. Designing an Open-Loop Piping System
98. Closed-Loop Piping System
In a closed-loop piping system, there are no points open to the
ambient. Figure below shows schematic drawings of two-pipe and
four-pipe closed-loop piping systems.
Note the following regarding typical closed-loop piping systems:
a) Filters are optional for this system. They may be included in the
design if it is deemed necessary to protect equipment.
b) An expansion tank is required for closed-loop piping systems.
There should be only one expansion tank in each loop of a piping
system. Expansion tanks:
i. Protect the system from damage due to volume changes induced
by temperature variations.
ii. Create a point of constant pressure in the system.
iii. Provide a collecting space for entrapped air. Entrapped air is
undesirable in the water systems since it makes the flow noisy and
produces unwanted pipe vibrations—water hammer.
98
101. c) Air separators for air elimination from the closed-loop piping
system are required. Air will enter the closed-loop piping system
when makeup water from external sources is introduced. Devices
such as a vortex air separator create a high-speed fluid vortex in its
center. This low-pressure region enhances the release of air bubbles
from the liquid, which is released through an automatic vent or other
device.
d) Pressure regulators, isolation, control, and/or three-way valves, flow
meters, and thermocouples may also be required.
101
Closed-Loop Piping System
Practical Note 9. Flanged or Screwed Pipe Fittings?
Flanged pipe is generally specified for above ground service for air,
water, sewage, oil, and other fluids where rigid, restrained joints are
needed. It may be used for larger, heavier pipes and fluids. It is also
widely used in industrial piping systems, water treatment plants,
sewage treatment plants, and for other interior piping. American
Water Works Association (AWWA) standards restrict the use of
flanged joints underground due to the rigidity of the joints.
102. Example. Designing a Closed-Loop Piping System
A consulting engineering firm received the following sketch of a
water piping system from the Ministry of Defense in Ottawa.
102
103. For security reasons, units a, b, and c are unspecified. However, a
chart is provided (see above) that gives details on the flow rates and
head losses across the units. The head loss across each orifice is 6 ft.
All pipe lengths are in foot. Complete the design of this system.
Hint: A piping and pump schedule must be provided.
103
Example. Designing a Closed-Loop Piping System
118. Problems
MDM Consulting Engineers, Inc. has prepared the following
piping schematic to supply water to a chemical plant. The lengths
shown are in foot. Piping is Schedule 40, commercial steel.
Complete the design of the primary circuit piping system.
118