This document discusses the key considerations and process for preparing a building site. It outlines that a site analysis should be conducted which includes checking ordinance surveys, measurements, preservation orders, flood potential, and consulting utilities. A soil investigation determines suitability, aids foundation design, and identifies potential difficulties. This involves a desk study, walkover survey, and physical exploration using boreholes or trial pits. Samples are tested in a lab to classify and characterize the soil properties. The document describes common soil types and issues like contaminated soils, water tables, and methods for improving poor soils to support foundations.
Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils,
are ones that swell in volume when subjected to
moisture. These swelling soils typically contain
clay minerals that attract and absorb water.
When water is introduced to expansive soils, the
water molecules are pulled into gaps between
the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the
plates are forced further apart, leading to an
increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). If
this increased pressure exceeds surcharge
pressure (including the weight of the overlying
pavement) the soil will expand in volume to a
point where these pressures are once again in
balance. Swelling pressures can be on the order
of 100 – 200 kPa (14.5 – 29 psi) and have been
measured as high as 1000 kPa (145 psi). Table
1 gives a general idea of the types of expansion
that can be expected.
Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils,
are ones that swell in volume when subjected to
moisture. These swelling soils typically contain
clay minerals that attract and absorb water.
When water is introduced to expansive soils, the
water molecules are pulled into gaps between
the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the
plates are forced further apart, leading to an
increase in soil pore pressure (Handy, 1995). If
this increased pressure exceeds surcharge
pressure (including the weight of the overlying
pavement) the soil will expand in volume to a
point where these pressures are once again in
balance. Swelling pressures can be on the order
of 100 – 200 kPa (14.5 – 29 psi) and have been
measured as high as 1000 kPa (145 psi). Table
1 gives a general idea of the types of expansion
that can be expected.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
A soil is composed primarily of minerals which are produced from parent material that is weathered or broken into small pieces. Like the classification systems for plants and animals, the soil classification system contains several levels of details, from the most general to the most specific types. The most general level of classification system is the soil order, of which there are 12 major types. This module explains these classes.
SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS
Soil profile descriptions are basic data in all soil surveys.
They provide a major part of the information required for
correlation and classification of the soils of an area. They are
essential for interpreting soils and for coordinating
interpretations across state and regional boundaries. The soil
descriptions and the soil map are very useful tools for developing a region in various sectors. For all applications, soil profile is the basic aspect to be understood. This module highlights the details of a soil profile.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
A soil is composed primarily of minerals which are produced from parent material that is weathered or broken into small pieces. Like the classification systems for plants and animals, the soil classification system contains several levels of details, from the most general to the most specific types. The most general level of classification system is the soil order, of which there are 12 major types. This module explains these classes.
SOIL PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS
Soil profile descriptions are basic data in all soil surveys.
They provide a major part of the information required for
correlation and classification of the soils of an area. They are
essential for interpreting soils and for coordinating
interpretations across state and regional boundaries. The soil
descriptions and the soil map are very useful tools for developing a region in various sectors. For all applications, soil profile is the basic aspect to be understood. This module highlights the details of a soil profile.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
The next Google update, Penguin, has been a hot topic for search marketers and there has been much anticipation of its launch. Google recently announced that Penguin will launch “as soon as it’s ready,” but remains vague on the specific timing. So what does that mean for marketers and what should they do now?
Merove Heifetz, Associate Director of SEO & Digital Strategy and Bonnie Herman, Senior Account Manager of SEO & Digital Strategy will discuss what the Penguin update may entail, how to prepare your site and why it’s so important.
In this webinar you will learn:
• What you need to know about the upcoming Penguin update
• What necessary steps to take to prepare your website for Penguin
• How to identify if your site has been negatively impacted
• How to manage the negative impacts on your website
Prepare a Cover Letter using a Job DescriptionAmy Hebdon
Two exercises and some helpful tips that walk you through preparing a tailored cover letter (works best if you don't use auto-play).
For complete course, visit:
https://www.udemy.com/the-cover-letter-code-for-job-and-career-applications/
Seminar from Jim Rohn.
Jim Rohn prepares us to be more valuable tomorrow than we are today. You have the power to make others see you as an influential leader. Rely on yourself and take Jim's words of wisdom to build you a better life and in business.
|| A note on soil ||
|| Introduction/Profile of soil ||
|| Characteristics &Types of soil ||
|| Production & Formation of soil ||
|| Properties & classification of soil ||
E-Safety day at College of North West London (Feb 10th, 2015) slideshow - includes competition entries from College students creating a "powerful message about e-safety"
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Preparation of a site part 6
1. Preparation of a Site
Part 6
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 1
2. Site Analysis
Before purchasing a plot of land the
following considerations must be taken
into account;
Refer to Ordinance survey
Measurement survey
Preservation orders/conservation area
Flood potential
Design of buildings in area
Consult utility providers
Surface characteristics
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 2
3. Purpose of a soil
investigation
To determine the suitability of the soil
for the proposed project
To determine an adequate and economic
design of foundation
To ascertain any potential difficulties
that may arise in construction
To determine the cause of changes in the
soil
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 3
4. 3 Basic stages of soil
investigation
Desk study- takes into account any existing
information such as its topography,
geology, vegetation, etc
Walk over survey- a direct inspection of the
ground
Physical exploration and inspection of the
ground by means of boreholes or trial
holes
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 4
5. Trial holes/pits
Foundations up to 3m deep – trial holes
are dug by hand or small excavator
Typical size of trial holes are 1.2x1.2x3m
Foundations up to 30m deep- mechanically
bored by a crane mounted auger machine
Foundations over 30m- deep borings
All samples are sent to the lab to be
tested
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 5
6. Soil Types
Sand/gravel- can give good bearing capacity-
good water dissipation
Clay-good ground bearing- prevents water
passing between strata
Rock-hard solid formation- often impervious
such as granite or limestone- excellent
strata on which to build
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 6
7. Soil Types
Peat-permeable and unsuitable for
foundations- can indicate the
presence of a high water level
Filled or made ground- good quality,
clean hard core rubble compacted in
layers to engineers level
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 7
8. Non Cohesive Soils
When increasing the loads on soil the
water content squeezes out, and this
can lead to the settlement of a
structure.
In non-cohesive soils such as sands and
gravel the water movement is more
rapid and settlement normally occurs
during construction
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 8
9. Cohesive soils
Cohesive soils such as clay or silt
lose their water content far more
gradually and buildings may slowly
settle for many years before
equilibrium is reached.
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 9
10. Contaminated Soils
Typical examples of where
contaminated soils are located;
Landfill sites
Gas work sites
Sewage farms and works
Scrap yards
Industrial areas
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 10
11. Removal of Contaminated
Soils
There are 2 ways in dealing with
contaminated soil;
2. Removal- this is a costly process as
licences are expensive and this may not
be viable for the project.
3. Capping- this involves the sealing of the
material by a layer of clean material e.g.
gravel, of approx. 1m deep
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 11
12. Water Table
Water table- this is the level of water
held in the soil which varies in wet and
dry periods
A high water table can cause problems
such as flooding especially in trench
excavation
A high water table can also have a
sulphate content which can lead onto a
chemical reaction with the cement in the
concrete and then cracking in the
foundation
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 12
13. Purpose of Lab testing
To check classification of soil
Moisture content
Liquid limit
Particle size distribution
Bulk density
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 13
14. Foundations on Poor Soils
Poor ground with insufficient
strength can be dealt with in 2 ways;
To excavate until ground of good
load bearing capacity is reached
To improve it so that it can accept
the load by means of vibro-
compaction
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 14
15. Key Terms To Remember
Bearing Pressure
Bearing Capacity
Subsidence
Settlement
Compaction
Consolidation
February, 2012 John Fox, College of North West London 15
Editor's Notes
08/03/12 John Fox, College of North West London Preparation of a Site